The international product life cycle (IPL) theory describes how a company evolves over time and across borders with a new product. There are four stages in the product life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. During the introduction stage, sales are low and there is little competition as the product is new. In the growth stage, sales increase as the product becomes more well-known and competitors enter the market. The maturity stage occurs when sales level off as the market becomes saturated. Finally, the decline stage happens when sales decrease and the product is eventually removed from the market. The length of each stage can vary significantly depending on factors like demand and marketing efforts.
2. The international product life cycle (IPL) is a conceptual model which
briefs how a company evolves over time and across national borders. This
theory shows the development of a company’s marketing program on both
domestic and foreign platforms.
International product lifecycle includes economic principles and standards
like market development and economies of scale, with product lifecycle
marketing and other standard business models.
3. The four key elements of the international product lifecycle theory are
• The layout of the demand for the product
• Manufacturing the product
• Competitions in international market
• Marketing strategy
4. • According to Raymond Vernon there are four stages in a product’s life
cycle:
• Introduction
• Growth
• Maturity
• Decline
• The length of a Product Life Cycle stage varies for different products, one
stage may last some weeks while others even last decades. The life span of
a product and how fast it goes through the entire cycle depends on for
instance market demand and how marketing instruments are used.
5. The Introduction Stage
• When an organization has developed a product successfully, it will
be introduced into the national (and international) outlet. In order to
create demand, investments are made with respect to consumer
awareness and promotion of the new product in order to get sales
going. At this stage, profits are low and there are only few
competitors. When more items of the product are sold, it will enter
the next stage automatically.
• Competition at international level is absent during the introduction
stage of the international product lifecycle. Competition comes into
picture during the growth stage, when developed markets start
copying the product and sell it in the domestic market. These
competitors may also transform from being importers to exporters to
the same country that once introduced the product.
6. The Growth Stage
• In this stage of PLC,the demand for the product increases sales. As a
result, the production costs decrease and high profits are generated.
The product becomes widely known, and competitors will enter the
market with their own version of the product. Usually, they offer the
product at a much lower sales price. To attract as many consumers
as possible, the company that developed the original product will
still increase its promotional spending. When many potential new
customers have bought the product, it will enter the next stage.
7. The Maturity Stage
• In the maturity phase of the product life cycle, demand levels off and sales
volume increases at a slower rate.The original supplier may reduce prices
to maintain market share and support sales. Profit margins decrease, but the
business remains attractive because volume is high and costs, such as those
related to development and promotion, are also lower.
• Duplicate products are reported in foreign markets marking a decline in
export sales.
8. The Decline Stage
• This is the final stage of the product lifecycle. In this stage sales volumes
decrease and many such products are removed or their usage is
discontinued.
• The follower economies have developed imitations as good as the original
product and are able to export them to the original supplier's home market,
further depressing sales and prices. The original supplier can no longer
produce the product competitively but can generate some return by
cleaning out inventory and selling the remaining products at discontinued-
items prices.
9. It is a myth that every product has to go through each of the stages of the
product life cycle. There are products that never get beyond the
introduction stage, whereas other products remain in the maturity stage for
a considerable length of time.
10. For example, the PHILIPS light bulb was a product that found itself
in the maturity stage for decades. The duration of each stage
depends on demand, production costs and revenues. Low production
costs and a high demand will ensure a longer product life. When
production costs are high and there is a low demand for the product,
it will not be offered on the market for a long time and, eventually, it
will be withdrawn from the market via the decline stage.
