The plural in Indonesian

Does Indonesian Have a Plural? George Quinn Visiting Fellow, Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU

What is “number”? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Forming plural nouns in English ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Translate into English, please… lukisan besar Saya suka itu semua ^

How is plural expressed in Indonesian? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1. Plural determiners, e.g. … ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

2. Pre-noun plural marker para ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

3. Pre-verb plural marker pada ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

4. The absence of a singular marker ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

5. Plurals in preceding sentences ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

6. Reciprocal verbs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

7. Verbs with an –i suffix ,[object Object],[object Object]

8. Reduplicated adjective ,[object Object],[object Object]

9. Semantic consistency ,[object Object],[object Object]

10. Social context ,[object Object],[object Object]

11. Pronouns that are always plural ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

12. Reduplication ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The enigma of reduplication ,[object Object],[object Object]

Some “non-plural” instances of reduplication ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What is the meaning of reduplication? ,[object Object],[object Object]

What does this mean for the idea of plurality in Indonesian? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

But… Indonesian is capable of being precise when talking about plural things ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Schematically, number may look like this… anak-anak buah-buahan langit-langit seorang tante-tante Fuzzy, variegated (reduplicated) tiga gelas banyak gelas satu gelas sebuah gelas Sharp, precise (unreduplicated) Plural (more-than-one) Singular (one)

Is reduplication becoming more frequent? ,[object Object],[object Object]

“ People” ( orang ) in Hikayat Raja Pasai (c.1390) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Occurrences of orang compared with orang-orang , over time ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The plural in Indonesian

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The plural in Indonesian