1. BREATHSAFE® A Biosensor design for detecting H1N1 infections By Gayathri Vijayakumar NYU-POLY

4. Compartment containing secondary Abs Nozzle Vacuum Microfiltration/Ultrasonication Chamber scFV Fragment specific to H1 & N1 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF BREATHSAFE® Excitation Light Source (LASER) Wavelength Filters (isolation of emission photons from excitation photons) Wash buffer Detector (such as CCD) Analyzer Result Display Compartment where the unbound Abs and Ags are washed off to with the Wash Buffer. An outlet that can be used for changing the membrane after each diagnosis. Secondary Abs tagged to Alexa Fluor 488 N -maleimide (EMC)-functionalized glass substrates Condenser

7. Biorecognition Interface Streptavidin Biotin Biotinylated scFV Excitation Light Source (Laser) Hemagglutnin Neuramindase Secondary Antibody tagged to AF 488 N -maleimide (EMC)-functionalized glass substrates PEG 4 Cyclopentadiene

8. Latest Biosensing technologies in the field of Influenza diagnosis SENSOR BIO-RECEPTOR ANALYSIS SURFACE IMMOBILIZATION METHOD ANALYTE LIMIT OF DETECTION DYNAMIC RANGE/SENSITIVITY POC I on-channel Switch Biosensor (ICSB)[1] Nucleocapsid specific MAbs/Fabs Electrical current change above a defined threshold level Gold film on polycarbonate slide SAMs on gold Nucleocapsid antigens 52% Yes Poly-silicon Nanowire FET [2] 5′-aminomodified complementary AIV captured DNA probe Change in charge density induces a change in electrical field N -type poly-Si nanowire-channels APTES + Glutaraldehyde + Capture DNA Viral DNA 60 target molecules at 1 fM 1 fM –10 pM Yes BIE [3] Mabs/scFv specific to H5 hemagglutinin protein High spatial resolution imaging ellipsometry(increase in gray scale value) Functionalized silicon wafers Covalent Immobilization with NHS and EDC Influenza A virus hemagglutinin 1:10 6 dilution in PBST 1:10–1:10 6 dilution in PBST No CdTe QDs-Proton Flux Sensor [4] H9 avian influenza virus antibody Capturing virus on the F 1 β-subunit of F 0 F 1 –ATPase increases QD fluorescence CdTe QDs labelled Chromatophores Biotin-Streptavidin Immobilization H9 Influenza A virus Yes

11. Comprehensive Review of Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Biosensors for Influenza Bio-barcodes [14] ICSB [9] Nanogap Field-effect Transistor[13] SENSOR PRINCIPLE ICSB [9] Reduction of admittance of the membrane corresponds to the presence of respiratory-related viruses. Image Ellipsometry [10] Combination of high spatial resolution imaging ellipsometry with proteinchip microarray Optical Interferometric Waveguide Immuno assay [11] Based on change in refractive index that occurs on binding of analyte Nanobead-based Portable Microfluid Biosensor[12] Based on impedance change caused by capture of nanobead-H5 AI virus complex by immobilized MAbs Nanogap Field-effect Transistor[13] Based on a nanogap-embedded field-effect transistor Quantum Dot Barcode [14] This technology combines nanotechnology, microfluidics and antibody based detection to dramatically improve the sensitivity. Bio-barcodes [14] combines microfluidics, magnetic particles and gold nanoparticles encoded with antibodies and DNA to achieve extremely high sensitivity

12. Influenza Diagnostic Table [8] Procedure Influenza Types Detected Acceptable Specimens Time for Results Rapid result available Viral culture A and B NP swab 2 , throat swab, nasal wash, bronchial wash, nasal aspirate, sputum 3-10 days 3 No Immunofluorescence DFA Antibody Staining A and B NP swab 2 , nasal wash, bronchial wash, nasal aspirate, sputum 2-4 hours No RT-PCR 5 A and B NP swab 2 , throat swab, nasal wash, bronchial wash, nasal aspirate, sputum 2-4 hours No Serology A and B paired acute and convalescent serum samples 6 2 weeks or more No Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) A and B NP swab 2 , throat swab, nasal wash, bronchial wash 2 hours No Rapid Diagnostic Tests 3M ™ Rapid Detection Flu A+B Test 7,9 (3M) A and B NP 2 swab/aspirate; Nasal wash/aspirate 15 minutes Yes Directigen EZ Flu A+B 7,9 (Becton-Dickinson) A and B NP 2 wash/aspirate/swab; lower nasal swab; throat swab; bronchioalveolar lavage less than 15 minutes Yes BinaxNOW Influenza A&B 8,9 (Inverness) A and B Nasal wash/aspirate, NP swab 2 less than 15 minutes Yes OSOM ® Influenza A&B 9 (Genzyme) A and B Nasal swab less than 15 minutes Yes QuickVue Influenza Test 4,8 (Quidel) A and B NP swab 2 , nasal wash, nasal aspirate less than 15 minutes Yes QuickVue Influenza A+B Test 8,9 (Quidel) A and B NP swab 2 , nasal wash, nasal aspirate less than 15 minutes Yes SAS FluAlert 7,9 (SA Scientific) A and B Nasal wash/aspirate less than 15 minutes Yes TRU FLU 7,9 (Meridian Bioscience) A and B Nasal wash/swab, NP aspirate/swab 15 minutes Yes XPECT Flu A&B 7,9 (Remel) A and B Nasal wash, NP swab 2 , throat swab less than 15 minutes Yes