2. DEFINITION
Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from
human and animal activities and are normally solid
and that are discarded as useless or unwanted.
Solid waste management may be defined as the
discipline associated with the control of generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport,
processing and disposal of wastes in a manner that
is in accord with the best principles of public health,
economics, engineering and conservation.
3. Functional Elements of Solid Waste
Management System
Waste generation
Waste handling, separation,
storage and processing at the source
Collection
Disposal
Transfer and transport
Segregation & processing &
transformation of solid
waste
4. Factors Contributing to Increasing
Amounts of MSW
Increasing population
Changing lifestyles
Disposable materials*
Excessive packaging*
*two largest contributors to waste volume
6. TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Based on the source of generation
Residential wastes
• Commercial wastes: Packaging material
• Institutional wastes: Hospital
• Construction and demolition wastes- campus
• Municipal services
• Treatment plant wastes
• Industrial wastes: Biogas from distillery waste
• Agricultural wastes: fodder to animals and
energy resource
7. TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Domestic/household wastes (including kitchen refuse), wastes
from commercial units and markets that are related to items
sold, e.g. foodstuffs, vegetable choppings, cloth cuttings and
sweepings from streets and shops, institutional refuse and
wastes from public places and that generated by hawkers
Medical or clinical waste from medical institutions. These can
be classified into the following types; general waste, sharp
objects such as used needles, blades and scissors; syringes,
pathological wastes, including contaminated bandages,
dressings, linens, dead tissues, organs etc; and radioactive
wastes
Industrial wastes generated by industrial processes and some
of which is hazardous
Debris from construction, excavation and/or demolition sites.
8. TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Based on the contents of the waste
Rubbish
Food waste
Ashes
Dead animals
Treatment plant waste
Industrial waste
Mining waste
9. Classification of MSW
Based on decomposability
• Non-decomposable
• Decomposable waste: Biogas generation
Based on combustibility
• Combustible waste: useful from energy point of view
• Non-combustible waste
10. Classification of MSW
Biodegradable waste (mainly organic wastes such as peelings
of potatoes, bananas, saw dust and water hyacinth dumped
within the municipal environs, etc), and these constitute the
bulk of the wastes generated
Non-biodegradable waste, e.g. polythene bags, plastic
products, pesticide residues, process wastes, highly
inflammable and volatile substances, furniture, abandoned
vehicles, used tyres; industrial wastes including metal scrap
and medical wastes such as used needles, plastic and glass
bottles and syringes.
11. Classification of MSW
MSW can be classified into "dry and "wet" materials, on the
basis of their moisture content.
The unpleasant odors and liquids associated with "garbage" are
due to the putrescible organic components of food and plant
wastes in the ‘wet form’. These materials are less than 30% of
the total MSW.
From the perspective of energy recovery, the non-recyclable
‘dry fraction’ can be divided into combustible materials, such
as paper, plastics and wood; and non-combustible or "inert"
materials, are metals and glasses.
Options for handling the "wet" fraction: combustion, aerobic -
anaerobic bioconversion and land filling.
12.
13. TYTPIYCAPL IWCAASTLE G MENESRWATI OGN ENERATION
Small towns 100g/p/day
Medium towns 300-400g/p/day
Large towns 500g/p/day
In general varies between 0.3-0.6 kg/p/day
TOTAL WASTE GENERATION IN INDIA
@0.45kg/P=120,0000000*.45/1000=0.54MT/day
and 197.1 MT/annum
14.
15. Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste
Generated by Metro Cities
Sl.
No
Characteristics ( Percent by wt. )
Metro city Paper Textile Leather Plastic Metal Glass Ash,
Fine
earth &
others
Compo
stable
matter
1 Mumbai 10.0 3.6 0.2 2.0 - 0.2 44.0 40.0
2 Delhi 6.6 4.0 0.6 1.5 2.5 1.2 51.5 31.78
3 Hyderabad 7.0 1.7 - 1.3 - - 50.0 40.0
4 Jaipur 6.0 2.0 - 1.0 - 2.0 47.0 42.0
5 Kanpur 5.0 1.0 5.0 1.5 - - 52.5 40.0
6 Chennai 10.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 - - 33.0 44.0
7 Visakhapatnam 3.0 2.0 - 5.0 - 5.0 50.0 35.0
18. CCHHAARRAACCTTEERRSSTTIICCSS OOFF TTHHEE WWAASSTTEE
Physical properties of MSW (These properties are
important to estimate volume or weight of waste
for transportation, disposal, or processing)
Specific weight or density
Moisture content
Particle size and size distribution
Permeability or hydraulic conductivity
19. CCHHAARRAACCTTEERRSSTTIICCSS OOFF TTHHEE WWAASSTTEE
Chemical properties of MSW
Proximate analysis: moisture, volatiles, ash and fixed carbon
Fusing point of ash
Ultimate analysis: C, H, N and O
Energy content: Heating value
Leaching properties (applicable to Hazardous
waste fraction in MSW waste): permeability in
soil
20. CCHHAARRAACCTTEERRSSTTIICCSS OOFF TTHHEE WWAASSTTEE
Biodegradable fraction is important for estimation of
gas generation potential of waste or odor potential
Majority of odors from decomposition of waste are
due to conversation of sulfur into H2S, NH3, methyl
mercaptan (CH3SH) and/or aminobutryic acid.
Mercaptans: R–SH
R represents an alkane, alkene, or other
carbon-containing group of atoms.
21. Various functional elements of municipal solid
waste management system
Storage
Movable bins - Type I: Bins with lid (5-20 litre), Type II: Bins of
50 litre capacity, Type III: Bins of capacity from 50-200 litres,
Type IV: M.S. Bins (4.5 cum)
Fixed bins - Masonry bins of 3.6 cum capacity (Type V)
Collection
(H/H (house to house) collection system, Community bin system
Transportation
Hand cart (Type I), Hand cart with six containers (Type II),
Trycycle, Animal cart, Tipper trucks, Dumper placer, Bulk refuse
carrier
Waste Transfer Stations (Relay Centre Facility)
Transfer stations near or far off
22. Collection system
Low rise buildings
Curb or Alley
Setout-setback
Backyard carry
23. CURB SET OUT: Place your cart in the
street with its wheels up against the curb
and the front of the cart facing the street.
24. ALLEY SET OUT: Place your cart in the
alley with the front of your cart facing towards
the alley and at least 4 feet from any
obstructions, including your garage, dumpsters
or cars. Do not block access to your neighbors'
driveway, gate or garage.
25. High rise buildings
Crew can collect waste
Waste taken to service area by tenants
Tenants putting the waste in chute
Garbage chute works in the
same way as a chimney; with
odours and harmful airborne
microorganisms being sucked
up the chute (hot air rising), to
be inhaled by residents as they
open the chute doors to
dispose of their waste.
26. Types of Collection system
Haul container
system (HCS)
Stationary
container system
(SCS)
27. NNEEEEDD OOFF TTRRAANNSSPPOOTTAATTIIOONN
SSYYSSTTEEMM
Illegal dumps
Disposal site too far
Small capacity collection truck
Low density area
More waste to large distance
28. Transportation system
Motor vehicle: most common
Railways
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Compressed air/vacuum
29. MSW = Pollution or Resource?
“Ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish
nutrients by recycling all elements”
30. PROCESSING OF WASTES
Segregation
To reduce the volume, quantity and separate
components
Compaction
Shredding
Biomethanation
31. Processing facility of municipal solid waste
Source reduction
Reduce the amount and toxicity of trash you discard
Reusing items by repairing them, donating them to charity and
community groups, or selling them also reduces waste
Recycling to turn materials that would otherwise become waste into
valuable resources
Composting
It is nature's way of recycling organic wastes into new soil used in
vegetable and flower gardens, landscaping, and many other
applications
Energy recovery by incineration/pyrolysis
In addition to minimizing volume, combustors, when properly
equipped, can convert water into steam to fuel heating systems or
generate electricity. A variety of pollution control technologies
reduce the toxic materials emitted in combustion smoke.
32. TTRRAANNSSFFOORRMMAATTIIOONN OOFF SSOOLLIIDD WWAASSTTEE
Efficient storage, handling and transport
Reduce disposal cost
Stabilize waste
Destroy toxic element (chemical or biological
entities)
Generate electrical energy
Re-use
34. PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATION
1.Component separation or sorting
Done mechanically or manually, at source or at a transfer
station
Key process to recover recyclable and remove hazardous
waste component
2. Mechanical volume reduction or densification
Reduce storage, transport and disposal cost
Waste collection vehicles are equipped with compaction
mechanisms
35. PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATION
3. Mechanical size reduction
Makes waste more uniform and reduces the average
size.
Shredding, grinding and milling
Tree mulchar (shreds trees into wooden chips for
landscaping application )
Tire shredder
Tires Shredding- Off-The-Road_OT(D) - YouTube.MP4
Shredding of organic waste improves efficiency of
composting
36. CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION
COMBUSTION
Thermal processing of solid waste by chemical
oxidation with stoichiometric or excess
amounts of air.
End products-hot gases, water vapour (flue
gas), and non-combustible residue (ash).
Energy can be recovered by heat exchange
from the hot combustion gases.
38. Pyrolysis
Thermal processing of waste in the complete
absence of air.
End products-solids (char), liquids (tar/oil) and
gases (hydroggen, methane, carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide etc.)
Endothermic process, external source of heat
is required.
41. Gasification
Thermal processing of waste with limited air.
End products- gases (hydrogen, methane,
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide etc.) and ash
45. BIO-CHEMICAL CONVERSION
The process makes use of the enzymes of bacteria and
other micro-organisms to break down biomass to
produce liquid and gaseous fuels
In most cases micro-organisms are used to perform
the conversion process: anaerobic digestion,
fermentation and composting.
Other chemical processes such as converting
vegetable or animal oils (waste) into biodiesel is
transesterification.
46. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Biological treatment can be done either in presence of
oxygen (aerobic) or in absence of oxygen (anaerobic).
In India, anaerobic digestion plants are commonly
known as Biogas Plants or Gobar Gas Plants. In such
plants slurry of cow dung and water is fed to the
digester and is allowed to ferment for a few weeks.
The biogas is released. The biogas contains methane
and carbon dioxide. This gas is used as a fuel.
There are two types of Biogas Plants
Fixed dome
Floating dome
50. SCHEMATIC OF A FIXED DOME
TYPE BIOGAS PLANT
Position a of dome with less gas in the dome. Position b of dome with more gas in the dome.
51. COMPARISON OF FIXED AND
FLOATING HEAD BIOGAS PLANT
Janta/Fixed dome type Floating Dome type Biogas Plant
1 Gas is released at variable pressure Gas is released at constant pressure
2 Identifying defects is difficult Identifying the defects in gas holder
easy
3 Cost of maintenance is low Cost of maintenance is
high/corrosion
4 Capital cost is low Capital cost is high (for same
capacity)
5 Space above the drum can be used Floating drum does not allow the use
of space for other purpose
6 Temperature is high during winter Temperature is low during winter
7 Life span is comparatively longer Life is short
8 Requires more excavation work Requires relatively less excavation
53. Composting
Biological transformation of the waste.
Transformation of biodegradable waste into
biologically stable matter using micro organisms.
Reduces the volume of waste.
Destroy pathogens/insects.
End product is a humus like material called compost
that is rich in nutrients.
Compost can be used to support plant growth and as a
soil amendment.
56. DISPOSAL
Open dumping
Land filling
Disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface
soils of the earth.
Barging into sea
Feeding to pigs/hogs
57. LANDFILL
Primary means of MSW disposal
Disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface
soils of the earth.
58. Land filling
Landfills include:
any site which is used for more than a year for the temporary
storage of waste; and,
any internal waste disposal site, that is to say a site where a
producer of waste is carrying out its own waste disposal at the
place of production.
Landfills do not include:
any facility where waste is unloaded in order to permit its
preparation for further transport for recovery, treatment or
disposal elsewhere;
any site where waste is stored for a period of less than one year
prior to disposal.
59. LANDFILL CLASSIFICATION
1. Secure landfills /Class 1 landfills
Designed to handle hazardous wastes.
2. Monofills /Class 2 landfills
Designed to handle particular types of wastes such as
incinerator ash or sewage sludge that are relatively
uniform in characteristics and require special
handling.
3. Sanitary landfills /Class 3 landfills
Engineered facilities designed to handle MSW.
60. Temporary
Holding area
Environmental
monitoring facilities
Equipment
workshop
Inspection/
Screening
facility
Weighing
scale
Access
road
Leachate
treatment
facility
Gas
flaring
facility
Surface
water
collection
facility
Completed
fill
Active
filling
area
Stock piled
cover
material
Future
fill area
Office
Typical Layout of a Landfill
63. Postclosure care
Activities associated with the long-term monitoring
and maintenance of the landfill (typically 30-50
years).
64. Numerical Problem:
Estimating Landfill Requirements
Estimate the landfill area needed to handle one
year’s MSW for a town of 100,000 people.
Assume US national average discards (146.6
million tonnes of MSW per year for US
population of roughly 260 million), no
combustion, a landfill density of 600 kg/m³, and
a single 3m lift. Assume that 20 percent of the
cell volume is soil used for cover.
65. Vmsw=(146.6×10^6 tonne ×10³ kg/tonne ×100000 people)
260 × 10^6 people × 600 kg/m³
= 93,975 m³
Since only 80 percent of a cell is landfill, the volume of cell needed
is Vcell = 93,975 m³/0.8 = 117,468 m³
The area of lift, at 3 m cell depth, is
A = 117,468/3 = 39,155 m²
The actual sizing of a landfill would include a number of
additional factors, such as additional area requirements for
access roads and auxiliary facilities, reduction in landfill
volume as biological decomposition takes place and increas
in compaction as additional lifts are added.
66. Biological Reactions in Landfills
Four stage process
1. Aerobic Phase
2. Acid Phase
3. Methanogenesis, unsteady
4. Methanogenesis, steady
67. INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Selection and application of suitable techniques,
technologies and management programs to achieve
specific waste management objectives and goals.
3 R’s in waste management
Reduce
Recycle
Reuse
68. Why reduction and recycling?
To reduce the waste to burry
To reduce the pollution by reusing the resources.
To reduce the rate of consumption of resources
The waste has three values
* The bulk value
*The food value or nutrition value
*The energy value
