Health and Safety in Selected Industrial Sectors Unit-VI

1. Health and Safety in Selected
Industrial Sectors
Unit-VI

2. Syllabus
• Health and Safety in selected industrial
Sectors
• Environmental, health and safety program
management in the petroleum industry,
construction industry and other industrial
sectors.

3. Health and Safety in Petroleum
Industry
• Safety and health management is one of the
vital constituents of Oil and Gas industry
activities because most of the operational
conditions, chemicals and end products
(hydrocarbons and other compounds)
associated with Oil and Gas production are
well-known to pose serious safety and health
threats to the workers

4. Health and Safety in Petroleum
Industry

5. Health and Safety in Petroleum
Industry

6. Health and Safety in Petroleum
Industry
• According to the report developed by the NORA
Oil and Gas Extraction Council; In the US, during
2003-2008, 648 oil and gas extraction workers
were fatally injured on the job, resulting in an
occupational fatality rate of 29.1 deaths per
100,000 workers – eight times higher than the
rate for all U.S. workers. Nearly half of all fatal
events in the Oil and Gas extraction industry
resulted from highway crashes (29%) and
workers struck by objects and equipment (20%)

7. Health and Safety in Petroleum
Industry

8. Health and Safety in Petroleum
Industry
• The above alarming incident data clearly
emphasizes the need for an effective
occupational safety and health management
system that integrates safety and health
concerns into a daily routine.
• People working in Oil and Gas industry are
exposed to various risk factors. Hence
continuous monitoring of their working
conditions and well-being is essential.

9. Health and Safety in Petroleum
Industry

10. Health and Safety in Petroleum
Industry
• Health protocols and periodic medical checkup should be pre-defined and done for every
worker depending on the job and work area
type to identify possible deviations from the
normal health and to confirm that necessary
counteractive actions are taken in advance.

11. Health and Safety in Petroleum
Industry

12. Hazards related to Oil and Gas
Industry
• Hazards in Oil and Gas industry can be
divided into two broad categories:
•
Safety and Injury Hazards
•
Health and Illnesses Hazards

13. Safety and Injury Hazards

14. Health and Illnesses Hazards
• Workers in Oil and Gas industry are generally
susceptible to following agents which lead to
various health and Illnesses hazards:
• chemical
hazards
(toxic,
corrosive,
carcinogens, asphyxiates, irritant and
sensitizing substances);
• physical hazards (noise, vibration, radiations,
extreme temperature);
• biological hazards (virus, parasites, bacteria);

15. Chemical Hazards

16. Physical Hazards

17. Biological Hazards

18. Health and Illnesses Hazards

19. Health and Illnesses Hazards
• Ergonomic hazards (manual handling
activities, repetitive motions, awkward
postures);
and
psychosocial
hazards
(overwork, odd working hours, isolated sites,
violence).
• The following table identifies the potential
health effects from key processes in Oil and
Gas industry:

20. Ergonomic Hazards

21. Health and Illnesses Hazards

22. Managing Occupational Safety and
Health Risks
• The aim of occupational safety and health risk
management is to identify and assess safety and
health hazards existing at the workplace and to
define appropriate control and retrieval steps.
• Business processes in Oil and Gas industry are
very complex. Hence it is essential that a
systematized approach should be used for
managing occupational safety and health
hazards. Its solution model can be based on the
PDCA Cycle:

23. Managing Occupational Safety and
Health Risks

24. Risk Management Process
• As stated earlier, risk management is crucial for
preventing work related injury and illness. It
includes:
• Identifying the risks
• Evaluating and prioritizing the risks
• Implementing preventive/protective measures to
control the risk.
• There are a number of circumstances in the Oil
and Gas industry where a proper risk
management process is essential. For example:

25. Risk Management Process

26. Risk Management Process
• Job Safety Analysis: It is a process of
systematically evaluating certain jobs, tasks,
processes or procedures and eliminating or
reducing the risks or hazards to As Low As
Reasonably Practical (ALARP) in order to protect
workers from injury or illness
• Workplace inspections and audits
• Change management - identification of new
hazards, introduction of new equipment/process,
or regulatory needs.

27. Risk Management Process

28. Generally Risk Management Process in the Oil and Gas
Industry Involves the Following Key Steps

29. Occupational Safety and Health
Management System (OSHMS)
• The insinuation of implementing an
occupational Safety and Health Management
System at all workplaces came into limelight,
when ‘Global Strategy on Occupational Safety
and Health: Conclusions’ were adopted by the
‘International Labour Conference’ at its 91st
session, 2003.
• The Strategy advocates the application of a
systems approach to the management of
national OSH systems

30. Safety and Health Management System
• It should ensure safety of different operational sites by
correctly mapping the business processes, risks, and
controls involved in all the three segments (upstream,
midstream and downstream) of Oil and Gas industry
• It should enable workers to follow consistent health
and safety practices It should help in managing site
inspections, permits, violations, lessons learned and
best practices execution for Oil and Gas sector
• It must be well documented (strategies and action
plans) and should be easily understood and readily
available to all the workers

31. Safety and Health Management
System

32. Components of an Effective Occupational Safety
and
Health Management System
• Occupational Safety and Health Management
System is one of the critical factors whose
successful execution confirms operational
safety in upstream, midstream and
downstream segments of Oil and Gas
industry.
• Following key components should be
encompassed in an active occupational Safety
and Health Management System:

33. Components of an Effective Occupational Safety
and
Health Management System

34. Components of an Effective Occupational Safety
and
Health Management System

35. Components of an Effective Occupational Safety
and
Health Management System

36. Components of an Effective Occupational Safety
and
Health Management System

37. Benefits of Occupational Safety
and Health Management System
• It enables Oil and Gas industry in performing
hazard identification, risk assessment and
implementing various control methods
• It ensures well-being of all the employees
and thus contributes to a more inspired, and
performance driven workforce
• Regular risk assessment process helps in
frequent tracking and monitoring of health
and safety indicators (both leading and
lagging).

38. Benefits of Occupational Safety
and Health Management System

39. Benefits of Occupational Safety
and Health Management System
• Reduced costs associated with accidents and
incidents
• Improved regulatory compliance
• Implementation of OSH management system
gives competitive edge and improves
relationships between stakeholders, such as
clients,
contractors,
subcontractors,
consultants, suppliers, employees and unions

40. Benefits of Occupational Safety
and Health Management System

41. Benefits of Occupational Safety
and Health Management System
• Given the perilous nature of the Oil and Gas
industry, the need for implementation of an
efficient occupational Safety and Health
Management System is important for
improving safety and health performance.
Many countries have extensively participated
in it by making strict and obligatory OSH
standards and legislations.

42. Occupational Safety
and Health Management

43. Health and Safety Hazards in the
Construction Industry
• Construction workers build, repair, maintain,
renovate, modify and demolish houses, office
buildings, temples, factories, hospitals, roads,
bridges, tunnels, stadiums, docks, airports and
more.
• The International Labour Organization (ILO)
classifies the construction industry as
government and private-sector firms erecting
buildings for habitation or for commercial
purposes and public works such as roads,
bridges, tunnels, dams or airports.

44. Health and Safety Hazards in the
Construction Industry

45. The Construction Labour Force
• A large portion of construction workers are
unskilled labourers; Construction workers
include about 5 to 10% of the workforce in
industrialized countries.
• In some countries, the work is left to migrant
workers, and in others, the industry provides
relatively well-paid employment and an avenue
to financial security. For many, unskilled
construction work is the entry into the paid
labour force in construction or other industries.

46. The Construction Labour Force

47. Selected Construction Occupations

48. Selected Construction Occupations.
Boilermakers
Bricklayers, concrete finishers and masons
Carpenters
Electricians
Elevator constructors
Glaziers
Hazardous materials (e.g., asbestos, lead, toxic dumps)
removal workers
• Installers of floors (including terrazzo), carpeting
• Installers of drywall and ceilings (including ceiling
tile)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

49. Selected Construction Occupations.
• Insulation workers (mechanical and floor, ceiling and
wall)
• Iron and steel workers (reinforcement and structural)
• Labourers
• Maintenance workers
• Millwrights
• Operating engineers (drivers of cranes and other heavy
equipment maintenance workers)
• Painters, plasterers and paperhangers
• Plumbers and pipefitters
• Roofers and shinglers
• Sheet metal workers
• Tunnel workers

50. Health Hazards on Construction Sites
• Construction workers are exposed to a wide
variety of health hazards on the job. Exposure
differs from trade to trade, from job to job, by
the day, even by the hour. Exposure to any
one hazard is typically intermittent and of
short duration, but is likely to reoccur.

51. Health Hazards on Construction Sites

52. Primary hazards encountered in skilled
construction trades

53. Primary hazards encountered in
skilled construction trades

54. Primary hazards encountered in
skilled construction trades

55. Construction Hazards
• As in other jobs, hazards for construction
workers are typically of four classes:
chemical, physical, biological and social.

56. Chemical Hazards
• Chemical hazards are often airborne and can
appear as dusts, fumes, mists, vapours or gases;
thus, exposure usually occurs by inhalation,
although some airborne hazards may settle on
and be absorbed through the intact skin (e.g.,
pesticides and some organic solvents).
• Skin contact with chemicals in this state can
occur in addition to possible inhalation of the
vapour resulting in systemic poisoning or
contact dermatitis. Chemicals might also be
ingested with food or water, or might be inhaled
by smoking.

57. Chemical Hazards

58. Hazards

59. Chemical Hazards
• Several illnesses have been linked to the construction
trades, among them:
• silicosis among sand blasters, tunnel builders and rock
drill operators
• asbestosis (and other diseases caused by asbestos)
among asbestos insulation workers, steam pipe fitters,
building demolition workers and others
• bronchitis among welders
• skin allergies among masons and others who work
with cement
• neurologic disorders among painters and others
exposed to organic solvents and lead.

60. Chemical Hazards

61. Physical Hazards
• Physical hazards are present in every
construction project. These hazards include
noise, heat and cold, radiation, vibration and
barometric pressure. Construction work often
must be done in extreme heat or cold, in
windy, rainy, snowy, or foggy weather or at
night. Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation is
encountered, as are extremes of barometric
pressure.

62. Physical Hazards

63. Physical Hazards
• The sources of noise are engines of all kinds (e.g.,
on vehicles, air compressors and cranes),
winches, rivet guns, nail guns, paint guns,
pneumatic hammers, power saws, sanders,
routers, planers, explosives and many more.
• Noise is present on demolition projects by the
very activity of demolition. It affects not only the
person operating a noise-making machine, but
all those close-by and not only causes noiseinduced hearing loss, but also masks other
sounds that are important for communication
and for safety.

64. Physical Hazards

65. Physical Hazards
• Pneumatic hammers, many hand tools and
earth-moving and other large mobile
machines also subject workers to segmental
and whole-body vibration.
• Heat and cold hazards arise primarily because
a large portion of construction work is
conducted while exposed to the weather, the
principal source of heat and cold hazards

66. Physical Hazards

67. Physical Hazards
• Those who work under water or in
pressurized tunnels, in caissons or as divers
are exposed to high barometric pressure.
Such workers are at risk of developing a
variety of conditions associated with high
pressure: decompression sickness, inert gas
narcosis, aseptic bone necrosis and other
disorders.

68. Decompression Sickness

69. Physical Hazards
• Strains and sprains are among the most
common injuries among construction
workers. These, and many chronically
disabling musculoskeletal disorders occur as a
result of either traumatic injury, repetitive
forceful movements, awkward postures or
overexertion. Falls due to unstable footing,
unguarded holes and slips off scaffolding and
ladders are very common.

70. Physical Hazards

71. Biological Hazards
• Biological hazards are presented by exposure to
infectious micro-organisms, to toxic substances of
biological origin or animal attacks. Since there is
constant change in the composition of the labour force
on any one project, individual workers come in
contact with other workers and, as a consequence,
may become infected with contagious diseases—
influenza or tuberculosis, for example. Workers may
also be at risk of malaria, yellow fever, if work is
conducted in areas where these organisms and their
insect vectors are prevalent.
• Some wood dusts are carcinogenic, and some (e.g.,
western red cedar) are allergenic.

72. Biological Hazards

73. Social Hazards
• Social hazards stem from the social organization of the
industry. Employment is intermittent and constantly
changing, and control over many aspects of employment is
limited because construction activity is dependent on many
factors over which construction workers have no control,
such as the state of an economy or the weather.
• Because of the same factors, there can be intense pressure
to become more productive.
• Construction workers may lack stable and dependable
networks of social support. Features of construction work
such as heavy workload, limited control and limited social
support are the very factors associated with increased
stress in other industries. These hazards are not unique to
any trade, but are common to all construction workers in
one way or another.

74. Controlling Occupational Hazards
• Measuring and evaluating exposure to
occupational hazards requires consideration of
the novel manner in which construction workers
are exposed As exposures are characterized for
tasks, it should be possible to develop an
exposure profile for an individual worker with
knowledge of the tasks he or she performed or
was near enough to be exposed to. As knowledge
of task-based exposure increases, one may
develop task-based controls.

75. Controlling Occupational Hazards

76. Controlling Occupational Hazards
• As a general approach to hazard control, it is possible
to reduce exposure by reducing the concentration or
the duration or frequency of the task. Since exposure
in construction is already intermittent, administrative
controls that rely on reducing the frequency or
duration of exposure are less practical than in other
industries. Consequently, the most effective way to
reduce exposure is to reduce the concentration of
hazards. Other important aspects of controlling
exposure include provisions for eating and sanitary
facilities and education and training.

77. Decreasing Exposure Concentration
• For reducing exposure concentration, it is useful to
consider the source, the environment in which a
hazard occurs and the workers who are exposed. As a
general rule, the closer controls are to a source, the
more efficient and effective they are.
• Three general types of controls can be used to reduce
the concentration of occupational hazards. These are,
from most to least effective:
• engineering controls at the source
• environmental controls that remove the hazard from
the environment
• personal protection provided to the worker.

78. Decreasing Exposure Concentration

79. Engineering Controls
• Hazards originate at a source. The most efficient way
to protect workers from hazards is to change the
primary source with some sort of engineering change.
For example, a less hazardous substance can be
substituted for one that is more hazardous.
• Non-respirable synthetic vitreous fibres can be
substituted for asbestos, and water can be substituted
for organic solvents in paints. Similarly, non-silica
abrasives can replace sand in abrasive blasting (also
known as sand blasting). Or a process can be
fundamentally changed, such as by replacing
pneumatic hammers with impact hammers that
generate less noise and vibration.

80. Environmental Controls
• Environmental controls are used to remove a
hazardous substance from the environment, if the
substance is airborne, or to shield the source, if it is a
physical hazard. Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) can
be used at a particular job with a ventilation duct and
a hood to capture the fumes, vapours or dust.
• The simple and effective method for controlling
exposure to radiant physical hazards (noise, ultraviolet
(UV) radiation from arc welding, infrared radiant (IR)
heat from hot objects) is to shield them with some
appropriate material.

81. Environmental Controls

82. Environmental Controls
• Plywood sheets shield IR and UV radiation, and
material that absorbs and reflects sound will
provide some protection from noise sources.
• Major sources of heat stress are weather and
hard physical labour. Adverse effects from heat
stress can be avoided through reductions in the
workload, provision of water and adequate
breaks in the shade and, possibly, night work.

83. Environmental Controls

84. Engineering Controls
• If sawing or drilling generates harmful dusts,
particulate matter or noise, these processes
could be done by shear cutting or punching.

85. Personal Protection
• When engineering controls or changes in work
practices do not adequately protect workers,
workers may need to use personal protective
equipment (PPE) . In order for such equipment to
be effective, workers must be trained in its use,
and the equipment must fit properly and be
inspected and maintained. Furthermore, if others
who are in the vicinity may be exposed to the
hazard, they should either be protected or
prevented from entering the area.

86. Personal Protection

87. Eating and Sanitary Facilities
• A lack of eating and sanitary facilities may
also lead to increased exposures. Often,
workers cannot wash before meals and must
eat in the work zone, which means they may
inadvertently swallow toxic substances
transferred from their hands to food or
cigarettes. A lack of changing facilities at a
worksite may result in transport of
contaminants from the workplace to a
worker’s home.

88. Eating and Sanitary Facilities

89. Management for Safe Construction
Work
• Effective safety programmes have several features in
common.
They
are
manifest
throughout
organizations, from the highest offices of a general
contractor to project managers, supervisors, union
officials and workers on the job.
• Codes of practice are conscientiously implemented
and evaluated. Costs of injury and illness are
calculated and performance is measured; those that
do well are rewarded, those that do not are
penalized.

90. Management for Safe Construction
Work

91. Management for Safe Construction
Work
• Safety is an integral part of contracts and
subcontracts.
Everybody—managers,
supervisors and workers—receives general,
site-specific and site-relevant training and
re-training. Inexperienced workers receive
on-the-job training from experienced
workers. In projects where such measures are
implemented, injury rates are significantly
lower than on otherwise comparable sites.

92. Management for Safe Construction
Work

93. Preventing Accidents and Injuries
• Entities in the industry with lower injury rates
share several common characteristics: they
have a clearly defined policy statement that
applies throughout the organization, from top
management to the project site.

94. Preventing Accidents and Injuries
• This policy statement refers to a specific code of
practice that describes, in detail, the hazards and their
control for the pertinent occupations and tasks at a
site.
• Responsibilities are clearly assigned
• Employees or their representatives are involved in
establishing and administering a programme of injury
prevention. Involvement often occurs in the formation
of a joint labour or worker management committee
• Physical examinations are performed to determine
workers’ fitness for duty and job assignment.

95. Preventing Accidents and Injuries

96. Preventing Accidents and Injuries
• Hazards are identified, analysed and controlled
• Preparations are made for emergency situations
• Accidents and injuries are investigated and
recorded.
• Workers and supervisors receive training and
education in safety
• Information about chemical, physical and other
health hazards
• And finally, contracts between contractors and
subcontractors should include safety features.

97. Preventing Accidents and Injuries

98. References
Environmental Management
Bala Krishnamoorthy- PHI publication
Wikipedia- The online free Encyclopedia
Safety and Health Management System in Oil and
Gas Industry
• www.wipro.com
• http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-xvi/construction/healthprevention-and-management/item/518-health-andsafety-hazards-in-the-construction-industry

99. Thanks…