2. SOIL
SOILSARECOMPLEXMIXTURESOF MINERALS,
WATER,AIR, ORGANICMATTER,ANDCOUNTLESS
ORGANISMSTHAT ARETHE DECAYINGREMAINS
OFONCELIVINGTHINGS.IT FORMSATTHE
SURFACEOF LANDIT ISTHE “SKINOF THE
EARTH.” SOILISCAPABLEOF SUPPORTING
PLANTLIFE ANDISVITAL TO LIFE ON EARTH.
TYPES OF SOIL:-
1. ALLUVIALSOILS
2. BLACKSOILS
3. RED SOILS
4. MOUNTAINSOILS
5. DESERT SOILS
6. LATERITE SOIL
7. SALINE AND ALKALINE SOIL
8. PEATY & MARSHY SOIL
9. RESIDUAL SOIL
10. MARINE SOIL
11. GLACIAL SOIL
12. AEOLIAN SOIL
3. SOIL
1. ALLUVIAL SOILS:-
• THESE SOILS COVER 15 LAKH SQUARE KILOMETRES
FROM THE SATLUJ PLAINS IN THE WEST TO THE
LOWER GANGA- BRAHMAPUTRAVALLEYIN THE
EASTAND ALONGEASTAND WEST COASTS IN THE
COASTAL PLAINS.
• THE DESERT ALLUVIUM OR LOESS IS BROUGHT-BY
WIND EROSION. THESE SOILS HAVE A MATURE
PROFILE IN FLAT LANDS AND AN IMMATURE
PROFILE IN AN UNDULATINGSURFACE.
• ALLUVIAL SOIL IS FORMED WHEN A SOIL
CARRYING STREAM, GRADUALLY LOSES ITS
CARRYING CAPACITY WITH DECREASING
VELOCITY. IN SLOWING DOWN ,A RIVER DOES NOT
HAVE SUFFICIENT POWER TO KEEP THE LARGE
PARTICLES OF SOIL SUSPENDED; THESE PARTICLES
SETTLE TO THE RIVERBED. FURTHER DECREASE IN
VELOCITY CAUSES SMALLER PARTICLES TO SETTLE.
THESE PARTICLES ARE DEPOSITED, FINALLY, AT THE
MOUTH OF THE RIVER, WHERE THEY FORM
DELTAS OF FINE-GRAINED SOIL.
4. SOIL
1. ALLUVIAL SOILS:-
• IT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT TYPE OF SOIL FOUND
IN INDIA COVERING ABOUT 40 PERCENT OF THE
TOTAL LAND AREA. IT IS VERY FERTILE AND
CONTRIBUTES THE LARGEST SHARE OF
AGRICULTURAL WEALTH.
• MANY RIVERS ORIGINATE FROM THE HIMALAYAN
MOUNTAINS AND BRING A LARGE AMOUNT OF
SEDIMENT WITH THEM. IT IS DEPOSITED IN THE
RIVER VALLEYS AND THE FLOOD PLAINS. THUS, THE
PARENT MATERIAL OF THE ALLUVIAL SOILS IS
ALWAYS OF TRANSPORTED ORIGIN.
• THE FINE PARTICLES OF SAND, SILT AND CLAY ARE
CALLED ALLUVIUM. THE ALLUVIAL SOIL CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO OLD ALLUVIUM, ALSO CALLED
BANGAR, AND NEW ALLUVIUM, CALLED KHADAR.
REMEMBER, THE NEW ALLUVIUM CAN BE ABOUT
TEN THOUSAND YEARS OLD.
5. SOIL
• THE FINE PARTICLES OF SAND, SILT AND CLAY ARE CALLED ALLUVIUM. THE ALLUVIAL SOIL CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO OLD ALLUVIUM, ALSO CALLED BANGAR, AND NEW ALLUVIUM, CALLED KHADAR.
REMEMBER, THE NEW ALLUVIUM CAN BE ABOUT TEN THOUSAND YEARS OLD.
6. SOIL
2.BLACK SOILS :-
• THESE SOILS COVER FIVE LAKH SQUARE
KILOMETRES IN MAHARASHTRA, PARTS OF
KARNATAKA, TAMIL NADU, ANDHRA
PRADESH, MADHYA PRADESH AND GUJARAT.
• BLACK SOIL ALSO KNOWN AS
REGUR OR BLACK COTTON
SOIL AND HAVE A
CHARACTERISTICALLY BLACK
APPEARANCE.
• BECAUSE OF A HIGH CLAY CONTENT,
THESE SOILS EXPAND WHEN WET AND
BECOME DIFFICULT TO PLOUGH. DURING
THE DRY SEASON, THE BLACK SOILS
SHRINK AND DEVELOP BIG CRACKS.
• HIGHLY SUITABLE FOR COTTON. RICH IN IRON,
LIME, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, CARBONATES, AND
ALUMINA.
7. SOIL
3.RED SOILS :-
• REDSOILSDEVELOPONGRANITE ANDGENESESROCKS
UNDER LOW RAINFALL CONDITION. THE
DISSEMINATIONOF RED OXIDESOF IRON GIVESTHE
CHARACTERISTIC REDCOLOROF THE SOIL.
• MOST OF THE RED SOIL HAS BEEN FORMED DUE TO
WEATHERINGOF IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC
ROCKS.
• THESESOILSARE FRIABLE ANDMEDIUMFERTILE AND
FOUND MAINLYIN ALMOST WHOLE OF TAMILNADU,
SOUTH-EASTERNKARNATAKA,NORTH-EASTERN AND
SOUTH-EASTERNMADHYAPRADESH,JHARKHANDTHE
MAJOR PARTSOF ORISSA.BUT THESEHAVECAPACITYTO
GROWGOODCROPSAFTER TAKINGHELPOF
IRRIGATION ANDFERTILIZERS.
• ON THE UPLANDS, THE RED SOIL IS THIN, POOR,
AND POROUSAND HAS LOOSE GRAVEL.
8. SOIL
4.MOUNTAIN SOILS :
• FOUND IN HILL SLOPES. FORMED BY DEPOSITION
OF ORGANIC MATTER FROM FOREST. RICH IN
HUMUS. POOR IN POTASH AND LIME.
• AREAS: ASSAM, KASHMIR, SIKKIM &
ARUNACHAL PRADESH.
• TEA, COFFEE, SPICES & TROPICAL FRUITS.
• THE MOUNTAIN SOIL IS FORMED MAINLY DUE TO
THE DEPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER
PROVIDED BY THE FORESTS.
• THIS SOIL IS RICH IN HUMUS, BUT POOR IN
POTASH, PHOSPHORUS AND LIME.
• IT IS HETEROGENEOUS IN NATURE AND VARIES
FROM PLACE TO PLACE.
• THE MOUNTAIN SOIL IS SANDY WITH GRAVELS.
9. SOIL
5.DESERT SOILS :-
THESE SOILS COVER 1.4 LAKH SQUARE KILOMETRES. THE THAR DESERT ALONE ACCOUNTS
FOR 1 LAKH SQUARE KILOMETRES F»ND THE REST IS SPREAD OVER SOUTHERN PUNJAB,
RAJASTHAN AND HARYANA, WHERE THE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS LESS THAN 50 CENTIMETRES.
THESE SOILS ARE COVERED WITH A THICK BROWN MANTLE WHICH INHIBITS SOIL
GROWTH. DESERT SOILS ARE DERIVED FROM ADJOINING ROCKS AND THE COASTAL
REGION.
THEY ARE SANDY, COARSE AND ALKALINE, RICH IN SOLUBLE SALTS (PHOSPHATES AND
NITRATES, THOUGH ACTUAL NITRATE CONTENT IS LOW). THEREFORE, THESE ARE ACTUALLY
FERTILE SOILS, WATER BEING THE ONLY LIMITING FACTOR FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.
POOR IN ORGANIC MATTER, THEY HAVE A VARYING PERCENTAGE OF LIME. DESERT SOILS
CAN BE RECLAIMED THROUGH GOOD IRRIGATION.
• DESERT SOIL CONTAINS SOLUBLE SALTS. ORIGINATED BY MECHANICAL DISINTEGRATION &
WIND DEPOSIT POROUS AND COARSE.
• 90% SAND & 5% CLAY. RICH IN NITRATES & PHOSPHATES. POOR IN NITROGEN & HUMUS.
FRIABLE, SANDY & LOW MOIST CONTENT.
10. SOIL
• THE DESERT SOIL IS FOUND MOSTLY IN THE ARID AND SEMI-ARID REGIONS, RECEIVING LESS THAN 50
CM OF ANNUAL RAINFALL.
• SUCH REGIONS ARE MOSTLY FOUND IN RAJASTHAN AND THE ADJOINING AREAS OF HARYANA AND
PUNJAB. THE RAN OF KUTCH IN GUJARAT IS AN EXTENSION OF THIS REGION.
• THE SAND IN THE DESERT AREAS IS PARTLY OF LOCAL ORIGIN AND PARTLY BEING BLOWN IN FROM THE
INDUS VALLEY.
• IN SOME REGIONS THIS SOIL HAS HIGH PERCENTAGE OF SOLUBLE SALTS, BUT LACKS IN ORGANIC
MATTER.
• THE NITROGEN CONTENT IS LOW, BUT THE PHOSPHATE CONTENT IS AS HIGH AS IN NORMAL ALLUVIAL
SOIL.
11. SOIL
6. LATERITE SOIL:-
• Thesesoilsareformed dueto intenseleachingandarewell
developedonthe summitsof hillsanduplands.Theyare
commonlyfound in Kerala,TamilNadu,Maharashtra,
Chhattisgarhandhilly areasof OrissaandAssam.
• These are typical soils of the tropics and are the
end product of decomposition when high rainfall
leaches away calcium and silica leaving behind iron
with silica.
12. SOIL
7. SALINE AND ALKALINE SOIL:-
• SALINE & ALKALINE SOIL CONTAINS SALTS LIKE SODIUM, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM.
INFERTILE, UNFIT FOR CULTIVATION. SANDY TO LOAMY IN TEXTURE.
• AREAS: PARTS OF GUJARAT,RAJASTHAN,PUNJAB,HARYANA,U.P MAHARASHTRA.
13. SOIL
8.PEATY AND MARSHY SOIL:-
PEATY AND MARSHY SOIL OCCUR IN HUMID REGION. FORMED BY ACCUMULATION OF
ORGANIC MATTER. BLACK IN COLOUR. HIGHLY ACIDIC AND HEAVY.
14. SOIL
9.RESIDUAL SOIL:-
• Residual soils are those that remain at the place of their formation as result of the
weathering of the parent rocks. The depth of residual soils depends primarily on climatic
conditions and the time of espouser. In temperate zones residual soils are commonly stiff
and stable. An important characteristics of residual soil is that the sizes of grains are
indefinite.
15. SOIL
10.MARINE SOIL:-
• MARINE SOIL IS FORMED FROM MATERIALS CARRIED INTO THE SEAS BY STREAMS AND BY
MATERIAL ERODED FROM THE BEACHES BY THE TIDAL ACTION OF THE WAVES.
• PART OF THE MATERIAL IS CARRIED OUT AND DEPOSITED IN DEEP WATER; PART IS
HEAPED UPON THE BEACHES ALONG THE COAST.
16. SOIL
11. GLACIAL SOIL:-
• GLACIERS CARRY WITH THEM SOILS VARYING IN SIZE FROM FINE GRAINED TO HUGE
BOULDER.
• SOIL GET MIXED WITH THE ICE AND ARE TRANSPORTED FAR AWAY FROM THEIR
ORIGINAL POSITION.
• DRIFT IS A GENERAL TERM USED FOR THE DEPOSITS MADE BY GLACIERS
17. SOIL
12. AEOLINE SOIL:-
A TYPE OF SOIL THAT IS TRANSPORTED FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER BY THE WIND.E.G
SAND DUNES,LOESS.
18. SAND SOIL SILT SOIL CLAY SOIL
SIZE OF
PARTICLES
Large
particles
Medium
particles
Tiny
particles
A I R GAPS
WAT ER
D R AIN
Large air gaps Less air gaps Few air gaps
Water drains
easily ( high
permeability )
Water drains
slowly
( permeable )
Water does
not drain
easily ( low
permeability )
19. TYPES OF SOILS STATES WHERE
FOUND
RICH IN: LACKS IN: CROPS GROWN
ALLUVIAL MAINLY FOUND IN
THE PLAINS OF
GUJARAT, PUNJAB,
HARYANA, UP,
BIHAR, JHARKHAND
ETC.
POTASH AND LIME NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHOROUS
LARGE VARIETY OF
RABI AND KHARIF
CROPS SUCH AS
WHEAT, RICE,
SUGARCANE,
COTTON, JUTE ETC.
BLACK
(REGUR SOIL)
DECCAN PLATEAU-
MAHARASHTRA,
MADHYA PRADESH,
GUJARAT, ANDHRA
PRADESH,TAMIL
NADU, VALLEYS OF
KRISHNA AND
GODAVARI.
LIME, IRON,
MAGNESIA AND
ALUMINA, POTASH
PHOSPHOROUS,
NITROGEN AND
ORGANIC MATTER
COTTON,
SUGARCANE,
JOWAR, TOBACCO,
WHEAT, RICE ETC.
RED EASTERN AND
SOUTHERN
PART OF THE
DECCAN
PLATEAU,
ORISSA,
CHATTISGARH
AND SOUTHERN
PARTS OF THE
MIDDLE GANGA
PLAIN.
IRON AND POTASH NITROGEN,
PHOSPHOROUS
AND HUMUS.
WHEAT, RICE,
COTTON,
SUGARCANE AND
PULSES
20. TYPES OF SOILS STATES WHERE
FOUND
RICH IN: LACKS IN: CROPS GROWN
LATERITE KARNATAKA,
KERALA,
TAMILNADU,
MADHYA PRADESH,
ASSAM AND ORISSA
HILLS.
IRON OXIDE AND
POTASH
ORGANIC MATTER,
NITROGEN,
PHOSPHATE AND
CALCIUM
CASHEWNUTS, TEA,
COFFEE, RUBBER
ARID AND
DESERT
WESTERN
RAJASTAN, NORTH
GUJARAT AND
SOUTHERN PUNJAB
SOLUBLE SALTS,
PHOSPHATE
HUMUS, NITROGEN ONLY DROUGHT
RESISTANT AND SALT
TOLERANT CROPS
SUCH AS BARLEY,
RAPE, COTTON,
MILLETS MAIZE AND
PULSES
SALINE AND
ALKALINE WESTERN GUJARAT,
DELTAS OF EASTERN
COAST, SUNDERBAN
AREAS OF WEST
BENGAL, PUNJAB
AND HARYANA
SODIUM,
POTASSIUM,
MAGNESIUM
NITROGEN AND
CALCIUM
UNFIT FOR
AGRICULTURE
21. PLANT
ON THE BASIS OF GROWTH HABITS :
IF WE CONSIDER PLANTS, BASED ON THEIR HEIGHT SOME ARE TOO SHORT WHILE SOME ARE TOO
TALL TO CLIMB. BESIDES THE HEIGHT, STEM THICKNESS, DELICACY ALSO VARIES. HENCE, ON THE
BASIS OF THEIR GROWTH HABITS THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS :
PLANT
HERBS SHRUBS TREES
CLIMBERS
AND
CREEPERS
23. PLANT
HERBS :
•STARTING FROM THE SMALLEST, HERB IS
A SHORT PLANT WITH GREEN, DELICATE
STEM WITHOUT THE WOODY TISSUES.
•GENERALLY, THEY HAVE FEW BRANCHES
OR BRANCHLESS.
•THESE CAN BE EASILY UPROOTED FROM
THE SOIL.
•THEY CONTAIN ENOUGH NUTRITIONAL
BENEFITS AND VITAMINS TO MAKE IT A
PART OF THE DIET. TOMATO, WHEAT, GRASS
ARE FEW EXAMPLES OF HERBS.
CORIANDLE :
MINT :
24. PLANT
SHRUBS :
• WOODY PLANT WITH SEVERAL PERENNIAL
STEMS THAT MAY BE ERECT OR MAY LAY
CLOSE TO THE GROUND.
• USUALLY HAVE A HEIGHT LESS THAN 13
FEET AND STEMS NO MORE THAN ABOUT
THREE INCHES IN DIAMETER
• STEMS ARE HARD, FLEXIBLE BUT NOT
FRAGILE.
• CAN BE DECIDUOUS OR EVERGREEN
ROSE PLANT
HIBISCUS PLANT
25. PLANTTREES :
TREES ARE BIG, TALL AND STRONG PLANTS. THEY
HAVE A THICK, BROWN AND WOODY STEM
CALLED TRUNK.
THEY HAVE MANY BRANCHES THAT
BEAR LEAVES, FLOWERS AND FRUITS.
THEIR ROOTS ARE THICK AND STRONG
TREES USUALLY LIVE FOR MANY YEARS.
NEEM TREE
BANYAN TREE
26. PLANT
CLIMBERS AND CREEPERS :
TREES ARE BIG, TALL AND STRONG PLANTS. THEY
HAVE A THICK, BROWN AND WOODY STEM CALLED
TRUNK.
THEY HAVE MANY BRANCHES THAT
BEAR LEAVES, FLOWERS AND FRUITS.
THEIR ROOTS ARE THICK AND STRONG
TREES USUALLY LIVE FOR MANY YEARS.
COBAEA SCANDENS
PARTHENOCISSUS HENRYANA
27. PLANTON THE BASIS OF PATTERN AND SEASONALITY GROWTH
PLANT
MATERIAL
EVERGREEN DECIDUOUS
28. PLANT
DECIDUOUS TREES :-
• DECIDUOUS REFER TO TREES, WHICH
SEASONALLY SHED THEIR UNNECESSARY PARTS
ESPECIALLY THE LEAVES FROM THEIR
STRUCTURE.
• DECIDUOUS TREES ARE ADAPTED TO TOLERATE THE COLD AND DRY WEATHER
CONDITIONS BY SHEDDING THEIR LEAVES SEASONALLY.
• MAJORITY OF THE TREES SHED THEIR
FOLIAGE AT THE END OF THEIR TYPICAL
GROWING SEASON.
29. PLANT
EVERGREEN TREES :-
•EVERGREEN TREE’S FOLIAGE PERSISTS THROUGHOUT THE
YEAR.
•NO SEASONAL LEAF SHEDDING, THEY SHED THEIR OLD LEAVES
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
•FAVORED IN WARM TEMPERATE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
EUCALYPTUS TREE HEMLOCK TREE
30. PLANT
ROLE OF VEGETATION IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN :-
ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE
FUNCTIONALAND ARCHITECTURAL VALUE
HEALTH VALUE
AESTHETIC VALUE
31. PLANT
1. ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE
PREVENTION OF SOIL EROSION
•PLANTS WITH SHALLOW FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEMS
ARE EFFECTIVE TO PREVENT SOIL EROSION.
•TURF GRASSES ARE ALSO EFFECTIVE IN
PREVENTING SOIL EROSION.
•THE DEEP ROOTS OF TREES HELP HOLD THE SOIL
TIGHT.
•Trees also absorb some of the nutrients in the
soil that would otherwise be washed away.
33. •TREES, SHRUBS, AND GROUNDCOVERS CAN
MAINTAIN SLOPES AND REDUCE EROSION FROM
SURFACE WATER, SHALLOW GROUNDWATER AND,
TO SOME EXTENT, COASTAL PROCESSES.
•TREES, SHRUBS, AND GROUNDCOVERS CAN
MAINTAIN SLOPES AND REDUCE EROSION FROM
SURFACE WATER, SHALLOW GROUNDWATER AND,
TO SOME EXTENT, COASTAL PROCESSES.
FIG: VEGETATION CAN HELP PROTECT SLOPE AND WATERSHED
34. PLANT
IMPROVING WATER QUALITY
•TREES AND OTHER VEGETATION IMPROVE
WATER QUALITY BYDECREASING SOIL
EROSION AND WATER RUNOFF
CONTAINING FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES
FROM LANDSCAPES, OIL, AND SEWAGE
POLLUTE WATERWAYS AND LAKES.
•COMMUNITIES CAN HAVE CLEANER
WATER BY MANAGING EXISTING
NATURAL VEGETATION, PLANTING
ADDITIONAL TREES, AND REDUCING THE
USE OF PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS.
IMPROVING AIR QUALITY
PLANTS CAN PURIFY THE AIR BY
REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE AND
LIMITED QUANTITIES OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE BY REPLACING THEM WITH
OXYGEN.
PLANTS CAN ALSO CLEANSE THE
ATMOSPHERE BY REMOVING DUST,
ASH, SMOKE PARTICLES FROM THE AIR.
THE PARTICLES SETTLE ON THE LEAVES
AND BRANCHES AND ARE EVENTUALLY
WASHED BY RAIN TO THE GROUND.
35. PLANT
LOWER HEATING AND COOLING COST
•TREES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE ABILITY TO
REDUCE HEATING AND COOLING COSTS AND
COUNTERACT THE “HEAT ISLAND” EFFECT IN URBAN
ENVIRONMENTS.
•URBAN AREAS WITH LITTLE VEGETATION CAN
EXPERIENCE TEMPERATURES OF UP TO SEVEN
DEGREES HIGHER THAN THOSE WITH TREE COVER.
•THIS TRANSLATES INTO SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER
•ENERGY COSTS TO COOL BUILDINGS.
•PROPERLY PLANTED TREES CAN CUT HEATING AND
COOLING COSTS BY AS MUCH AS 12 % AND REDUCE
OVERALL POWER DEMAND.
NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL
•EXCESSIVE OR UNWANTED SOUND HAS NEGATIVE
PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS. NOISE CAN
COME FROM MANY SOURCES, ESPECIALLY ROADS AND
HIGHWAYS. TREES CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN
DEADENING UNWANTED NOISE.
•SOUND WAVES ARE ABSORBED BY A TREE’S LEAVES,
BRANCHES, AND TWIGS. PLANTS CAN ADD, ABSORB AND
DEFLECT SOUND BY THE PRESENCE AND MOVEMENT OF
THEIR FOLIAGE AND BRANCHES.
36. 2.FUNCTIONALAND ARCHITECTURAL VALUE :-
CAN CATER TO THE NEED FOR PRIVACY, PROTECTION FROM GLARE OR DIRECT SUNLIGHT INTO
WINDOWS, OR SHADE.
FIG: TREES USED FOR PRIVACY PURPOSES
37. Fig: Plants can be used to screen the
hot summer sun while allowing
sunlight through bare branches in
winter for a type of climate control.
Fig: with plant design reduces light
glare.
38. 1. INWARDLY FOCUSED SPACE
• INWARDLY ORIENTED SPACE IS CHARACTERIZED BY
EITHER COMPLETE OR NEARLY COMPLETE ENCLOSURE
WITH A STRONG FOCAL POINT.
OUTWARDLY
CREATION OF OUTDOOR ROOMS. OUTDOOR ROOMS CAN BE CREATED BY
EITHER OF THE TWO APPROACHES.
39. 2. OUTWARDLY FOCUSED SPACE
• OUTWARDLY ORIENTED ROOMS ARE
ENHANCED BY AMENITIES OUTSIDE THE
SPACE SUCH AS GOOD VIEWS AND
BREEZES
40. 3.HEALTH VALUE :-
BENEFITS OF INDOOR PLANTS
INCLUDE:
1. REDUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
LEVELS
2. INCREASING HUMIDITY
3. REDUCING LEVELS OF CERTAIN
POLLUTANTS, SUCH AS BENZENE
AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE
4. REDUCING AIRBORNE DUST
LEVELS
5. KEEPING AIR TEMPERATURES
DOWN
4.AESTHETIC VALUE
•TREES PROVIDE A VARIETY OF
AESTHETIC VALUES AND ACCENTUATE
THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF
BUILDINGS.
•THE AESTHETIC VALUE OF THE PLANTS
IS THROUGH THE PHYSICAL SENSES OF
SIGHT, SOUND, SMELL AND TOUCH.
•INDIVIDUAL PARTS OF PLANTS-
BLOOMS, FRUITS, LEAVES AND
BRANCHES ARE VALUED FOR THEIR
COLOR, SHAPE, AROMA AND TEXTURE.
41. MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF PLANT MATERIALS
AESTHETICS
SCREENING
CIRCULATION CONTROL
42. AESTHETICS
COLOR :
COLOR IS THE MOST ATTRACTIVE AND VISUAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PLANTS, BUT IT ALSO IS THE
MOST FLEETING, AS MOST PLANTS DISPLAY PROMINENT COLOR ONLY DURING SHORT BLOOM
PERIODS. LIGHT QUALITIES OF THE SITE—SUNNY OR SHADY AREAS—AFFECT THE PERCEPTION OF COLOR.
WARM, BRIGHT COLORS, SUCH AS YELLOWS AND WHITES, ARE BEST FOR SHADE, AND ALL COLORS
WORK WELL IN SUNNY AREAS.
TEXTURE:
TEXTURE REFERS TO HOW COARSE OR FINE THE
OVERALL SURFACE AND INDIVIDUAL LEAVES OF
THE PLANT FEEL OR LOOK (PERCEIVED VISUAL TEXTURE).
43. SIZE AND SCALE
FORM
FORM IS THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHAPE OF A PLANT OR
A PLANT MASS. OVERALL FORM IS MORE OR LESS
RELEVANT DEPENDING ON THE VIEWING PERSPECTIVE.
SIZE REFERS TO THE OVERALL HEIGHT AND WIDTH OF THE
PLANT AND
COMPARED
SPACES.
ITS RELATIVE SIZE OR SCALE WHEN
ANDTO OTHER PLANTS, STRUCTURES,
45. CIRCULATION CONTROL
•PLANTINGS CAN CONTROL AND DIRECT THE
MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE, ANIMALS, OR VEHICLES.
•WHERE ESTABLISHED PEDESTRIAN SHORTCUTS ARE
TO BE DISCOURAGED, THORNED, DENSE-GROWING
PLANTS MAY BE NECESSARY TO CHANGE USER
HABITS.
•NOT ALWAYS THE VERTICAL TREES
46. PLANT
INTRODUCTION :-
PLANTS ARE THE LIVING ORGANISMS PRESENT ON THE EARTH. THESE ARE IDENTIFIED BY
THEIR FOLIAGE, PROFILE, COLOR, ETC. THE ANATOMY OF MOST PLANTS CONTAIN ROOTS,
STEMS, LEAVES, FLOWERS, ETC.
There basic parts are:
• Roots
• Leaves
• Stem
• Flowers
• Foods
47. PLANT
REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT :-
TEMPERATURE:-
PLANTS GROW WELL ONLY WITHIN A LIMITED
TEMPERATURE RANGE.
LIGHT:-
ALL VEGETABLE PLANTS AND MANY FLOWERS
REQUIRE LARGE AMOUNTS OF SUNLIGHT.
OXYGEN:-
PLANTS REQUIRE OXYGEN FOR RESPIRATION TO
CARRY OUT THEIR FUNCTIONS OF WATER AND
NUTRIENT UPTAKE. IN SOIL ADEQUATE OXYGEN IS
USUALLY AVAILABLE.
WATER:-
DIFFERENT REQ. IN DIFFERENT SEASONS LIKE,
DURING THE HOT SUMMER MONTHS A LARGE
TOMATO PLANT MAY USE ONE- HALF GALLON OF
WATER PER DAY. BUT IN WINTER IT WILL USE LESS.
48. COMMON NAME: TULSI
SCIENTIFICNAME OCIMUM
TENUIFLORUM
CLIMATE CONDITION: TEMPERATE
CLIMATE
AVG.HEIGHT : 30–60 CM
USES:
TULSI HAS BEEN USED FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS IN AYURVEDA FOR ITS DIVERSE HEALING PROPERTIES.
APPEARANCE:
• TULSA IS HEAVY BRANCHED HAVING ALL OVER HAIR. IT ATTAINS THE HEIGHT OF ABOUT 75 -90CM.
• IT HAS ROUND OVAL SHAPED LEAVES UP TO 5 CM LONG. THE LEAVES ARE 2-3CM IN LENGTH.
• ITS SEEDS ARE FLAT. ITS FLOWERS ARE PURPLE CREAM IN COLOUR. A LEAF OF TULSI CONTAINS
ESSENTIAL OIL.
• TULSI SEEDS ARE GERMINATE EASILY. THE SEEDS MAINLY SOWN IN THE SPRING SEASON.
49. COMMON NAME: CORAL CREEPER
SCIENTIFICNAME ANTIGONON
LEPTOPUS
CLIMATE CONDITION:
AVG.HEIGHT : 13 METERS
USES
• PEOPLE USE THEM AS A HARDY PERENNIAL THAT IS VERY SUITABLE FOR COVERING FENCES, WALL OR
PERGOLAS. THIS IS AN ASSET TO ANY GARDEN.
•APPEARANCE –
• THE FLOWER IS LIKE A DEEP CUP WHEN IT IS FULLY OPEN.
• THE LEAVES OF THE 'CORAL CREEPER' ARE LIKE HEARTS IN SHAPE OR SOMETIMES THEY ARE
TRIANGULAR. THEY ARE POINTED AND USUALLY UP TO 7.5 CM IN LENGTH.
• THE SURFACE OF THE LEAVES IS WRINKLED AND THE EDGES ARE A LITTLE WAVY. THEY ARE
BRIGHT GREEN IN COLOUR AND PALER BENEATH.
• THE FRUIT OF THE PLANT IS A SMALL NUT THAT IS SHEATHED BY FIVE HEART- SHAPED LEAVES
52. TREES
• THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF TREE.
• LARGE TREE :- A TREE THAT CAN ATTAIN A MATURE HEIGHT OF OVER 40 FEET AT MATURITY.
• MEDIUM TREE :- A TREE THAT CAN ATTAIN A MATURE HEIGHT OF 25 TO 40 FEET AT MATURITY.
• SMALL TREE:- A TREE THAT CAN ATTAIN A MATURE HEIGHT OF LESS THAN 25 FEET AT MATURITY. ONLY
SMALL TREES SHOULD BE PLANTED UNDER POWER LINES.
54. COMMONNAME: ASHOK
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polyalthia longifolia
TREETYPE: evergreen tree
CLIMATECONDITION:HOTAND DRY
SOILTYPE:
LEAVES:LONG
AVG. HEIGHT : 30 ft,8-10M
FLOWERING:SPRING
USES:NOISE POLUTION
APPEARANCE –
• SMOOTH, DARK BROWN BARK, A
STRAIGHT STEM, AND SHORT,
SLENDER BRANCHES SPREADING
MORE OR LESS AT RIGHT ANGLES
FROM THE STEM AND IN A
WHORLED FASHION.
• THE LEAVES ARE
TRANSLUCENT WHEN
YOUNG AND OCCUR IN
GREAT PROFUSION.
• THE DELICATE YELLOWISH GREEN
FLOWERS HAVE SIX SPREADING,
POINTED PETAL AND ARE HIDDEN IN
THE DENSE MASSES OF LEAVES
ALONG THE BRANCHES.
USES
IT IS A LOFTY EVERGREEN TREE, COMMONLY
PLANTED DUE TO ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN
ALLEVIATING NOISE POLLUTION.
•IN INDIA, THE SPREADING FORM OF THIS TREE IS
CULTIVATED IN ALL THE HOT AREAS.
55. COMMONNAME: BABUL
SCIENTIFICNAME: VACHELLIA NILOTICA
TREETYPE:LARGE
CLIMATECONDITION: MIDDLEEASTANDTHEINDIANSUBCONTINENT
SOILTYPE:ALLUVIAL,BLACKSOIL
BARK: FLAKY BARK.
LEAVES: DECIDUOUS, OVAL TO ELLIPTIC
AVG.HEIGHT: 20 METRES
FLOWERS: SIX WHITE TO PURPLE PETALS
FLOWERING:SUMMER
58. COMMONNAME: tropical-almond
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Terminalia catappa
TREETYPE: ornamental tree
CLIMATECONDITION:TROPICAL
SOILTYPE:SALTY
LEAVES: large LONG
AVG. HEIGHT : 35 m
FLOWERING:
USE:FURNITURE
59. STONE
• STONES ARE HARD, IMPERMEABLE, INORGANIC ELEMENTS USED
EXTENSIVELY IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE.
• STONES ARE BASICALLY USED FOR THE FOLLOWING:
1. PAVING
2. RETAINING WALL
3. STACKED STONE WALL
4. SITTING
5. SHELTERS
6. PARAPETS
7. BRIDGES
8. SCULPTURES
9. PLANTERS
10. BOLLARDS
60. • STONE, ONE OF THE OLDEST PAVING MATERIALS, OFFERS GOOD, DURABLE,
WEARING SURFACE WITH A MINIMUM MAINTENANCE REQUIRED.
• RUBBLE AND ASHLARS MASONRY ARE THE TWO FORMS OF STONE
USED FOR PAVING.
• RUBBLE MASONRY IS ROUGH STONE, AS IT COMES FROM THE QUARRY, BUT MAY
BE TRIMMED SOMEWHAT WHERE NECESSARY.
• ASHLARS MASONRY IS HEWED OR CUT STONE FROM THE QUARRY AND
IS USED MUCH MORE OFTEN THAN RUBBLE FOR THE SURFACING OF THE
WALLS.
• LANDSCAPING WITH STONE BRINGS IN A NATURAL ELEMENT THAT EVOKES
SOLIDNESS AND A SENSE SECURITY.
61. TYPES OF LANDSCAPE STONES AND THEIRUSES
RETAINING WALLS--THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES
OF STONES THAT CAN BE USED WHEN IT COMES TO
CREATING RETAINING WALLS IN THE LAWN. ONE MAY
ELECT TO ASSEMBLE A RETAINING WALL AROUND A
SMALL POND, OR EVEN A GARDEN.
FLAGSTONE-- FLAGSTONE IS A VERY POPULAR CHOICE
WHEN IT COMES TO STONES THAT ARE USED FOR
STEPS, OR SIMPLE ORNAMENTAL DESIGN.
BOULDERS --HOMEOWNERS ELECT TO IMPLEMENT THE
USE OF BOULDERS IN THE DECORATIVE DESIGN OF THEIR
LANDSCAPING. GREAT PRODUCTS IN THE WAY OF
BOULDERS INCLUDE THAT OF BIRCHWOOD, WISCONSIN,
GRANITE, AND EVEN HONEYCOMB WESTERN STONE.
