This document discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It begins by explaining the difference between conventional (non-renewable) energy sources like coal and unconventional (renewable) sources. It notes that while non-renewable sources were formed over millions of years, they will eventually be exhausted. It also discusses the pollution caused by burning fossil fuels. The document then lists some common non-renewable sources and renewable sources of energy. It provides examples of how the share of renewable energy is growing in some European countries and discusses geothermal energy systems in more detail.

2. ECO ENERGY
All sources of energy we can divide into two main groups: conventional andunconventional.
Conventional energy is produced of natural fossil sources like coal or petroleum. Such
sources are non-renewable. It means the resources were formed for millions of years and one
day they will be exhausted. What is more, producing energy in that way results in a big
amount of carbon dioxide and other pollution like sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury,
ashes and others in atmosphere. All this pollution effects environment and human health. The
emission of carbon dioxide at a high level causes the greenhouseeffect.
To control the greenhouse effect we should improve or change contemporary technologies of
electricity and heat production to those emitting less or no carbondioxide.
Unfortunately in Europe more than a half of electricity is still produced of fossil fuels.
NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
a) fossil fuels:
 coal
 brown coal
 petroleum
 natural gas
 peat
 oil shale
b) uranium and other radioactive elements
To reduce harmful effects and by-products created due to electricity production of non-
renewable sources, scientists in Europe and around the world are working on making the
renewable sources of energy to be used generally. Those renewable sources of energy are
natural resources, which in spite of using them continually, are being recreated all the time
and what is more, using them to produce energy does not cause emission of toxicsubstances
into the atmosphere in large amount.
RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
 solar energy
 wind

3.  rivers
 tides
 geothermal energy
 biomass
 biogas
Energy produced of renewable sources is sometimes called ecoenergy.
The share of ecoenergy in power production in Europe is growing continually, e.g. in
Germany it quadrupled since 1990. In 2010 the share of electricity production fromsolar
energy, wind and wastes was about 17%, while in 1999 it was less than4%.
As far as the using of renewable sources of energy is concerned, Austria is the leading country
in Europe with 62% share for ecoelectricity in its total electricity production in 2008. Most of
this ecoelectricity is produced in hydroelectric powerstations.
The greatest progress in using renewable resources was made by Denmark. From 1999 to
2008 it increased tenfold.
And how do we use renewable sources of energy in our
country, our region?
Geothermal energy
Finland
History
Geothermal energy has been used for more than 10,000 years.. The first users of geothermal
energy or geothermal energy were probably animals. Nowadays in Japan lives a species of
monkey near some springs, which they use to keep warm in winter. In ancient civilizations,
like the ancient Greek used to bathe in hot springs. The Romans were very excited about hot
springs. Throughout their great empire they built resorts or spas. And they used hot springs
and geysers in Pompeii to keep their feet warm through floor heating. In he old Italian town
of Larderello in Tuscany, the first geothermal power plant was built in 1904. In 1913, Count
Piero Ginori Conti built a power plant with steam-driven turbines.

4. Principle
Geothermal energy or geothermal energy is a renewable energy source that uses the heated
earth. To use this energy, we must bring it up. In some places this happens naturally by
volcanoes and geysers like in Iceland. In other areas we have to drill or dig. To make use of
the energy we must use among others a heat pump, a heat source and a low temperature
heating for example floor heating. A source system provides elevation of the heat and also
conveys it to the heat pump installation. The heat pump must use this heat to reach thedesired
temperature, and use it for the low-temperature heating, or for making warm water for use.
- An open source system
An open source system uses groundwater. Groundwater contains the same temperature as the
face of the earth, and can be easily brought to the surface. Therefore, this system is easy and
inexpensive. It is an open source system and always works with at least two sources. Thefirst
source is the pumping of groundwater and the second source for the return of the
groundwater. The return of water is required so that the groundwater is not disturbed. We do
not use this kind of system in Finland.
- A closed source system
A closed source system works on the basis of circulation. Closed piping is installed in the
ground; where all the time 'glycol (antifreeze) flows. During the circulation this absorbs the
heat and transports it the heat pump.
- heat pump
A heat pump is a device that moves heat between place with a lower temperature to an area
with a higher temperature. They can make use of ambient heat and waste heat. Heat pumps
provide useful energy without harming the environment, there will be no harmful gases. And
it provides dependable warming in our cold climate. It can reduce carbon dioxide emissions
by 40 to 50 percent compared to a boiler. You can by supplying 1kW electric power, get 9
kW of thermal energy out again. A heat pump also has a huge energy savings and cost
saving. They can be used for both heating in the winter and cooling in thesummer.
Advantages and disadvantages:
advantages:
Geothermal energy is clean and it's an (almost) inexhaustible source of energy.
Geothermal systems are simple. They consist of a vertical or horizontal underground pipe
through which a liquid is pumped to a heat pump and are nearly maintenance free. They can
be used all over the world.
Geothermal energy is good for the environment . In the production, there are noCO2
emissions.

5. It consumes very little electricity , because only the heat pump and the circulation pumps
consume electricity. The heat pump is an the energy source of the future, and we have
installed it in our house. There are disadvantages to geothermal, the enrgy is deep, and the
drilling of the hole ( up to 200 metre is expensive, also the installation is expensive.
It has to be used close to the place where it is extracted, in order to prevent heat loss or very
expensive insulation of the transport tubes.
Wood chips - what is it used for?
It's cold outside when we're going to take some photos of a wood
chip boiler. It's Ina's family who has got a wood chip boiler, and
now we're going to tell you a little about what wood chips areused
for.
It is a good choice to warm up your house with a chip boiler, when
the electricity - and oil price rises. The benefit is largest for people
who own forest. Wood chips require more sophisticated equipment
than other ways of warming up a house.
Wood chips are produced by chipping wood. The raw material
may be remnants of wood, clearing woods or firewood ofinferior
quality. The
material can be chipped by a machine that
is mounted on a farm tractor. Wood chips
is a so- called biofuel, which means that
the carbon emissions are low, but it's also
very important that the firing is performed
correctly and that the equipment is good, so
emissions of harmful substances are not
occurring.
Wood chips boilers are environmentally

6. friendly unlike oil, gas or electricity. Wood chips reduces the amount of carbon dioxide that
contributes to climate change and generates far less pollution in the air and it helps to ensurea
better world for our descendants to live in. Wood chips are cheap, and efficient way of
heating houses. The disadvantage of the chip is that it requires a lot of storagespace.
Italy
Figline Valdarno community is highly sensitive as regards protection and respect of
our environment. In order to solve the issue of household waste it has been set up a door to
door separate collection.
Also at school we, six-grade pupils, try to collaborate and get involved in thisproject.
Therefore, besides collecting paper, plastic and bottle caps (made of plastic), we took the
decision to collect our canteen food leftovers to transform them into useful compost, thatis
biologic fertilizer for plants.
On the school roof as well as on many other homes of our hometown solar panels has
been installed, so that they can gather solar energy and change it into both electric energy and
heat.

7. On top of the nearby mountains and on the open country areas windmill blades or
wind generators have been placed. These kind of modern windmills move their blades by
means of wind, so they produce energy without pollutingthe environment.
In the nearby towns there are two dams, one is the La Penna dam, while the other is
the Levane dam. They are both situated along the Arno river and they supply the Valdarno
communities with hydroelectricenergy.
Moreover, in our Region, Tuscany, one can find the area of Larderello, which is an
active site where geothermic energy is collected and produced. This source of renewable
energy covers a fourth of the Tuscan energy requirement.
Steam is emitted by the fumarole and conveyed into the "vapour pipes", eventually it
is sent to the geothermic power stations.

8. Other geothermic areas can be found in the Siena and Grosseto districts: they arethose
of Rapolano, Bagno Vignoni, Petriolio, Saturnia, where there is a huge reservoir of hot water,
which is the reason for unique thermal phenomena.

9. Poland
SOLAR ENERGY
From the technical point of view solar energy is the purest one. It doesn’t create any fumes or
noise nor frighten away birds like windmills do.
The biggest solar park in our region was built in Bieganski Hospital in Lodz. It’s one of the
first photovoltaic power stations in Polish hospitals.
In Lodz solar thermal collectors are used in:
 West Radogoszcz housing cooperative : they heat the water in every block of flats in
the area
 in Dywilan joint-stock company in Lodz. On the roof on its main building there isa
solar park of a total power of 140 kWp.
Wind energy:
Wind energy production started in Poland in early1990’s.
The first wind generator was built near a hydroelectric power station in Żarnowiec.
Today, there is a wind farm 'Lisiewo'. The first industrial wind farm was built in Barzowice.
In 2009 Poland was 13th on the list of European Union countries in terms of
installed capacity of wind power.
The best conditions for the development of wind farms are in the north of Poland.
Till June 30th, 890 wind farms were installed in Poland - it is not much but the new ones are
constantly coming into existence

10. Głuchów, in Łódź Voivodeship- recently there was an official inauguration of the 20 MW
wind farm. This wind farm consists of 10 wind power stations , each of them is
a 2 MW station. All 10 wind power stations are connected to the PGE network (Polish
Energy Company) with 110kV cableline.
In 2014, the building of 33MW wind power station will take place in towns: Parzęczew and
Dalików. They are located in two districts near Łódź: Zgierz and Poddębice.
Kamieńsk, Lodz’sregion:
Hydroelectric power stations.
Currently, over 28% of electric energy that is obtained from renewable energy sources comes
from hydroelectric power industry URE (Energy Industry Regulation Office).
The lay of the land of our country is mostly low. Also, there are not any big, natural steep
slopes that would make good conditions for building huge hydroelectric powerstations.
Regarding these hydrological conditions, only small hydrologic power stations are used to
obtain the energy.
However, our region is characterized by a big potential of obtaining energy from renewable
energy sources (the sun, the wind, biomass, geothermalwater
Geothermal energy power station
Poland is beyond the range of present-day tectonically or volcanic active areas. Thus gaining
steam deposits from great depths in order to produce electrical energy is not economically
profitable in the light of contemporary technologicalstage.

11. However, there are many natural, underground basins filled with hot water. The temperature
of these waters range from several dozen to 90°C. In extreme cases, the heat of these
underground waters reaches over100 °C. This fact is used in thermalenergetics.
We have rich deposits of geothermal energy. This type of renewable energy source has the
greatest technical potential. It is estimated at 1512 PJ/year which constitutes about 30%of
domestic heat demand.
Cities like: Warszawa, Poznań, Szczecin, Łódź, Toruń, Płock are located in areas rich in
geothermal water deposits.
Uniejów is the most flourishing and constantly developing geothermal center in Łódź
Voivodeship. Thermal waters in Uniejów have been used in heating and balneologicpurposes
since 2001. Also, they are applied to heat the ground under football fieldscomplex.
Since June, 2008 they are used for therapeutic and medical baths or for heating the water in
thermal spa and pool complex. It is planned that in the future a hybrid heat and powerstation
will be built there. It will produce electrical energy by using heat energy that comes from
geothermal waters and burning the biomass.
Furthermore, it is planned to build a geothermal installation to heat the students' campusof
Technical University in Łódź.

12. Portugal
Wind energy is the energy
obtained by the wind, or
by using the kinetic energy
generated by air currents.
The wind park of our
region of Alto Alentejo
is located in São
Mamede’s Natural Park,
in Portalegre. It was the
first to be installed in this
region and it is designed to
produce enough energy to
power the entire city of
Portalegre, except for
industrial consumption. It also contributes to the sustainability of the territory and to the
reduction of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
It has an electricity production capacity of about 25,000 MWh per year.
The production of energy generated by the wind farm in Portalegre will allow
Portugal to save the purchase of 6 million cubic meters of gas, equivalent to 2.5
million euros annually.

13. Spain
In Spain, the main source of renewable
energy is the energy of thewind.
Today, wind energy in our countrycovered
about 21% demand of electricenergy.
Moreover, in our region we also received renewable
from other sources – for exaple from the sun (solar
energy ) or biomass.
The solar energy we use for light and heat in ourhouses.
The biomass energy– we can receive from for example sawmills or paper mills and other
sources (natural or residual).
,
“Natural” biomass Residual biomass
Energy from renewable sources covered 42% of the energy needs of the whole Spain in 2013

14. Turkey
Turkey's Renewable EnergySources
Turkey's current gross potential in terms of renewable energy sources; power from 430 to 450
GWh / year, solar 365 GWh / year, biogas 1:58 GWh / year, wind 400 GWh / year,
geothermal and 16 GWh / year is composed. As seen country the hydraulic energy is an
important energy potential. Water structures, particularly water damage resulting prevent or
water in a beneficial way in order to use water, which control dams, several thousand years,
hydrology and hydro-mechanical issues of the available information has been obtained for
long years before construction began. Turkey to very ancient times in the history of the dam.
Developed during the Ottoman era dam engineering, which has gained momentum with the
establishment of the Republic today is experiencing the most brilliant time. Today,by Turkish
engineers marvel of engineering projects such as the Southeastern Anatolia Project is being
developed.
Turkey has a significant amount of land and water resources is a country and the development
and use of resources in an optimum way and financing requires a large amount of labor.
Continuation of life as well as being of great importance in terms of water, socio-economic
and political life of the country has a lot of very important in planned use of water resources
not only to the national economy of the month is to contribute to the socio-cultural structure.
Show a rapid social and economic development in our country and in parallel with these
developments, which require uninterrupted electric power, high quality, reliable and
affordable way to adversely affect the environment at least . . Therefore, primarily domestic
energy resources benefiting from the project must develop the necessary investments should
be made.
Present situation Judging of 1999 at the end of Turkey's total installed capacity of 26,117.5
MW, this 15,556 MW 's, thermal, 24 MW' s geothermal and wind, 10537, 5 MW heat power
plants belong to.
If the total electricity production in 1999 116,440.5 GWh, 81,661 GWh of it.

15. Considering the hydropower potential of Turkey Turkey is rugged and mountainous country's
gross hydropower potential of 430 - 450 billion kWh / year is reaching very highvalues.
Technical aspects can be utilized portions 215 billion kWh / year, is part of the technical and
economic aspects that can be exploited 100-130 billion kWh / year is estimated to be in
proportion. This happens when it comes to Turkey 35 thousand MW and 125 billion kWh of
energy will be produced. Turkey in terms of hydropower potential in Europe after Norway
was second in the world in the twenty-first.
Our country solar, wind, renewable energy sources such as geothermal, although quite rich
potential use of these resources does not take place to the extent required.
Use of the necessary work done for the dissemination of promotional and educational
activities could be gathered under legal regulations with;practitioner-oriented courses tobe
organized:
-university of architecture, urban planning departments as a compulsory subject
should be taught in courses comprising solar architecture should beencouraged.
These heating-cooling-power requirements should be met with renewable energy sources .

16. -society of renewable energy systems handle TV movies, information booklets should be
prepared.
-engineering faculties (especially Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Civil Departments)
renewable energy systems and related courses should be taught.
-secondary education institutions, renewable energy systems and energy saving issues in
education programs should include .
-our country of solar energy for domestic and industrial use potential, the present study should
be identified.