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Men vs Women trends in labor
    markets & education
          Gaetan Lion
        August 2nd, 2012


                               1
Overall trends looking at all age
          groups combined
Data is from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S.
Census, Current Population Survey.

Pay attention to the X-axis of the graphs as depending on the variable
the time series are of very different length.




                                                                         2
Labor force participation rate in pct. pt.
           Labor force participation rate in %

100
 90
 80
 70
 60
 50
 40
 30
 20
                                                 Women
 10                                              Men
  0
   50
   53
   56
  59
   62
   65
   68
   71
  74
   77
   80
   83
   86
   89
   92
   95
   98
   01
   04
  07
   10
19
19
19


19
19
19
19


19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20


20
19




19




20
                                                         3
19




                                         10
                                              12




           0
                        2
                             4
                                 6
                                     8
      50
    19
      53
    19
      56
    19
      59
    19
      62
    19
      65
    19
      68
    19
      71
    19
      74
    19
      77
    19
      80
    19
      83
    19
      86
    19
      89
                                                   Unemployment rate in %




    19
      92
    19
      95
    19
      98
    20
      01
    20
      04
    20
      07
                       Men




    20
               Women




      10
                                                                            Unemployment rate in pct. pt.




4
Women Median earnings as % of Men

                                    Women earnings as % of Men

85%

80%

75%

70%

65%

60%
  79

         81

                83

                       85


                              7

                                     89

                                            91

                                                   93


                                                          5

                                                                 97

                                                                        99

                                                                               01

                                                                                      03

                                                                                             05

                                                                                                    07

                                                                                                           09

                                                                                                                  11
                               8




                                                           9
19

       19

              19

                     19

                            19

                                   19

                                          19

                                                 19

                                                        19

                                                               19

                                                                      19

                                                                             20

                                                                                    20

                                                                                           20

                                                                                                  20

                                                                                                         20

                                                                                                                20
                                                                                                                       5
% with College Degree or higher in pct. pt.

                   % with College Degree or higher in pct. pt.

   29
   28
   27
   26
   25
   24
   23
   22
                                                                 Men
   21                                                            Women
   20
        1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011



                                                                           6
Conclusion for this section
Women have made relative progress on
numerous counts over the past few decades.
Those include progressively catching up with
men on labor participation rates while often
incurring lower unemployment rates. Overall,
women have fully caught up in terms of
education as the % of women with a college
degree or higher is now equal to men. This
trend caused a 20 percentage point increase in
in women’s earnings as a % of men since 1979
(from 62% to 82%).

                                                 7
Trends looking at the 25 – 34 year
             old group
Data is from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S.
Census, Current Population Survey.

Pay attention to the X-axis of the graphs as depending on the variable
the time series are of very different length.




                                                                         8
Labor force participation rate. 25 – 34 yr olds

          Labor force participation 25 -34 yr old in pct. pt.

  100
   90
   80
   70
   60
   50
   40
   30
   20                                                           Female
   10                                                           Male
    0
    60

    63

    66



    72

    75

    78



    84

    87

    90

    93



    99

    02

    05



    11
    69




    81




    96




    08
 19

 19

 19




 19

 19



 19

 19

 19

 19




 20

 20



 20
 19

 19




 19




 19

 19




 20
                                                                         9
Unemployment rate. 25 – 34 yr olds

        Unemployment rate 25 -34 yr old in pct. pt.

13
12
11
10
 9
 8
 7
 6
 5
 4
                                                      Female
 3
                                                      Male
 2
 1
   63

   66

   69

   72

   75




   96

   99

   02

   05



   11
   60




  78

  81

  84

   87

   90

   93




   08
19

19

19

19

19

19




19

19

19

19

20

20

20

20
19

19

19

19




                                                               10
Women Median earnings as % of Men.
        25 – 34 yr olds
           Female Median Earnings as % of Male. 25 -34 yrs old


   94%

   92%

   90%

   88%

   86%

   84%

   82%

   80%

   78%

   76%
         2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
                                                                       11
% with College Degree or higher.
    25 – 29 yr olds in pct. pt.
                % with College Degree. 25 - 29 yrs old

  38
  36
  34
  32
  30
  28
  26
  24                                                         Male
                                                             Female
  22
  20
       1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011


                                                                          12
% with College Degree or higher.
    30 – 34 yr olds in pct. pt.
                % with College Degree. 30 - 34 yrs old
 39

 37

 35

 33

 31

 29
                                                            Male
 27                                                         Female


 25
      1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
                                                                         13
Conclusion regarding trends for the 25-
             34 year olds
 Trends for labor participation and unemployment
 confirm what we had observed when looking at
 all age group combined. However, when
 focusing on the young (as defined) women have
 forged way ahead in education achievement.
 And, that gap is widening rapidly in recent years.
  Consequently, women earnings have rapidly
 risen to reach over 92% of men by 2011. Given
 current trends, it would be easy to extrapolate
 that women within this age group will earn more
 than men within a decade or so.
                                                  14

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Men vs Women trends in earnings and education

  • 1. Men vs Women trends in labor markets & education Gaetan Lion August 2nd, 2012 1
  • 2. Overall trends looking at all age groups combined Data is from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S. Census, Current Population Survey. Pay attention to the X-axis of the graphs as depending on the variable the time series are of very different length. 2
  • 3. Labor force participation rate in pct. pt. Labor force participation rate in % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Women 10 Men 0 50 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 19 19 20 3
  • 4. 19 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 50 19 53 19 56 19 59 19 62 19 65 19 68 19 71 19 74 19 77 19 80 19 83 19 86 19 89 Unemployment rate in % 19 92 19 95 19 98 20 01 20 04 20 07 Men 20 Women 10 Unemployment rate in pct. pt. 4
  • 5. Women Median earnings as % of Men Women earnings as % of Men 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 79 81 83 85 7 89 91 93 5 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 8 9 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 5
  • 6. % with College Degree or higher in pct. pt. % with College Degree or higher in pct. pt. 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 Men 21 Women 20 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 6
  • 7. Conclusion for this section Women have made relative progress on numerous counts over the past few decades. Those include progressively catching up with men on labor participation rates while often incurring lower unemployment rates. Overall, women have fully caught up in terms of education as the % of women with a college degree or higher is now equal to men. This trend caused a 20 percentage point increase in in women’s earnings as a % of men since 1979 (from 62% to 82%). 7
  • 8. Trends looking at the 25 – 34 year old group Data is from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S. Census, Current Population Survey. Pay attention to the X-axis of the graphs as depending on the variable the time series are of very different length. 8
  • 9. Labor force participation rate. 25 – 34 yr olds Labor force participation 25 -34 yr old in pct. pt. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Female 10 Male 0 60 63 66 72 75 78 84 87 90 93 99 02 05 11 69 81 96 08 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 20 9
  • 10. Unemployment rate. 25 – 34 yr olds Unemployment rate 25 -34 yr old in pct. pt. 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Female 3 Male 2 1 63 66 69 72 75 96 99 02 05 11 60 78 81 84 87 90 93 08 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 10
  • 11. Women Median earnings as % of Men. 25 – 34 yr olds Female Median Earnings as % of Male. 25 -34 yrs old 94% 92% 90% 88% 86% 84% 82% 80% 78% 76% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 11
  • 12. % with College Degree or higher. 25 – 29 yr olds in pct. pt. % with College Degree. 25 - 29 yrs old 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 Male Female 22 20 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 12
  • 13. % with College Degree or higher. 30 – 34 yr olds in pct. pt. % with College Degree. 30 - 34 yrs old 39 37 35 33 31 29 Male 27 Female 25 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 13
  • 14. Conclusion regarding trends for the 25- 34 year olds Trends for labor participation and unemployment confirm what we had observed when looking at all age group combined. However, when focusing on the young (as defined) women have forged way ahead in education achievement. And, that gap is widening rapidly in recent years. Consequently, women earnings have rapidly risen to reach over 92% of men by 2011. Given current trends, it would be easy to extrapolate that women within this age group will earn more than men within a decade or so. 14