This research book outlines the emergence of cryptocurrencies from a geopolitical perspective. Analysis centres on the United States of America and BRICS members: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South America.
The dominant cryptocurrencies are examined. These are Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Ethereum, Ripple and Litecoin.
Discussion explores fringe themes such as scams, religious literature, the US Federal Reserve, gold backed currencies, fiat currencies, digital currencies and the notion of the so-called deep state.
Key words : Bitcoin Ethereum Litecoin Ripple Bitcoin cash Ripple Cryptocurrency Crypto Cryptocurrencies blockchain wallet mining virtual currency digital currency
The document summarizes the events leading up to the 2008 global financial crisis. It describes how low interest rates in the early 2000s led to a housing bubble, risky lending practices, and the bundling of subprime mortgages into securities. The collapse of the housing market revealed losses throughout the financial system. Major institutions like Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers failed, severely damaging confidence and availability of credit.
The document discusses the history and role of the Federal Reserve in controlling the US money supply through various monetary policy tools. It explains how the Federal Reserve can directly control the monetary base and influence broader monetary aggregates. By purchasing or selling Treasury securities, the Federal Reserve can adjust bank reserves and influence interest rates, inflation, output, and employment.
Money serves three main functions - as a store of value, medium of exchange, and unit of account. There are two main types of money - commodity money, which has intrinsic value like gold, and fiat money, which has no intrinsic value but is declared legal tender by a government institution. Fiat money allows central banks like the Federal Reserve to control the money supply more easily than commodity money. The Federal Reserve has developed different measures of the money supply, from M0 which only includes physical currency, to broader measures like M1 and M2 that include checkable deposits and savings. Controlling the money supply is a key tool of monetary policy.
This new year is starting, it's the year of change for PPPs. Compliments are strengthened, but the procedures are simplified. Faced with the ever-increasing number of scams, mainly caused by all internet scammers, PPPs have started to have a bad reputation. To offer greater transparency and 100% security, we offer in our trade programs the possibility of using a:
INTERACTIVE BROKAGE ACCOUNT
It is simply a trade account, owned and managed by the customer. At no time does he lose his money from sight ... everything is explained in the attached guide.
The document provides an overview of the financial system, including its key components and functions. It discusses the flow of money from savers to users through financial institutions and markets. It also outlines various types of securities like money market instruments, bonds, and stocks, as well as the major stock exchanges. Additionally, it describes the role of key organizations in the financial system like the Federal Reserve, FDIC, and SEC.
Why Do We Need Privately Created Money.pdfParag Goel
This booklet is expected as an aide for the freedom sweetheart regarding the matter of Bitcoin, which is the first and generally famous of another kind of monetary instrument called "crypto-‐currencies." Although Bitcoin is an entrancing subject by its own doing, no matter what its conceivable political ramifications, it would be credulous to imagine that the public interest in Bitcoin today is simply one of business application and additionally savvy curiosity.1 Just as the improvement of the Internet hugely affects the possibilities for freedom, the present philosophical advocates of Bitcoin trust that Satoshi Nakamoto's answer for the "twofold ‐spending" issue in a decentralized installment framework proclaims another apparatus in the battle against severe States. In this regard, the allure of Bitcoin is that — by its actual nature — it can't be laid hold of by strong outsiders, and that implies that it is always secure against unusual expansion.
In this aide, we will serve the two kinds of peruser, giving instinctive clarifications that give the "higher perspective" of Bitcoin's financial aspects yet in independent segments we will dig into the genuine mechanics of Bitcoin for the peruser needing to know more. Anytime in this aide, in the event that you the peruser start to feel overpowered by the specialized subtleties, we encourage you to skirt ahead to the following area. Insofar as you basically allow every one of the segments an opportunity, we are sure you will leave understanding the mechanics and financial matters of Bitcoin far superior to toward the beginning.
The document provides an overview of the Federal Reserve System and how it controls the money supply. It discusses the three main tools the Fed uses: (1) changing the required reserve ratio, (2) changing the discount rate, and (3) engaging in open market operations. Lowering the required reserve ratio allows banks to hold fewer reserves relative to deposits, enabling them to increase lending and the money supply. The Fed also conducts open market operations, buying and selling Treasury securities to inject or drain reserves from the banking system.
The document summarizes the events leading up to the 2008 global financial crisis. It describes how low interest rates in the early 2000s led to a housing bubble, risky lending practices, and the bundling of subprime mortgages into securities. The collapse of the housing market revealed losses throughout the financial system. Major institutions like Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers failed, severely damaging confidence and availability of credit.
The document discusses the history and role of the Federal Reserve in controlling the US money supply through various monetary policy tools. It explains how the Federal Reserve can directly control the monetary base and influence broader monetary aggregates. By purchasing or selling Treasury securities, the Federal Reserve can adjust bank reserves and influence interest rates, inflation, output, and employment.
Money serves three main functions - as a store of value, medium of exchange, and unit of account. There are two main types of money - commodity money, which has intrinsic value like gold, and fiat money, which has no intrinsic value but is declared legal tender by a government institution. Fiat money allows central banks like the Federal Reserve to control the money supply more easily than commodity money. The Federal Reserve has developed different measures of the money supply, from M0 which only includes physical currency, to broader measures like M1 and M2 that include checkable deposits and savings. Controlling the money supply is a key tool of monetary policy.
This new year is starting, it's the year of change for PPPs. Compliments are strengthened, but the procedures are simplified. Faced with the ever-increasing number of scams, mainly caused by all internet scammers, PPPs have started to have a bad reputation. To offer greater transparency and 100% security, we offer in our trade programs the possibility of using a:
INTERACTIVE BROKAGE ACCOUNT
It is simply a trade account, owned and managed by the customer. At no time does he lose his money from sight ... everything is explained in the attached guide.
The document provides an overview of the financial system, including its key components and functions. It discusses the flow of money from savers to users through financial institutions and markets. It also outlines various types of securities like money market instruments, bonds, and stocks, as well as the major stock exchanges. Additionally, it describes the role of key organizations in the financial system like the Federal Reserve, FDIC, and SEC.
Why Do We Need Privately Created Money.pdfParag Goel
This booklet is expected as an aide for the freedom sweetheart regarding the matter of Bitcoin, which is the first and generally famous of another kind of monetary instrument called "crypto-‐currencies." Although Bitcoin is an entrancing subject by its own doing, no matter what its conceivable political ramifications, it would be credulous to imagine that the public interest in Bitcoin today is simply one of business application and additionally savvy curiosity.1 Just as the improvement of the Internet hugely affects the possibilities for freedom, the present philosophical advocates of Bitcoin trust that Satoshi Nakamoto's answer for the "twofold ‐spending" issue in a decentralized installment framework proclaims another apparatus in the battle against severe States. In this regard, the allure of Bitcoin is that — by its actual nature — it can't be laid hold of by strong outsiders, and that implies that it is always secure against unusual expansion.
In this aide, we will serve the two kinds of peruser, giving instinctive clarifications that give the "higher perspective" of Bitcoin's financial aspects yet in independent segments we will dig into the genuine mechanics of Bitcoin for the peruser needing to know more. Anytime in this aide, in the event that you the peruser start to feel overpowered by the specialized subtleties, we encourage you to skirt ahead to the following area. Insofar as you basically allow every one of the segments an opportunity, we are sure you will leave understanding the mechanics and financial matters of Bitcoin far superior to toward the beginning.
The document provides an overview of the Federal Reserve System and how it controls the money supply. It discusses the three main tools the Fed uses: (1) changing the required reserve ratio, (2) changing the discount rate, and (3) engaging in open market operations. Lowering the required reserve ratio allows banks to hold fewer reserves relative to deposits, enabling them to increase lending and the money supply. The Fed also conducts open market operations, buying and selling Treasury securities to inject or drain reserves from the banking system.
E_Gavotti (2016) - Bitcoin as a currency_A volatility analysisEduardo Gavotti
Bitcoin as a currency: A volatility comparison against emerging market currencies
This document compares the volatility of Bitcoin to five emerging market currencies: the South African rand, Brazilian real, Russian ruble, Colombian peso, and Turkish lira. It finds that while Bitcoin volatility has sometimes been lower than some emerging market currencies, these cases are the exception. Additionally, although Bitcoin volatility has decreased over time, this decrease does not seem to be explained by an increase in Bitcoin transactions. The document provides background on the evolution of currencies and payment systems to contextualize the analysis of whether Bitcoin meets the definition of money based on its volatility.
In this paper, a brief overview of the history of money will be given and principles of what make money useful in business commerce. Then, categories with electronic money will be described and bring a distinction with electronic payment systems. Next, the impact electronic money has had in general in our globalized economy will be discussed. Then, opportunities that computer science has involved in the field of electronic money will be discussed such as in data security, privacy, and traceability. In addition, drawbacks and risks involved in the use of electronic money will be discussed. Finally, a summary will be made about the future expectations for electronic money in the global market place.
How To Write Conclusion Paragraph Essay. Online assignment writing service.Samantha Hall
The Three Mile Island nuclear accident in 1979 was caused by mechanical failures that stopped water pumps cooling the reactor, causing the nuclear fuel to overheat and damage the zirconium cladding. Operators were unaware that a stuck valve was providing false coolant level readings and stopped adding water. Although a hydrogen bubble formed and officials worked to reduce it, the uncovered reactor core was damaged from lack of cooling before operators understood what was happening.
Global Banking Reset : Deutsche Bank CollapseThe Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available for download at this link
Global Financial Reset
The sentiment that underlies this book theorizes that the global economy is undergoing a massive
transformation. This flux, coordinated by so-called ‘elites’, behind-the-scenes, parallels and may
dwarf the futile reorganization of the global political economy in the aftermath of WW11.
Global financial markets are corrupt beyond repair. Fiat money magic systems are the root of this
financial evil. They further enrich multi-billionaires and decimate every nations’ middle class.
Fiat money systems, that dominate global finance, allow banks and other licensed financial
institutions to ‘financially engineer’ money and wealth out of thin air. Virtually all investment
assets that exist on the balance sheets of corporations and other collectives are ultimately backed
by nothing. How can this be so? Because every single unit of real investment wealth, such as a
single gold bar, has multiple owners. The diagram overleaf shows fiat currency flows visually.
The imminent collapse of the corrupt Deutsche Bank is a barometer and metaphor for the stateof-affairs of global finance. According to its balance sheet, Deutsche Bank holds about four Euros
in equity for each 100 euros that it owes its creditors, including depositors (IMTrading, 2019).
If you or I continued trading under these circumstances, we would be prosecuted and imprisoned
for trading whilst insolvent. And insolvent Deutsche Bank is. As are virtually all other banks.
Global financial reset, financial collapse, economic reset, banking reset, digital currency
Deutsche Bank Collapse : Global Banking Reset (Free Book)The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available for download at this link
Global Financial Reset
The sentiment that underlies this book theorizes that the global economy is undergoing a massive
transformation. This flux, coordinated by so-called ‘elites’, behind-the-scenes, parallels and may
dwarf the futile reorganization of the global political economy in the aftermath of WW11.
Global financial markets are corrupt beyond repair. Fiat money magic systems are the root of this
financial evil. They further enrich multi-billionaires and decimate every nations’ middle class.
Fiat money systems, that dominate global finance, allow banks and other licensed financial
institutions to ‘financially engineer’ money and wealth out of thin air. Virtually all investment
assets that exist on the balance sheets of corporations and other collectives are ultimately backed
by nothing. How can this be so? Because every single unit of real investment wealth, such as a
single gold bar, has multiple owners. The diagram overleaf shows fiat currency flows visually.
The imminent collapse of the corrupt Deutsche Bank is a barometer and metaphor for the stateof-affairs of global finance. According to its balance sheet, Deutsche Bank holds about four Euros
in equity for each 100 euros that it owes its creditors, including depositors (IMTrading, 2019).
If you or I continued trading under these circumstances, we would be prosecuted and imprisoned
for trading whilst insolvent. And insolvent Deutsche Bank is. As are virtually all other banks.
Key term global financial reset economic collapse Deutsche Bank
The new financiers will be those who broker information and knowledge, especially regarding global sustainability issues. They will structure deals in the growing green economy rather than focus solely on money. These new financiers value reliable currencies and see money as a human invention to track productivity rather than a commodity. They understand we have entered an Information Age where information exchange is replacing money as the dominant medium of transactions. The current financial crisis represents an evolutionary shift from GDP-driven growth to more sustainable economies.
The document provides an overview of financial markets and how they function. It discusses that financial markets bring together surplus and deficit economic units for their mutual benefit by facilitating the exchange of securities. It describes the roles of financial intermediaries like investment bankers, brokers, and dealers in facilitating transactions in primary and secondary markets for short-term money market securities and long-term capital market securities. The document also outlines some key concepts around securities, financial intermediaries, and the different financial markets.
the role of securitized lending and shadow banking in the 2008 financial cris...Debora Dyankova
The document discusses the role of securitized lending and shadow banking in the 2008 financial crisis. It argues that changes in regulations in the late 1990s connected traditional banking and investment banking, leading to growth of securitized lending and shadow banking. This resulted in a complex global system of interconnected financial institutions with large amounts of securitized assets being traded. The overreliance on securitized lending and lack of oversight of shadow banking contributed to the crisis, as seen when the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in 2008 triggered a global recession due to the domino effect across financial systems.
Document de la Federal Reserve Bank Of Philadelphia sur le bitcoinSociété Tripalio
1. The document analyzes the economics of digital currencies and private money through a model of currency competition.
2. It finds that price stability in a system of purely private money depends on the shape of the cost function for producing currencies - stability requires a linear cost function.
3. There are typically multiple equilibrium trajectories, including some where private currencies become worthless over time through self-fulfilling inflation.
My First Love - GCSE English - Marked By Teachers.ComClaudia Shah
The document provides instructions for how to request an assignment be written by expert writers on the HelpWriting.net site. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option if plagiarized.
Presentation for Government Blockchain Association l San Juan, Puerto Rico l Piloto 151, 7'June 2018
(c) Vladislav Solodkiy, A.ID
www.followthemoney.id
Written Testimony of Chairman J Christopher Giancarlo before the Senate Banki...Jeff Martinez
The document summarizes the CFTC's regulatory authority and oversight of virtual currencies. It discusses how the CFTC views virtual currencies like Bitcoin as commodities and has enforcement jurisdiction over fraud and manipulation in their derivatives markets. While the CFTC does not have regulatory oversight of spot virtual currency exchanges, it does comprehensively regulate derivatives on virtual currencies traded in the US. The document outlines recent CFTC enforcement actions against virtual currency Ponzi schemes and fraud. It also notes that the Bitcoin futures markets regulated by the CFTC are still quite small compared to other commodities futures markets.
This document discusses the definition and functions of money. It begins by defining money, currency, wealth, and income. It then outlines the three main functions of money: as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. The document discusses how money is measured through various monetary aggregates (M0, M1, M2) as defined by the IMF. It also traces the evolution of payment systems from barter to various forms of currency. The key points are that money serves critical economic functions and its definition has evolved as payment systems advanced over time.
Comet PP Pizzagate - Unproven Trial by Social Media PhenomenonThe Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Download free at this link
This book looks at the so called Pizza Gate Comet PP phenomenon. This book concludes that allegations on social media are yet to be proven in a court of justice, such as a military tribunal. Critical thinking research skills are outlined.
pizzagate, pizza, pedophilia, washington dc, dc, washington, donald trump, military trials, child trafficking, human trafficking, trump, maga, america, children, child, abuse, human rights, child protection, SMART, justice, sexual abuse, adrenochrome, frazzledrip, frazzle drip, liz crokin
Creative Writing Handbook - Becoming a Complete WriterThe Free School
This book is for and about amazing you. It contains three main parts beyond this section. The next, ‘Creatives’ and ‘Control’ explores each notion separately. Part three examines
the all-important G-forces: Grail and Grails. Discussions in this chapter underpin the thematic title and core pursuit of this book – aiding writers to identify and tightly define
the core goal or goals that they desire to realize from their textual quests and conquests.
Part four explores 17 popular writing genres and provides an original example of each.
Four of these illustrations are first-time attempts by this writer to compose a script in a
foreign discipline that is outside his comfort zone and areas of interest. May these modest,
raw offerings embolden you to likewise experiment at becoming a complete writer.
The penultimate chapter, Part five, explores six topics that may aid writers to answer the
holy grail writer’s question, as defined by this author. These topics in order are: Spelling,
scripts, styles, solo writing, champions (i.e., role models) and circulation.
This book does not aim to teach readers how to develop most technical skills required of
competent writers. Open-access and commercial literature available on these topics are
mature. Engaging these topics are best served by a medley of resources such as
handbooks, video presentations, college curricula and years of dedicated writing practice.
The concluding part of most sections and each chapter is titled ‘Further reading’. These parts offer one or two open-access resources that explore material discussed in that
section/chapter in further detail. The principal pursuit of this book aims to help you to
identify the core goal/s that may motivate you to be the best writer possible in your
chosen fields. There is a dearth of literature that unravels this all-important journey.
This book is suitable for informal educational settings and structured teaching
environments. It may support writers of all skill levels who thrive from learning solo, in
groups or a mixture thereof. It may also guide Creative Writing Professors who teach applied education courses at all levels – from certificate to Graduate-level coursework.
Australia mandatory vaccine covid19 - covid-19The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
You may download this document direct at this link.
This book is about Australia's forthcoming mandatory Coronavirus COVID-19 COVID19 fake vaccine.
vaccine, vaccines, mark of the beast, covid19, covid-19, coronavirus, coronaviruses, pirbright institute, wuhan virus, china virus, ccp virus, immunization, shots, mercury, bill gates, scott morrison, beijing, china, economy, australia, victoria, lockdown, book of revelation, scam, scamdemic, Event 201, new world order
This book is about the fake pandemic that is being used to usher in an economic reset and a mandatory vaccine microchip agenda.
Holy Grail Writers' Question. Can you answer it gorgeous?The Free School
journalistethics.com
Download at this link
HomeResourcesContactsScholarshipsUndergradGraduateEntrepreneurs
George Floyd free books
The ree School
This book is for and about amazing you. It contains three main parts beyond this section.
The next, ‘Creatives’ and ‘Control’ explores each notion separately. Part three examines the all-important G-forces: Grail and Grails. Discussions in this chapter underpin the thematic title and core pursuit of this book – aiding writers to identify and tightly define the core goal or goals that they desire to realize from their textual quests and conquests.
Part four explores 16 popular writing genres and provides an original example of each. Four of these illustrations are first-time attempts by this writer to compose a script in a foreign discipline that is outside his comfort zone and areas of interest. May these modest, raw offerings embolden you to likewise experiment at becoming a complete writer.
The penultimate chapter, Part five, explores six topics that may aid writers to answer the holy grail writer’s question, as defined by this author. These topics in order are: Spelling, scripts, styles, solo writing, champions (i.e., role models) and circulation.
This book does not aim to teach readers how to develop most technical skills required of competent writers. Open-access and commercial literature available on these topics are mature. Engaging these topics are best served by a medley of resources such as handbooks, video presentations, college curricula and years of dedicated writing practice.
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This document compares the volatility of Bitcoin to five emerging market currencies: the South African rand, Brazilian real, Russian ruble, Colombian peso, and Turkish lira. It finds that while Bitcoin volatility has sometimes been lower than some emerging market currencies, these cases are the exception. Additionally, although Bitcoin volatility has decreased over time, this decrease does not seem to be explained by an increase in Bitcoin transactions. The document provides background on the evolution of currencies and payment systems to contextualize the analysis of whether Bitcoin meets the definition of money based on its volatility.
In this paper, a brief overview of the history of money will be given and principles of what make money useful in business commerce. Then, categories with electronic money will be described and bring a distinction with electronic payment systems. Next, the impact electronic money has had in general in our globalized economy will be discussed. Then, opportunities that computer science has involved in the field of electronic money will be discussed such as in data security, privacy, and traceability. In addition, drawbacks and risks involved in the use of electronic money will be discussed. Finally, a summary will be made about the future expectations for electronic money in the global market place.
How To Write Conclusion Paragraph Essay. Online assignment writing service.Samantha Hall
The Three Mile Island nuclear accident in 1979 was caused by mechanical failures that stopped water pumps cooling the reactor, causing the nuclear fuel to overheat and damage the zirconium cladding. Operators were unaware that a stuck valve was providing false coolant level readings and stopped adding water. Although a hydrogen bubble formed and officials worked to reduce it, the uncovered reactor core was damaged from lack of cooling before operators understood what was happening.
Global Banking Reset : Deutsche Bank CollapseThe Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available for download at this link
Global Financial Reset
The sentiment that underlies this book theorizes that the global economy is undergoing a massive
transformation. This flux, coordinated by so-called ‘elites’, behind-the-scenes, parallels and may
dwarf the futile reorganization of the global political economy in the aftermath of WW11.
Global financial markets are corrupt beyond repair. Fiat money magic systems are the root of this
financial evil. They further enrich multi-billionaires and decimate every nations’ middle class.
Fiat money systems, that dominate global finance, allow banks and other licensed financial
institutions to ‘financially engineer’ money and wealth out of thin air. Virtually all investment
assets that exist on the balance sheets of corporations and other collectives are ultimately backed
by nothing. How can this be so? Because every single unit of real investment wealth, such as a
single gold bar, has multiple owners. The diagram overleaf shows fiat currency flows visually.
The imminent collapse of the corrupt Deutsche Bank is a barometer and metaphor for the stateof-affairs of global finance. According to its balance sheet, Deutsche Bank holds about four Euros
in equity for each 100 euros that it owes its creditors, including depositors (IMTrading, 2019).
If you or I continued trading under these circumstances, we would be prosecuted and imprisoned
for trading whilst insolvent. And insolvent Deutsche Bank is. As are virtually all other banks.
Global financial reset, financial collapse, economic reset, banking reset, digital currency
Deutsche Bank Collapse : Global Banking Reset (Free Book)The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available for download at this link
Global Financial Reset
The sentiment that underlies this book theorizes that the global economy is undergoing a massive
transformation. This flux, coordinated by so-called ‘elites’, behind-the-scenes, parallels and may
dwarf the futile reorganization of the global political economy in the aftermath of WW11.
Global financial markets are corrupt beyond repair. Fiat money magic systems are the root of this
financial evil. They further enrich multi-billionaires and decimate every nations’ middle class.
Fiat money systems, that dominate global finance, allow banks and other licensed financial
institutions to ‘financially engineer’ money and wealth out of thin air. Virtually all investment
assets that exist on the balance sheets of corporations and other collectives are ultimately backed
by nothing. How can this be so? Because every single unit of real investment wealth, such as a
single gold bar, has multiple owners. The diagram overleaf shows fiat currency flows visually.
The imminent collapse of the corrupt Deutsche Bank is a barometer and metaphor for the stateof-affairs of global finance. According to its balance sheet, Deutsche Bank holds about four Euros
in equity for each 100 euros that it owes its creditors, including depositors (IMTrading, 2019).
If you or I continued trading under these circumstances, we would be prosecuted and imprisoned
for trading whilst insolvent. And insolvent Deutsche Bank is. As are virtually all other banks.
Key term global financial reset economic collapse Deutsche Bank
The new financiers will be those who broker information and knowledge, especially regarding global sustainability issues. They will structure deals in the growing green economy rather than focus solely on money. These new financiers value reliable currencies and see money as a human invention to track productivity rather than a commodity. They understand we have entered an Information Age where information exchange is replacing money as the dominant medium of transactions. The current financial crisis represents an evolutionary shift from GDP-driven growth to more sustainable economies.
The document provides an overview of financial markets and how they function. It discusses that financial markets bring together surplus and deficit economic units for their mutual benefit by facilitating the exchange of securities. It describes the roles of financial intermediaries like investment bankers, brokers, and dealers in facilitating transactions in primary and secondary markets for short-term money market securities and long-term capital market securities. The document also outlines some key concepts around securities, financial intermediaries, and the different financial markets.
the role of securitized lending and shadow banking in the 2008 financial cris...Debora Dyankova
The document discusses the role of securitized lending and shadow banking in the 2008 financial crisis. It argues that changes in regulations in the late 1990s connected traditional banking and investment banking, leading to growth of securitized lending and shadow banking. This resulted in a complex global system of interconnected financial institutions with large amounts of securitized assets being traded. The overreliance on securitized lending and lack of oversight of shadow banking contributed to the crisis, as seen when the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in 2008 triggered a global recession due to the domino effect across financial systems.
Document de la Federal Reserve Bank Of Philadelphia sur le bitcoinSociété Tripalio
1. The document analyzes the economics of digital currencies and private money through a model of currency competition.
2. It finds that price stability in a system of purely private money depends on the shape of the cost function for producing currencies - stability requires a linear cost function.
3. There are typically multiple equilibrium trajectories, including some where private currencies become worthless over time through self-fulfilling inflation.
My First Love - GCSE English - Marked By Teachers.ComClaudia Shah
The document provides instructions for how to request an assignment be written by expert writers on the HelpWriting.net site. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option if plagiarized.
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This document discusses the definition and functions of money. It begins by defining money, currency, wealth, and income. It then outlines the three main functions of money: as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. The document discusses how money is measured through various monetary aggregates (M0, M1, M2) as defined by the IMF. It also traces the evolution of payment systems from barter to various forms of currency. The key points are that money serves critical economic functions and its definition has evolved as payment systems advanced over time.
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https://journalistethics.com/
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pizzagate, pizza, pedophilia, washington dc, dc, washington, donald trump, military trials, child trafficking, human trafficking, trump, maga, america, children, child, abuse, human rights, child protection, SMART, justice, sexual abuse, adrenochrome, frazzledrip, frazzle drip, liz crokin
Creative Writing Handbook - Becoming a Complete WriterThe Free School
This book is for and about amazing you. It contains three main parts beyond this section. The next, ‘Creatives’ and ‘Control’ explores each notion separately. Part three examines
the all-important G-forces: Grail and Grails. Discussions in this chapter underpin the thematic title and core pursuit of this book – aiding writers to identify and tightly define
the core goal or goals that they desire to realize from their textual quests and conquests.
Part four explores 17 popular writing genres and provides an original example of each.
Four of these illustrations are first-time attempts by this writer to compose a script in a
foreign discipline that is outside his comfort zone and areas of interest. May these modest,
raw offerings embolden you to likewise experiment at becoming a complete writer.
The penultimate chapter, Part five, explores six topics that may aid writers to answer the
holy grail writer’s question, as defined by this author. These topics in order are: Spelling,
scripts, styles, solo writing, champions (i.e., role models) and circulation.
This book does not aim to teach readers how to develop most technical skills required of
competent writers. Open-access and commercial literature available on these topics are
mature. Engaging these topics are best served by a medley of resources such as
handbooks, video presentations, college curricula and years of dedicated writing practice.
The concluding part of most sections and each chapter is titled ‘Further reading’. These parts offer one or two open-access resources that explore material discussed in that
section/chapter in further detail. The principal pursuit of this book aims to help you to
identify the core goal/s that may motivate you to be the best writer possible in your
chosen fields. There is a dearth of literature that unravels this all-important journey.
This book is suitable for informal educational settings and structured teaching
environments. It may support writers of all skill levels who thrive from learning solo, in
groups or a mixture thereof. It may also guide Creative Writing Professors who teach applied education courses at all levels – from certificate to Graduate-level coursework.
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https://journalistethics.com/
You may download this document direct at this link.
This book is about Australia's forthcoming mandatory Coronavirus COVID-19 COVID19 fake vaccine.
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This book is about the fake pandemic that is being used to usher in an economic reset and a mandatory vaccine microchip agenda.
Holy Grail Writers' Question. Can you answer it gorgeous?The Free School
journalistethics.com
Download at this link
HomeResourcesContactsScholarshipsUndergradGraduateEntrepreneurs
George Floyd free books
The ree School
This book is for and about amazing you. It contains three main parts beyond this section.
The next, ‘Creatives’ and ‘Control’ explores each notion separately. Part three examines the all-important G-forces: Grail and Grails. Discussions in this chapter underpin the thematic title and core pursuit of this book – aiding writers to identify and tightly define the core goal or goals that they desire to realize from their textual quests and conquests.
Part four explores 16 popular writing genres and provides an original example of each. Four of these illustrations are first-time attempts by this writer to compose a script in a foreign discipline that is outside his comfort zone and areas of interest. May these modest, raw offerings embolden you to likewise experiment at becoming a complete writer.
The penultimate chapter, Part five, explores six topics that may aid writers to answer the holy grail writer’s question, as defined by this author. These topics in order are: Spelling, scripts, styles, solo writing, champions (i.e., role models) and circulation.
This book does not aim to teach readers how to develop most technical skills required of competent writers. Open-access and commercial literature available on these topics are mature. Engaging these topics are best served by a medley of resources such as handbooks, video presentations, college curricula and years of dedicated writing practice.
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available at this link.
This free book features pictures of all of the most gorgeous babes that we all love to check out online. Three drop dead gorgeous legends from the House of Windsor Crime Family feature most prominently in this book. Enjoy.
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George Floyd Murder Trials: Official Evidence Handbook. Free Book.The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/george-floyd/
Free book available at this link.
This book is about what this author neutrally terms the
‘George Floyd event’. A tragedy. It contains four parts.
Section One is an inventory of official state and federal
government agencies such as County Sheriff websites. Part
Two provides a listing of privately owned databases. The
segment on page 2 offers a list of official databases that will
publicize new material about the George Floyd murder trials
in forthcoming weeks, months, and years. A handful other
additional databases are listed in this book’s body.
It is possible that some, most or all official evidence are
partially or entirely flawed. Please take nothing for granted.
This book urges readers to mostly consult official original
evidence sources direct in their full unedited format. Fake
news crime agencies such as CNN and The New York Times
may exclude, edit, sequence, and fabricate ‘evidence’ to suit
their transparent Order out of Chaos toxic R Card agenda.
This book provides a link to official evidence that concerns the George Floyd murder trials. This inventory may aid novice researchers to avoid analyzing corrupt fake ‘factcheck ‘ sites such as Snopes.
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Derek Floyd's Death - What Happened. Free Book The Free School
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Free book available at this link
This book is about what this author neutrally terms the
‘George Floyd event’. A tragedy. It contains three parts
beyond this page that celebrates George’s life and legacy.
The next segment, Red Flags, analyzes thematic issues that
arouse suspicion concerning official narratives.
Part Three examines critical matters that surrounds the two
main eyewitness types on the ground – Emergency Services
Personnel and members of the public.
Part Four lists the six types of evidence that may arouse
researchers. The concluding case study explores how the
television smash hit series Roseanne provides a lens to
comprehend the connection between MK Ultra fake news
and irrational social problems that persist in America.
This book minimizes showing photo images of George and
discussing facts about his private life. Mr Floyd never made
it to trial. George is innocent of all accusations re May 25th.
He is not the person facing trial for a senseless murder.
george perry floyd jr, george floyd, tou thao, thomas lane, alexander kueng, minnesota, Minneapolis, police, arrest, choke, neck, murder, manslaughter, second degree murder, black, white, race, racism, riots, civil liberties, FBI, president donald trump, black lives matter, derek chauvin, derek michael chauvin, darnelle frazier, 17, seventeen, coroner, medical report, corona virus, Ben crump law
Bill Gates Human Tracking Currency Chip Patent 060606The Free School
Free book available at:
https://journalistethics.com/
WO2020060606 - CRYPTOCURRENCY SYSTEM USING BODY ACTIVITY DATA
Bill Gates, Gates, Melinda Gates, Microsoft, 666, vaccine, vaccines, covid19, covid-19, coronavirus, microchip, rfid, digital chip, surveillance, cryptocurrency, social distancing, virus, pandemic, Radio Frequency Identification, 5G, donald trump
A virtual currency (also known as a digital currency) is a medium of exchange implemented through the Internet generally, not tied to a specific government-backed “flat” (printed) currency such as the U.S. dollar or the Euro, and typically designed to allow instantaneous transactions and borderless transfer of ownership. One example of virtual currency is cryptocurrency, wherein cryptography is used to secure transactions and to control the creation of new units.
[0002] Several cryptocurrencies exist. Among these, the most well known is a blockchain-based cryptocurrency. Most blockchain-based cryptocurrency is decentralized in the sense that it has no central point of control. However, blockchain-based cryptocurrency can also be implemented in a centralized system having a central point of control over the cryptocurrency. Bitcoin is one of the examples of blockchain-based cryptocurrency. It is described in a 2008 article by Satoshi Nakamoto, named“Bitcoin: A peer-to-Peer
This book is about the Coronavirus COVID-19 ‘event’. It is an
inventory of dominant news themes. Researchers may draw
on these topics to conduct free inquiries into COVID-19.
This text contains six major sections beyond its global
perspective introduction. The next part critically examines
COVID-19 healthcare coding and treatment practices.
The third segment outlines critical thinking research skills
that may aid free-willed COVID-19 news reporters.
Part Four examines geo-political undercurrents for the six
main players: China, Italy, Iran, Korea, the UK, and Spain.
The penultimate component explores the alleged epicenter
of the economic and human impact of COVID-19: America.
This book’s summary explores four popular theories about
the core who, what, when, where, why, and how riddles that
torment those why try to decrypt the COVID-19 scam.
NESARA , GESARA Part 2 : 2020, Global Currencies Reset (Free Book)The Free School
NESARA National Economic Security and Reformation Act
National Economic Stabilization and Recovery Act
National Economic Security and Recovery Act
NESSA National Economic Security Strategy Act (2018) (Unenacted Bill)
GESARA May substitute the word ‘National’ for ‘Global’ in NESARA acronyms above.
Digital currency, Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, Global Financial Reset
This book is about the enigmatic NESARA. It contains four
parts beyond this summary page.
The next segment, the largest, contains six sub-sections.
Discussion centers on post June 2019 political and economic
developments as publicly reported by a range of sources.
Part Three examines alternative news sources that outline
information that is implicitly and explicitly relevant to the
essence of the fabled NESARA global economic reset model.
The penultimate chapter places NESARA in the Coronavirus
COVID-19 false flag, black swan ‘plannedemic’ context.
The conclusion centers on policy and financial developments
that are unfolding in real-time that are relevant to the
possible implementation of a stealth version of NESARA.
Discussion centers around America’s place in a local financial
reset. Any version of NESARA that involves America is bound
to have profound transnational implications.
This page is about the theory of a NESARA global currency reset. This page serves as a forum to exchange ideas and information about NESARA. This acronym noun, NESARA, is known by various names such as: The National Economic Stabilization and Recovery Act, National Economic Security and Reformation Act and National Economic Security and Recovery Act (NESARA). GESARA is a global version of NESARA. NESARA is an American-centric concept that is attributed to Dr. Harvey Francis Barnard.
NESARA National Economic Security and Reformation Act,
National Economic Stabilization and Recovery Act,
National Economic Security and Recovery Act,
One World Currency
N.E.S.A.R.A.
G.E.S.A.R.A.
Harvey Francis Barnard Drain the Swamp
Boycott Beijing Bureau BBB : Free Handbook, COVID19 Civic ResponseThe Free School
This book explores the fast-growing ‘boycott China’
movement. Subscribers to this project claim that China is
the architect of the mass destructive COVID-19 Pandemic.
This text’s title refers to Beijing and not China. Claims and
sentiments in this book are directed towards China’s
Communist Party (CCP) and not its champion people.
The first section explores context. It outlines the most
prominent Crimes against Humanity that accusers claim is
perpetrated by the CCP within China’s borders and beyond.
The next part places Beijing’s alleged crimes in a world
context. It identifies its global business partners. This global
deep state crime cartel may be dissolving in real-time.
The penultimate section explores global reach industries
that Beijing controls. It concludes by reiterating Crimes
against Humanity that have been perpetrated against
Chinese nationals by Europe’s inbred Royal Crime Families.
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Made in China boycott, made in america, tariffs, trade war, protectionism, trade tariffs, world health organization
https://journalistethics.com/
Download this handbook free at the link above.
This free book is about Coronavirus COVID19. This free book is a comprehensive list of media and medical themes that surround this false flag fake news pandemic. It invites readers to adopt a critical reflective approach to reviewing information about Coronavirus COVID-19.
Coronavirus, COVID-19, COVID19, Coronavirus COVID-19, virus, sars, sudden acute respiratory syndrome, CDC, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO, World Heath Organization, European Center for Disease Control, Social distancing, Donald Trump, Hydroxychloroquine, Wuhan, China, Anthony Fauci, Deborah Birx, Tedros Adhanom, Bill Gates, Vaccine, Vaccines, global financial reset, NESARA, Pandemic
This book is about the Coronavirus COVID-19 ‘event’. It is an
inventory of dominant news themes. Researchers may draw
on these topics to conduct free inquiries into COVID-19.
This text contains six major sections beyond its global
perspective introduction. The next part critically examines
COVID-19 healthcare coding and treatment practices.
The third segment outlines critical thinking research skills
that may aid free-willed COVID-19 news reporters.
Part Four examines geo-political undercurrents for the six
main players: China, Italy, Iran, Korea, the UK, and Spain.
The penultimate component explores the alleged epicenter
of the economic and human impact of COVID-19: America.
This book’s summary explores four popular theories about
the core who, what, when, where, why, and how riddles that
torment those why try to decrypt the COVID-19 scam.
The World Health Organization has apparently explained the origin of the name COVID-19 which it awarded to this newly recognized strain of the Coronavirus family.
Print Press Prospects : Future of Journalsim (Free Book)The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Download book free at the above link
Press
This free book is about the future of journalism. Analysis centers mostly around print media. Print press formats include online and paper editions of newspapers and magazines.
This text contains seven main sections. This segment provides current context to support forthcoming chapters. It explores key challenges that undermine journalism’s reputation.
The second part offers an overview of the trade that goes by the proper noun ‘journalism’.
In part three, I overview classic communication modes: print, spoken and tele-visual formats. The
following segments briefly examines the issue of professional licensing and regulation.
Next, I expand this content by considering journalism
trends over time – past, present and future.
The Précis provides a succinct summary. The Annex
comprises a template that may guide self-reflexive print
journalists and others. Overlapping self-assessment
criteria are ethics, academics and professionalism.
The written word is the oldest surviving form of journalism. Oral traditions fade – think ‘Chinese
Whispers’. Digital media is the bouncing baby on the block. Its staying power is an unknown.
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available at this link
Coronavirus Corona Virus COVID-19 COVID19
Flu Influenza Virus Pandemic
Xi Jinping China Wuhan Province Italy Iran Donald Trump
CDC Center for Disease Control Pandemic
This document provides a summary and analysis of the Coronavirus outbreak. It suggests the outbreak is a "false flag" intended to justify a global financial reset that is advantageous to a "New World Order." The author references several past epidemics that were similarly overhyped by the media. They also speculate on possible entities that may have had a role in creating or spreading the virus, including intelligence agencies, biowarfare groups, universities, and powerful families. Hypothetical scenarios for the virus are discussed, but the author acknowledges the danger of speculation without evidence.
House of Windsor Mafia Crime Family - 2020 Demise: Free BookThe Free School
This book is about the House of Windsor crime family. The true name of this genocidal, warmongering, child sex trafficking cartel is the House of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha. The Coburg Crime Clan is an Anglo-Germanic-Nordic inbred, incestuous crime clan that is of Supra-European origins. In 2020 the world is witnessing the public rapid demise of the House of Windsor crime syndicate. Harry Spencer has been banished to Canada. Child sex trafficking mobster Andrew has been extracted from Buckingham Palace.
Jeffrey Epstein, Prince Harry, Prince William, Charles, Diana, Elizabeth, Elizabeth 11
Antarctica 2020 : NESARA Fake news distractionsThe Free School
This document provides an introduction to an educational book about Antarctica that aims to encourage free thinking about mainstream narratives regarding the continent. It outlines that the book contains sections on orthodox scientific facts about Antarctica, key authorities that claim the territory, analytical tools to examine government statements, and contemporary unofficial disclosures. The introduction emphasizes that governments often lie and mainstream sources cannot be fully trusted, so readers should critically examine any radical disclosures about Antarctica in 2020.
PROJECT BLUE BEAM: False Flag. Free Book. 2020The Free School
https://journalistethics.com/
Free book available at this site.
This free book is about Project Blue Beam also known as Project Enoch. Project Blue Beam has not been confirmed as an official NASA project.
Project Blue Beam, Blue Beam, Serge Monast, NASA, Military, False Flag, Hologram, Rapture, Christianity, Jesus Christ, Religion, Messiah, Profit, Second Coming, Revelation
FEMA Camps, Second Amendment, United Nations, Serge Monast Rapture Christian America Hologram Holopgrahic Projection Direct Energy Military
New World Order One World Government New Age
Aliens UFO UFOs Unidentified Flying objects
This book centers around a mathematical principle labelled ‘matrices’. This author, whose memory is about as tough as a tungsten trap, vividly recalls studying matrices at high school in the 1980s. Students in the class asked our teachers to offer real-life applications. They couldn’t. I recall asking a mathematics teacher in 2014 who teaches pre university matriculation level math at a private school. He is a smart fox with a Masters in pure math. He couldn’t offer an application. He seemed to try and make out he could. I can sniff bamboozle manure miles away.
Perhaps there are real-life applications for matrices. Just as there are real-life purposes for Sine, Cosine and Tangent. In 1986, I memorized that Sine equals opposite over hypotenuse. I earned credit for this rote fact in grades 9 to 11. Thirty plus years later, I have absolutely no idea how or why this meaningless fact (or fabrication) can improve the quality of my life or others.
A great deal of what we are forced to learn at school, work and society are enslavement rituals that aim to trap us into a set of meaningless matrices. Automatic rules that reward us with credit and penalties drive this system. Most men who refuse to choke themselves with a functionless necktie, symbolic bondage, will never rise the corporate slavery ladder. The same system controls ambitious corporate women who must wear makeup and execute their role as docile dolly birds.
May this book offer one or more ideas that can empower you to escape this gulag matrix. This prison planet ultimately serves to benefit the 0.001% such as inbred royals and fake apex clergy who use our taxes and donations to live trillionaire lifestyles behind their childish velvet curtains.
Matrix, The Matrix, Keanu Reeves, Deep State, Hollywood, Movie, Movies, Government, Morpheus, Trilogy, Neo
Declare Independence, AMERICA. Free Book, December 2019.The Free School
This document provides a summary of a book that aims to expose a covert second American war of independence from a globalist deep state crime syndicate. It discusses how appearances can be deceiving and outlines five major forces that control and contest America's subjugation. It also examines the tools and tactics used by these dark actors and how they have embedded agents working to subordinate America's destiny to the globalist agenda. The concluding discussions analyze where America's invisible second revolution stands as of December 2019.
This book is about the state of homelessness in America
as at Fall, 2019. It contains six thematic sections. These
are, in order: contexts, causes, characters, casualties,
cures and cureless.
The first annex outlines some of the most common
rental scams seen in America. The second annex aims to
offer a useful triage checklists for care workers who
soldier the frontlines alongside homeless persons.
This is a public issue first draft. Its most important
section – Characters, aims to promote the inspiring
stories of one current or formerly homeless person from
each state. May a diverse population of homeless
persons chronicle their champion story in this section of
the first official edition of this forever free book.
Let’s remind our nation and the world of the many colorful
reasons why we love our homeless extended family.
America homeless homelessness crisis california
tiny homes housing
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcripttscdzuip
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How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit RatingsShaheen Kumar
CRISIL evaluates lenders in India by analyzing financial performance, loan portfolio quality, risk management practices, capital adequacy, market position, and adherence to regulatory requirements. This comprehensive assessment ensures a thorough evaluation of creditworthiness and financial strength. Each criterion is meticulously examined to provide credible and reliable ratings.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdfshruti1menon2
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...Donc Test
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
Discover the Future of Dogecoin with Our Comprehensive Guidance36 Crypto
Learn in-depth about Dogecoin's trajectory and stay informed with 36crypto's essential and up-to-date information about the crypto space.
Our presentation delves into Dogecoin's potential future, exploring whether it's destined to skyrocket to the moon or face a downward spiral. In addition, it highlights invaluable insights. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your crypto understanding!
https://36crypto.com/the-future-of-dogecoin-how-high-can-this-cryptocurrency-reach/
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
3. Part 1: Currency context p. 1
Defining currency p. 2
Legal tender p. 3
Defining cryptocurrency p. 5
Decentralized currencies p. 6
Case study: Bitcoin p. 8
Part 2: Critical financial research methods p. 11
Critical thinking : Questioning data sources p. 12
Case study: Misleading industry terms p. 13
Part 3: Cryptocurrency markets p. 15
Jurisdictions and brands p. 17
Potential advantages p. 18
Potential disadvantages p. 20
Case study: Vendors accepting cryptocurrencies p. 24
Part 4: Broader perspectives p. 25
Gambling p. 25
Religion p. 27
Deep state globalists p. 28
Case study: The Economist 1988 and Bitcoin p. 29
Part 5: Contemporary global political economy p. 30
Petrodollar, US Federal Reserve, Gold Standard, SWIFT p. 31
BRICS nations – One Belt, One Road p. 32
Case study: Alexa – What is Bitcoin? p. 33
Cashless societies: The end of purchasing privacy? p. 34
Glossary, Index, References p. 35
Cryptocurrency independent critical-thinking evaluation checklist p. 42
List of tables and figures p. i
4. i
List of tables
Table 1 Currency: Nouns and adjectives p. 2
Table 2 Objective facts about Bitcoin p. 10
Table 3 Research methodologies and critical-thinking p. 12
Table 4 Cryptocurrencies – misleading terminologies and images p. 13
Table 5 Cryptocurrency market share at 12 September 2018 p. 16
Table 6 “6 Reasons Your Business Should Accept Cryptocurrency” p. 19
Table 7 Comparing cryptocurrencies to USD legal tender p. 21
Table 8 Bitcoin versus Ethereum p. 22
Table 9 Major cryptocurrencies: Volatility p. 23
Table 10 Bitcoin volatility and fluctuating purchasing power p. 26
List of figures
Figure 1 United States of America: Legal currency p. 4
Figure 2 The definition of crypto – online dictionary image p. 5
Figure 3 IRS: Virtual currencies and cryptocurrencies p. 5
Figure 4 Centralized and decentralized currencies p. 7
Figure 5 Bitcoin – a decentralized cryptocurrency brand p. 7
Figure 6 Bitcoin international logo p. 9
Figure 7 Bitcoin generic marketing image p. 9
Figure 8 Bitcoin: Mysterious cryptocurrency and a secretive enterprise p. 9
Figure 9 Litecoin’s official logo p. 13
Figure 10 The marketing of blockchain technology p. 14
Figure 11 Major vendors that accept cryptocurrencies p. 24
Figure 12 Ethereum value in USD p. 27
Figure 13 Bank of International Settlements, Basel Switzerland p. 28
Figures 14/15 The Economist, 1988 p. 29
Figure 16 Using humane, human humor to conclude this humble book p. 33
Figure 17 24/7 global surveillance of law-abiding citizens p. 34
5. 1
Part 1: Currency context
Introduction
This publication is about cryptocurrency and pursues three core objectives. This book:
Defines cryptocurrency;
Compares cryptocurrencies with major global market currencies;
Compares the potential benefits and problems of cryptocurrency to other currencies.
This booklet is written for those who have zero to little knowledge of cryptocurrency.
Disclaimer
This introductory book is not intended as a source of investment advice. The author of this
document is not a licensed financial advisor. Readers act on the information contained in this
booklet at their own risk. All investment strategies and actions contain a risk element.
Think critically: Global financial scams are extremely common
I encourage readers to conduct their own research to complement the material in this book.
It is advisable to have a healthy skepticism of all data sources and form your own opinions.
Much public financial information is false, misleading, biased and contains major errors.
6. 2
Defining currency
Most people instinctively have a grasp of the concept of currency. They correctly use compound
words and phrases in their daily lives that contain this word. Please consider these examples:
Table 1
Currency: Nouns and adjectives
Compound word or idiom Noun or adjective Example sentence
1. Foreign currency
(compound word)
May be both I will purchase some Asian foreign
currencies at the airport next week.
2. Legal tender currency
(compound word)
May be both The Euro is not legal tender currency
in America. Coins such as nickels
issued by America’s Federal Mint are
legal tender currency in America.
3. To say that something ‘has
currency’ (idiom).
Adjective Meaning:
To have legitimacy or value.
A person who states that “scholarly publications have currency in the academic world” are
referring to the value that authors can gain from these works. They may cite them to secure
lucrative opportunities such as employment, royalties, promotions and guest speaking roles.
A person who states that “proof positive data gives currency to this theory” refers to the notion
of legitimacy. Objective, supportive evidence from the real-world may validate abstract theory.
7. 3
Legal tender
The most common notion of currency refers to legal tender that is recognized in a defined
jurisdiction. The sovereign nation, the USA, is an example. Legal tender refers to money that a
national government states may be used to purchase goods/services and settle debt. Legal
tender cash exists in three main forms: coins, notes and computer ledgers such as bank accounts.
Legal tender normally has the following traits:
1. It is regulated by a national government or regional formation (e.g. European Union).
2. People who trade in that nation’s jurisdiction must accept that legal tender from
purchasers and debtors to settle transactions.
3. A limited number of statutory authorities are permitted by federal or regional formation
laws to create legal tender, such as the national mint and the central reserve bank.
Financial institutions such as banks and building societies hold a license from the national
government that permits them to accept legal tender as coins, notes and electronic forms and
register this value in a computerized format such as a personal or institutional savings account.
For illustration purposes, Figure 1 overleaf provides a summary of coins and notes that are legal
tender in the states and territories of the United States of America.
8. 4
Figure 1
United States of America: Legal currency
Source: teacherspayteachers.com
Other currencies
Any commodity may be referred to as ‘currency’ in specific contexts if it may be used to officially
settle purchases and debts. Many national governments accept precious metals such as silver
and gold bullion bars as settlement for purchases and debts that were incurred by another party
in national currencies such as USD. The value of the precious metals in USD may be determined
by global market rates at the date of settlement or agreed in advance via a signed contract.
9. 5
Defining cryptocurrency
The Random House dictionary (2018) defines crypto as “secret” as shown in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2: The definition of crypto – online dictionary image
Most government authorities in the USA use the terms ‘virtual currencies’ and/or ‘digital
currencies’ to discuss currencies that are referred to as ‘cryptocurrencies’ in other domains.
These terms may be regarded as synonymous in American jurisdictions and most others. Figure
3 shows how America’s IRS recognizes virtual currencies for taxation purposes.
Figure 3
IRS: Virtual currencies and cryptocurrencies
The notion of ‘virtual’ refers to the fact that there is no physical (i.e. tangible) asset that underlies
the existence of cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrencies exist in digital and electronic formats in
cyberspaces such as the Internet (World Wide Web). The value of a person’s or institute’s crypto-
currencies are recorded in a computer account. The most famous example of a digital account is
the term ‘wallet’ that is used to describe the uniquely identifiable account of Bitcoin owners.
10. 6
Decentralized currencies
To fully comprehend the concept of cryptocurrencies, it is essential to understand the notion of
decentralized currencies. The concept of decentralized currencies is the defining feature of
cryptocurrencies. Promoters of cryptocurrencies frequently contrast its unique features to
official sovereign cash currencies (i.e. notes and coins) such as the USD and Japanese Yen.
Centralized currencies have three traits that center around the concept of sole primary control:
i. Manufacturing authority
Sovereign notes and coins, such as USD and American pennies, nickels, dimes and quarters are
issued under the direction of a central authority – the Federal Government of the USA. The
Bureau of Engraving and Printing authority is the sole producer of America’s paper currency. The
US Mint is America’s sole manufacturer of coins and coin-related products such as gold bullion.
ii. Money supply regulation
The regulation of a nation’s money supply is overseen by a central authority. In the USA, the
Federal Reserve uses interest rates, the cost of credit, as a primary tool to control supply and
demand for fiat money. This demand is partially determined by the supply and demand of credit.
iii. Financial institutions
Persons and institutions can deposit sovereign currency in licensed financial institutions, such as
a commercial bank. The US Government is the sole authority that issues this license in the USA.
11. 7
Decentralized cryptocurrencies
Cryptocurrency traders’ ability to bypass government licensed financial institutions distinguishes
cryptocurrencies from centralized currencies. Figure 4 (King, 2018) illustrates this principle for
cryptocurrencies (the orange dot). Figure 5 (Gagliardi, 2014) illustrates this concept for Bitcoin.
Figure 4: Centralized and decentralized currencies
Figure 5: Bitcoin - a decentralized cryptocurrency brand
12. 8
Case study: Bitcoin
A useful way to offer a preliminary, introductory definition of cryptocurrency is to examine the
first created and most famous cryptocurrency brand. The name of this cryptocurrency is Bitcoin.
Defining Bitcoin
The Random House Dictionary (2018) defines “Bitcoin” as:
“a type of digital currency that uses state-of-the-art cryptography, can be issued in any
fractional denomination, and has a decentralized distribution system”;
“a single unit of this currency”.
This online dictionary classifies the word ‘Bitcoin’ as a noun. It is more accurate to categorize the
word ‘Bitcoin’ as a proper noun. This proper noun, Bitcoin, requires capitalization in all instances.
Thinking critically: Suspected paid endorsements
The definition above is the first response from a Google search that uses the search words
“Bitcoin definition”. This top tier listing suggests that it may be a sponsored Google response.
The adjective “state-of-the-art” is subjective and contested. This definition may contain
marketing bias that secretly aims to increase the popularity and commercial value of Bitcoin.
13. 9
Figure 6 shows the ‘corporate’ logo for Bitcoin. The word ‘corporate’ is placed in single inverted
commas because it is not public knowledge who created, owns, administers and manages Bitcoin.
This logo is used in government regulated businesses that facilitate Bitcoin trades and transfers.
Figures 6 and 7
Bitcoin: International logo (left) and Generic marketing image (right)
To argue that no one knows who “created, owns, administers and manages Bitcoin” is a big claim.
Bitcoin has traded many billions of dollars (USD) since its launch in 2009. I encourage people to
conduct their own independent research to clarify the validity of these claims at the current date.
My claims are supported by a CNBC mainstream media article dated June 2018 (Kharpal, 2018).
Figure 8
Bitcoin: Mysterious cryptocurrency and a secretive enterprise
14. 10
Bitcoin myths
Figures 6 and 7 are sources of myths about Bitcoin. Bitcoin uses golden tones in its images. Bitcoin
is not backed by a tangible asset. The natural element ‘gold’ has absolutely no direct association
whatsoever with Bitcoin. The official name of this cryptocurrency may suggest to misinformed
persons that a physical coin exists. This is false. Bitcoin coins exist only in marketing images.
Those who plan to trade using cryptocurrency may consider focusing their analysis on objective
facts and disregard myths. Table 2 establishes eight core facts about Bitcoin.
Table 2
Objective facts about Bitcoin
Criteria Fact
Launch date 2009
Owner Unknown
Official website Unknown
Corporate headquarters Unknown
Coins in circulation Circa 17,000,000
Number of wallets created Circa 24,000,000 (circa 1/3rd inactive)
Global presence Trades in most countries.
Banned for all purposes Algeria, Ecuador, Bangladesh, Nepal, China et al.
Unofficial secondary sources: Banerjee (2018); Kharpal (2018); Leilacher (2018)
15. 11
Part 2: Critical financial research methods
This research booklet uses critical-thinking and graduate level research methodologies to draw
inferences. It triangulates multiple data sources and multiple methods to validate conclusions.
To restate the paragraph above in layperson terms, the author of this book has consulted several
independent sources and compares this information to reach conclusions. It marginalizes the
influence of contaminated data such as false information, misleading statements, bias and errors.
Mention of these basic research methods principles above aims to guide critical-thinkers who
conduct their own independent cryptocurrency research. Whether you agree with the research
methodologies and conclusions drawn in this document are of secondary importance. The
primary objective of this book seeks to empower the reader to conduct their own free-willed,
rigorous research. May this book enable readers to critically evaluate a range of quality, relevant
information when they investigate cryptocurrencies and make positive financial decisions.
Table 3 overleaf offers an introduction to sound research methodologies. It also explains how the
critical researcher can successfully use this information to evaluate the reliability of original
primary source data such as New York Stock Exchange indexes. Original evidence is usually more
reliable than secondary data. An example of secondary data are financial advisors’ opinions that
cites other people’s research, such as business articles published in mainstream newspapers.
16. 12
Table 3
Critical thinking : Questioning data sources
Data principle Explanation and example
1. Bias Data sources that are influenced by a conflict-of-interest should be
ignored or analyzed with extreme caution.
Example: The XYZ22 Report channel on YouTube frequently
recommends that people purchase cryptocurrencies as a short-term
way to earn ‘mouse-click’ profits from buying and selling.
The radio presenter ‘Dale’ does not inform the public that he is
receiving covert payments from the Bank of International
Settlements in Switzerland to promote cryptocurrency products.
2. Errors
(accidental)
Data sources that are influenced by factual errors in content and
opinions should be ignored or analyzed with extreme caution.
Example: A financial advisor prepares a graph for clients that shows
the USD value against the Euro has been increasing 10% per month
for the past year. This graph is incorrect by accident. The advisor has
referred to a blogsite prepared by a busy person who does not
proofread their work. The financial advisor should refer to official
sources such as the European Central Bank www.ecb.europa.eu
3. Falsities
(deliberate)
Data sources that supply content that is deliberately fake should be
ignored in most cases or analyzed with extreme caution.
Example: A currency trader advises clients that Bitcoin’s value will
skyrocket in the next 6 months. He falsely claims that the Chinese
Government will adopt Bitcoin as its official currency in 2020.
4. Misleading Data sources that are influenced by misleading content should be
ignored or analyzed with extreme caution.
Example: A stockbroker advises clients that the total value of assets
managed for their clients increased by 20% over the past 12 months
and provides no additional information to support this figure. This
statement is true and deceptive. Circa 10% of their clients’ assets
increased by 100% and 80% decreased by 15%. The 20% citation is a
weighted net average based on total assets managed per client.
17. 13
Case study: Misleading industry terms
Some scholars such as Walch (2017) argue that cryptocurrencies adopt logos and jargon that may
mislead those who know little about cryptocurrencies. Table 4 outlines these issues.
Table 4: Cryptocurrencies – misleading terminologies and images
Image Discussion
1. Coin Multiple cryptocurrencies such as Litecoin (Figure 9) use an image of a
gold or silver coin in logos. At a subconscious level, these images may
cause uninformed persons to assume that this cryptocurrency is backed
by or may be redeemed for physical coins and/or metals. This is false.
2. Gold
Terminology
1. Blockchain
technologies
Many promoters of cryptocurrencies persistently refer to ‘blockchain
technologies’ to market the sale of cryptocurrencies. This strategy may
aim to excite those who assume that technological developments are
always real, positive and lucrative. I argue that there are no unique
technologies that underpin the development of cryptocurrencies.
2. Mining This refers to the verification of cryptocurrencies and adding these to
the blockchain. No resource (e.g. gold) with intrinsic value is extracted.
3. Wallet Many cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin refer to a customer’s ledger
balance as a ‘wallet’ rather than a more fitting noun such as an account.
This terminology is suggestive that the cryptocurrency is a form of cash,
comparable to notes and coins which are stored in wallets.
4. Bitcoin Cash A cryptocurrency brand created in August 2017. It is a clone of the
Bitcoin blockchain. It increased block size capacity from 1 MB to 8 MB.
Contrary to its name, this cryptocurrency has nothing to do with cash.
Figure 9: Litecoin’s official logo
18. 14
Is blockchain technology an innovation or a slick gimmick?
“Blockchain is one of the biggest buzzwords in technology right now.”
Arjun Kharpal – Finance Journalist CNBC, 18 June 2018
Kharpal (2018) lists two core features of so-called blockchain technology:
1. “A [computerized] public ledger of every transaction that has taken place”;
2. “It cannot be tampered with or changed retrospectively”.
Figure 10 may aid you to decide if blockchain is a new technology, a gimmick or something else.
Figure 10 : The marketing of blockchain technology
19. 15
Part 3: Cryptocurrency markets
This section extends discussion in chapter 1 which offers an introductory definition of
cryptocurrencies. This chapter examines the characteristics of leading cryptocurrencies that are
most heavily transacted by volume of trades and have the highest market capitalization by value.
According to Reuters (Irrera & Dilts 2018), there were approximately 2, 100 cryptocurrencies in
circulation at 27 November 2018. The Independent newspaper claims that more than 3, 000
cryptocurrencies have existed over the past decade (Cuthbertson, 2018).
Bitcoin was the first trader to offer a decentralized cryptocurrency. It has perpetually dominated
the market since it launched its first ledger on 3 January 2009. It has accounted for more than
half of total market capitalization over this timespan. Bitcoin held between circa 55% to 62% of
market capitalization share from 10 December 2017 to 10 December 2018 (Frankjovic, 2018).
Table 5 overleaf, lists market share for the top 5 ranked cryptocurrencies at 12 September 2018.
These cryptocurrencies are established market leaders by trade volume and capitalization.
20. 16
Table 5
Cryptocurrency market share at 12 September 2018
Cryptocurrency Market share
1. Bitcoin 57.74%
2. Ethereum 9.46%
3. Ripple 5.48%
4. Bitcoin Cash 3.90%
5. Litecoin 1.53%
6. Others 21.89%
Source: CCN (2018)
The five products shown in Table 5 currently account for more than three quarters of total market
value of all cryptocurrencies. In a similar vein to stock market shares, cryptocurrency financial
advisors tend to specialize in a small number of digital currencies. It is not practical for brokers,
financial advisors, investors and consumers to know the details of most or all 2,000 plus
cryptocurrencies that trade in thousands of county, state/territory and national jurisdictions.
21. 17
Jurisdictions
At present, there is no sole global authority that regulates any of the circa 2,100 cryptocurrencies
that trade in commercial markets (Bank of International Settlements, 2018). Businesses and
individuals that use cryptocurrencies for investment, sales and purchases should consult a
suitably qualified taxation accountant, primary source legislation and official government
guidelines that explain the implications of using/holding each cryptocurrency in each jurisdiction.
Some sovereign jurisdictions such as Australia publicly state that profits made on cryptocurrency
trades attract a capital gains tax for individuals and businesses in most instances. There are
exceptions to this general rule (Australian Taxation Office, 2018, p. 11).
Brands
Discussion in the following sections that outline the advantages and disadvantages of
cryptocurrencies are general observations. These macro arguments may not apply to certain
cryptocurrencies that offer unique terms and record unmatched historical trading patterns.
When reflecting on the advantages and disadvantages of competing cryptocurrencies, it may be
useful to compare this concept to the notion of investing (holding) multiple foreign cash
currencies as an analogy if you are new to the world of cryptocurrencies. An investor or trader
may ask themselves this question: “what advantages are there if I convert my USD 100, 000
22. 18
savings into four parcels of USD 25,000 equivalent in: Euros, Yen, Rubles and Yuan?” In a
comparable cryptocurrency scenario, a person may split USD 100,000 savings into four parcels of
Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple and Litecoin – each valued at USD25, 000 at the time of purchase.
Potential advantages
Advantages realized by those who use cryptocurrencies vary in character and magnitude
depending on their unique circumstances. Benefits may change over time as their situation
evolves. Citizens and institutes may use cryptocurrencies for five core purposes: store wealth,
earn investment gains (or losses), transfer wealth, purchase goods/services and to pay debt.
According to Totka (2018), there are six advantages to holding cryptocurrency for a business.
Table 6 overleaf outlines these advantages that businesses may realize in certain contexts. These
six benefits may apply to individuals who use cryptocurrencies. Item 5. “you can acquire new
customers” may apply to freelance consultants and sole traders.
Storing wealth in cryptocurrencies may allow some portfolio investors to offset risk from negative
fluctuations in physical assets values such as gold, stock and property. Cryptocurrencies generally
offer few advantages for the transfer of private wealth and gifts. Numerous currency alternatives
exist that offer more stable purchasing power. Examples include store gift vouchers, international
money transfers (e.g. Western Union), cash, checks and SWIFT bank-to-bank transfers.
23. 19
Table 6
“6 Reasons Your Business Should Accept Cryptocurrency”
Article’s positive claim Counter argument
1. It will save
you money.
This may be true in the medium- to long-term. Savings may
be undermined by installation costs of essential hardware
and software. Volatility in cryptocurrency trading rates can
potentially cause massive losses at any point in time.
2. Transactions will
process quickly.
Similar claims can be said about speedy electronic transfers
such as direct debit and SWIFT transactions.
3. The currency
works worldwide.
The same claim can be said about real-time electronic
transfers such as direct debit and SWIFT transactions.
4. You will avoid fraud
and chargebacks.
This may vary between cryptocurrency suppliers. Any
currency is subject to fraud. A fraudster may use
cryptocurrency to buy large value items such as vehicles and
jewelry. The fraud may be discovered after the goods or
services are delivered. The location and identity of the
fraudster and stolen goods may be unknown. Certain legal
jurisdictions may require the seller to return the stolen
cryptocurrency to the rightful owner. There are too many
jurisdictions that administer consumer protection, finance
and insurance laws to generalize about how a cryptocurrency
vendor and trader may be exposed to cryptocurrency crime.
5. You can acquire
new customers.
This statement is true if the customer will only trade with a
vendor who accepts their preferred cryptocurrency.
6. Paper options will
slowly become a
thing of the past.
The same claim can be said about real-time cashless
electronic transfers such as direct debit and SWIFT
transactions which are becoming more popular over time.
Paper trails such as in-store receipts, postal customer
receipts and accounting crypto ledger bank reconciliations
may require supporting paper work for tax law purposes.
First column and headline source verbatim: Totka (2018)
24. 20
Potential disadvantages
Table 7 overleaf lists seven potential disadvantages that businesses and individuals may
experience when they transact or store wealth using certain cryptocurrencies in various contexts.
1. Mandatory trading using cryptocurrencies may reduce privacy. In contrast to simple,
minor cash transactions, a permanent digital record is maintained for all ‘innocuous’
cryptocurrency purchases such as milk and pet food.
2. The protection of cryptocurrency balances is not guaranteed by a well-resourced
statutory authority. In the United States of America, personal bank deposits are
guaranteed at USD 250,000 per depositor by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
3. The intrinsic value of cryptocurrencies is zero. If a cryptocurrency provider is bankrupted
and refunds your cryptocurrency balance, they are handing you nothing more than
worthless dead binary code. Precious metals such as silver have intrinsic value. They can
used for constructive purposes such as the manufacture of jewelry, cutlery and weapons.
4. In contrast to national currency and brick-and-mortar banks, virtually all cryptocurrencies
do not offer comprehensive face-to-face customer support branches where aggrieved
customers can visit a client support officer and reason with a human in person.
5. Critics of cryptocurrencies use the idiom “it can disappear with the flick of a switch” to
put forward the valid argument that a person’s cryptocurrencies can be erased instantly
and permanently by human error or due to malicious intent, such as a systemic
institutional scam. Cryptocurrencies are a relatively new and untested commodity.
Modern history shows humanity that established, regulated financial institutions have
rarely stolen or lost balances of massive amounts of customers with the ‘flick of a switch’.
6. Because cryptocurrencies are based in offshore jurisdictions and trade globally, it is
difficult to trace ownership and composition of their Executive Boards. Many
cryptocurrencies are unsophisticated startups that disclose few corporate details
compared to established financial institutions (e.g. see Ethereum, 2018).
7. The purchasing power of most cryptocurrencies fluctuates wildly on an annual basis (+/-
20%). Annual inflation rates in advanced economies is relatively stable and low (+/- 5%).
25. 21
Table 7
Comparing cryptocurrencies to USD legal tender
Evaluative
Criteria
Explanation Legal tender comparison: USD
notes, coins & other currencies
1. Privacy (i) Possibility of creating
anonymous digital wallets.
(ii) Possibility of making a
purchase that does not
record buyer’s identity.
Most electronic accounts require identification. It
is possible and lawful to receive cash gifts and
spend cash anonymously. Countless scenarios fit
this description. An example is a person spending
a $50 gift voucher in a retail store.
2. Backing Guarantee authority
that underpins the
currency.
The value of silver and gold coins issued by the
US Mint are backed by the value of the silver and
gold content. USD fiat currency is backed by the
US Government Treasury for the settlement of all
debts. Ultimately there is no guarantee that the
currency will be reset to a value of zero or close
to zero compared to other foreign currencies.
3. Intrinsic
value
Physical uses of
the currency.
Notes and alloy metal coins have limited
functions. In many jurisdictions their physical
utility value is a fraction of their manufacturing
costs. Silver and gold assets may be used in
manufacturing processes that add high value.
4. Customer
support
Access to a customer
support facility if currency
is lost, stolen or damaged.
Financial institutions aim to recover funds that
have genuinely been stolen or misappropriated.
Most offer a 24-hour emergency customer
service facility. The US Department of Treasury
replaces mutilated currency that is identifiable.
5. Balance
protection
Storing digital balances. Financial institutions must keep backup copies of
financial records on a defined regular basis.
6. Ownership
disclosure
The public may trace
who owns and administers
the currency.
The Federal Reserve regulates America’s money
supply. This private corporation is not a
Government entity. The external powers that
control its Board are difficult to trace from public
data. The Government of the USA is the owner of
gold bullion, silver and coins issued/sold to
individuals and other entities.
7. Volatility Protection against
inflation.
No currency is immune to inflation. Historical
data show that the US Government can keep the
national inflation level under 5% in the long-term.
26. 22
Comparing major cryptocurrencies
This sub-section is an applied case study of the seven potential disadvantages of
cryptocurrencies. Analysis compares Bitcoin to its major rival Ethereum. To some degree,
conclusions in Table 8 are subjective. I encourage readers to consult the four data sources listed
below, and other relevant quality primary sources and draw their own informed conclusions.
Table 8
Bitcoin versus Ethereum
Evaluative criteria Bitcoin Ethereum
1. Privacy Not guaranteed or achievable. Not guaranteed or achievable.
2. Backing Backed by nothing. Backed by nothing.
3. Intrinsic value Zero. Zero.
4. Customer
Support
None offered by its mysterious
owner. Some support may be
offered by its unofficial agents.
None. Contact details for its three
executive officers are not disclosed.
Some agents may offer support.
5. Balance protection Underwritten by no authority. Underwritten by no authority.
6. Ownership disclosure Founders and owners are not
disclosed. Secretive history.
Vitalik Buterin age 24, is credited as
the creator. It is unclear if he is the
financer, owner and controller.
7. Volatility May vary by +/- 20%+ annually. May vary by +/- 20%+ annually.
Sources: Ethereum (2018); Ethereum Foundation (2018); Kharpal (2018); Yahoo Finance (2019)
27. 23
Volatility
Table 9 shows how major cryptocurrencies have exhibited wide volatility (+/- 20%) collectively
and individually over the past three years. I quantify this subjective claim about volatility by
offering a comparison to America’s annual CPI rate to make this claim objective and specific.
Table 9
Major cryptocurrencies: Volatility
Currency
Trading price USD
8 January 2017 7 January 2018 6 January 2019
Bitcoin 824.83 13,841.19 4,042.03
Ethereum 9.88 1,359.48 157.58
Ripple 0.0068 1.83 0.3793
Bitcoin cash Not trading 2,530.21 166.40
Litecoin 3.85 236.86 39.51
Compare to USA:
Annual inflation rate
2016
1.3%
2017
2.1%
2018 (estimated)
1.0%
Sources: Department of Labor (2019); Yahoo Finance (2019)
28. 24
Case study: Vendors accepting cryptocurrencies
A minority of vendors accepts cryptocurrencies. Of those who do, most only accept the major
cryptocurrencies. It is not practical for merchants to service circa 2,100 digital currencies.
Independent researchers may investigate whether cryptocurrencies are more widely accepted in
certain industries that specialize in currency trades such as financial institutions. In North
America, most independent and chain supermarkets do not accept cryptocurrencies at present.
Acceptance of cryptocurrencies is more popular among major corporations, per Figure 11.
Figure 11: Major vendors that accept cryptocurrencies
Kukreja (2018)
29. 25
Part 4: Broader perspectives
This section introduces three interrelated broader perspectives on cryptocurrency. The first topic
that I examine is gambling. The second is Biblical religious perspectives on cryptocurrencies. The
third discussion looks at the notion of the so-called ‘deep state’ and one world governance.
This book centers on established facts about cryptocurrencies. Arguments put forward by
speakers about the deep state and religion is largely speculative and opinionated. Discussion in
this section therefore overviews dominant debates put forward by high-profile commentators.
Gambling
A visible number of financial commentators and cryptocurrency buyers/sellers openly advocate
or criticize cryptocurrency trading as a form of speculative investment. Put differently, they
portray cryptocurrency trades as an outlet to earn profit from ‘mouse-click’ trades as opposed to
undertaking traditional labor that adds value to an economy such as entrepreneurship and labor.
These discussions compare cryptocurrency products to speculative paper assets that have no
intrinsic value such as derivates, options and futures. Cryptocurrency speculation may be less
constructive for an economy than share trades. Those who buy stock are investing in the future
activities of a listed company. Those who invest in cryptocurrency may be promoting little more
than the replication of cryptocurrency systems as alternatives to traditional banking.
30. 26
It is difficult for governments of advanced economies to abandon traditional money supply
systems such as fiat currency. Using cryptocurrency systems to remunerate workers and pay
businesses is not practical as few people and institutes own compatible hardware and software.
Official financial data of recent years shows beyond doubt that major cryptocurrencies are
subject to high volatility (+/- 20% value fluctuations) throughout a calendar year. Table 10
chronicles the value of Bitcoin at four near equidistant points in time during calendar year 2019.
Table 10
Bitcoin volatility and fluctuating purchasing power
@ $3 conversion
7 January
2018
8 April
2018
8 July
2018
7 October
2018
Bitcoin value USD 13,841.19 8,376.73 6,364.26 6,277.73
Loaves of bread 4,614 2,792 2,121 2,093
Source: Yahoo Finance (2019)
The analysis in Table 10 above shows how a theoretical monthly take home pay (i.e. purchasing
power) of one unit of Bitcoin buys a wide-ranging number of bread loaves at an average loaf price
of USD3 at four points in time in 2018. This volatility makes it extremely difficult for wage earners
and business operators to budget their cash flows to settle daily purchases such as food and
scheduled payments such as monthly rental commitments in the short- and medium-term.
31. 27
Figure 12 (Yahoo Finance, 2019) shows how Ethereum likewise demonstrated significant volatility
in value during calendar year 2018. Its mid-year value closed at USD 486.19 on 1 July 2018.
Figure 12: Ethereum value in USD
Religion
Some critics of cryptocurrencies fear that Bitcoin and its competitors are apocalyptic scams that
signal the so-called ‘end-times’. Some refer to cryptocurrencies and human implanted currency
microchips as the ‘mark of the beast.’ The essence of this argument is that corrupt governments
aim to establish a centralized global currency that will be the only accepted legal tender for
purchasing goods/services and receiving welfare payments. Some subscribers of Judeo-Christian
faiths claim that these events are prophecies in Biblical texts such as the Book of Revelation.
Those interested in exploring this topic may read open-access articles such as Hartropp (2017)
and Hamill (2018) listed in the references section of this book. Subscribers of this opinion claim
that cryptocurrencies are a central tool of an ungodly, menacing globalist deep state syndicate.
32. 28
Deep state globalists
Those not familiar with the notion of the so-called globalist deep state and its ostensible aim to
forge a one-world government may need to invest much time to comprehend the basics of this
complex debate. Open-access discussions on this topic include YouTube presentations (e.g.
Martino, 2018) and publications (e.g. Knowles, 2018). The establishment of a single currency
global banking system based in the European Union and Switzerland dominates these works.
Figure 13
Bank of International Settlements, Basel Switzerland
Critical-thinking financial researchers may connect-the-dots to identify facts that are worthy of
serious reflection. For example, many of the popular cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum are
headquartered in Switzerland. Switzerland, a tax haven, is notorious for its banking secrecy. This
nation is not a member of the European Union. Switzerland, home of the Bank of International
Settlements, is the headquarters of global banking. This nation largely remains a law unto itself.
33. 29
Case study: The Economist 1988 and Bitcoin
Some deep state theorists claim that Bitcoin’s birth and ascension was known and foreshadowed
by The Economist, in 1988 (Durden, 2017). They point to the 9-15 January edition cover that
showcases a gold coin dated 2018. This magazine is owned by the Rothschild banking empire.
Figures 14 and 15: The Economist, 1988
Sources: Durden in Zero Hedge (2017); Ebay (2018)
I suggest that you conduct your own research to confirm if this magazine cover is authentic or is
computer generated imagery. Apparently, the sophisticated civilian and military intelligence
apparatuses of major nation-states cannot trace the owners of this secretive cryptocurrency.
34. 30
Part 5: Contemporary global political economy
This concluding section places discussions about the emergence of cryptocurrencies into the all-
important geopolitical economic context. An understanding of the relevance of cryptocurrencies
can only be comprehended by critical researchers who have a grasp of the essential terminologies
and elements of the evolving global financial order and the likely global financial jubilee/reset.
Discussions in this section briefly explore three interrelated topics:
The Petrodollar, US Federal Reserve, gold standard and SWIFT;
BRICS nations: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa;
China – One Belt, One Road.
The content of this chapter is intentionally brief. The contemporary and deeper historical context
the underpins these topics are complex and involves issues such as perpetual war between
nations and the geopolitical intent of regional formations such as the European Union and the
Association of South East Asian Nations and global forums such as the World Trade Organization.
A Global Political Economy Master of Arts thesis by Ross Chalmers (2018) offers a rigorous,
scholarly integrated discussion of the contemporary geopolitical economy of cryptocurrencies.
The link to this open-access thesis appears in the references section of this book.
35. 31
The Petrodollar, US Federal Reserve, gold standard and SWIFT
The USD has been the world’s dominant currency since the 1940s. It is known as the ‘Petrodollar’
as it is the dominant currency used to buy/sell the world’s most traded commodity – crude oil.
The Federal Reserve is a secretive, private corporation that manages America’s interest rates. It
issues fiat USD and receives interest income from the US Government. The US Government has
accrued unserviceable debts with the US Federal Reserve and sovereign nations. The USD, a fiat
currency, is not backed by a commodity with intrinsic value that can be traded with creditors to
settle multitrillion dollars debts. A currency backed by gold is known as ‘gold standard’ currency.
The USA enjoys an advantage over other nations. As the USD is the world’s reserve currency, the
US Government may continuously print USD to service exponentially increasing loans payable to
other nations. Many economists theorize that the global Petrodollar snowball debt-based
banking system has reached its expiry date as other nations are losing confidence in its viability.
The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) is an international
electronic payments system. It is the dominant system used to transfer USD globally. The global
proliferation of cryptocurrencies and the emergence of a competitive Chinese currency system
may compete with the Petrodollar-SWIFT model. This may undermine America’s ability to
maintain economic prosperity and pay its sovereign debts, most of which is owed BRICS nations.
36. 32
BRICS nations
The national governments of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa are working
collaboratively to build a new global financial system and a revised economic world order. The
BRICS association became a formal partnership that emerged between 2009 and 2010. According
to the Government of Brazil’s Ministry of External Relations (2019, NP)
BRICS has expanded its activities in two main streams of work: (i) coordination
in meetings and international organization; and (ii) the development of an
agenda for multisectorial cooperation among its members.
The objective above is vague. The long-term agenda of the BRICS nations is unclear, partially
because this union is new. Members have not always enjoyed cordial bilateral relations in recent
decades. Moreover, some partners have strategic weapons purchases contracts with the USA.
It is fair to surmise that the BRICS association aims to seriously challenge the global dominance
of the Petrodollar. It also seeks to undermine the transnational economic hegemony exerted by
Group of 7 Western nations, namely: the USA, Canada, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Japan.
The ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is an expanding economic development strategy funded and
managed by China’s Government. It manages infrastructure construction and investments in
dozens of countries in Europe, Asia and Africa. This global partnership may eventually elevate the
Chinese Yuan currency as the global reserve currency in substitution of the Petrodollar.
37. 33
Case Study: Alexa – What is Bitcoin?
The dehumanization, centralization and corporatization of mainstream public data is the new
global norm. I encourage critical-thinking intelligent people to ask themselves these questions
about website responses provided by Artificial Intelligence algorithms such as Google searches:
Why is this website listed first or as a top 10 search engine ranking?
Is the search engine a partner of the high-ranking listing (e.g. receiving cash payments)?
Is the site’s content fake, misleading, biased, erroneous or pushing a secretive agenda?
Question: “Alexa …. What is Bitcoin?”
Figure 16
Using humane, human humor to conclude this humble booklet
Response: “I hope you invest your energy and critical-thinking skills to self-discover this crucial
information. I’m a robot. You don’t know who programs my corporate agenda. It’s risky to trust
all mind-control sites like snopes.com. Our data may be fake, misleading, biased or incorrect.”
38. 34
Cashless societies: The end of purchasing privacy?
Any jurisdiction that outlaw legal tender notes and coins restricts the privacy of its citizens and
residents. The simple stories in the figures below aim to demonstrate that this claim is a fact.
May you decide yourself if you agree with this opinion. May you also reflect on these case studies
and decide if you consider this loss of purchasing privacy to be a disadvantage. If you agree, may
you evaluate the potential magnitude of this problem and other privacy concerns you foresee.
Figure 17: 24/7 global surveillance of law-abiding citizens
Many people like to engage in harmless activities that are lawful at home and abroad. Some
people buy childish chocolate candy when they visit a town where nobody knows them. They
always pay in cash. Such innocent indulgences are soon forgotten and forever remain private. A
cashless society requires all purchases to be settled via electronic formats that are permanently
recorded. The global popularity of house curtains suggests that people value their privacy.
Who may know of our Hershey habits in a cashless society? Potentially anyone: governments,
banks, marketing companies and so on. Online spying, hacking and data leakages are common.
39. 35
Glossary: Critical currency concepts
Fiat currency and gold standard currency
Fiat is a form of legal tender, i.e. tradeable money. Its value is backed by the government that
issues the coins, notes and other financial instruments that validate this money type. The USD is
fiat currency at present. Fiat contrasts to currencies underpinned by a commodity such as silver
and gold. Legal tender currency that is backed by gold is known as ‘gold standard currency’.
Specimen source: uscurrency.gov
Pump and dump scam
Short-term asset holders (e.g. cryptocurrency traders) and/or their associates (e.g. stockbrokers)
publicly hype the profitability of the asset, without basis, to inflate its market price by attracting
naïve buyers. They immediately sell their asset when its price peaks to earn mass profit. Is a
felony crime in most jurisdictions. Misinformed buyers left holding this stock are scam victims.
40. 36
Index
Alexa p. 33
Artificial intelligence p. 33
Asia pp. 30-32
Australia p. 17
Banks pp. 3, 6, 12, 18, 20, 25, 28, 34
Bank deposits pp. 3, 6, 18, 20, 25
Bank of International Settlements pp. 12, 17, 28
Bitcoin pp. 5, 7-9, 15-16, 18, 22-23, 26-27,
29, 33
Bitcoin cash pp. 13, 16, 23
Facts and history pp. 8-9
Logo p. 9
Myths pp. 10, 13
Secrecy pp. 9, 22, 29
Wallet pp. 5, 10, 13, 21
BRICS nations pp. 30-32
Cash pp. 3, 6, 13, 17-21, 34-35, 38
China pp. 10, 12, 30, 32
Centralized/Decentralized currencies pp. 6-8, 15, 27
Commodities pp. 4, 31, 35
Crime: Scams, fraud, spying pp. 1, 19-20, 27, 38, 42
Critical-thinking pp. 1, 8, 11-12, 28, 33, 42
Cryptocurrency
Advantages pp. 17-19
Blockchains pp. 13-14
41. 37
Customer service pp. 20-22, 42
Definition pp. 1, 5-7
Disadvantages pp. 20, 38
Fluctuating values pp. 18-23, 26-27, 42
Gambling p. 25
Ledger backups pp. 20-22, 42
Mining p. 13
Privacy pp. 20-22, 38, 42
Purchasing checklist p. 42
Security pp. 14, 38, 42
Transparency pp. 20-22, 33, 42
Wallet pp. 10, 13
Currency pp. 2-4
Fiat pp. 6, 21, 26, 31, 35
Data integrity
Bias and errors pp. 1, 8, 11-12, 33
False/misleading statements pp. 1, 11-12, 33
Deep State pp. 25, 27-28
Globalism pp. 25, 27-28
One world government pp. 25, 27-28
Electronic banking pp. 3, 5, 19, 31
Ethereum pp. 16, 18, 20, 22-23, 27-28
Federal Reserve (US) pp. 6, 21, 30-31
Financial institutions pp. 3, 6-7, 20-21, 24
Foreign currency pp. 2, 21
Geopolitics pp. 30-32
Gold coins, bullion pp. 4, 6, 10, 13, 18, 21, 31
42. 38
Gold standard currency pp. 26, 30-31, 35
Global corporations pp. 24, 33
Government guarantees pp. 20-22
Intrinsic value pp. 13, 20-22, 25, 31, 42
Investments pp. 1, 16-18, 25
Risks pp. 1, 18, 33
Internal Revenue Service p. 5
Jurisdictions, regulation, sovereignty pp. 3, 5-6, 16-17, 19-21, 34, 38, 42
Legal tender pp. 2-3, 21, 27, 34-35, 38
Litecoin pp. 13, 16, 18
Mainstream media pp. 9-10, 15, 29
Money pp. 3, 6, 12, 18-19, 21, 26, 31, 34, 38
One Belt, One Road pp. 30, 32
Petrodollar pp. 30-32
Religion pp. 25, 27
Research methods pp. 11–12
Triangulation pp. 11, 22
Ripple pp. 16, 23
Silver pp. 4, 13, 20-21, 31, 35
SNOPES p. 33
SWIFT pp. 18-19, 30-31
Switzerland pp. 12, 28
Tax law pp. 5, 17, 19, 28
The Economist p. 29
United States of America pp. 2-6, 20-24, 31-32
Legal tender pp. 2-4, 6, 21, 38
USD pp. 4, 6, 9, 12, 18-21, 26, 31, 35
43. 39
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46. Cryptocurrency independent critical-thinking evaluation checklist
Cryptocurrency ____________ Date ______________ Completed by __________________
Cryptocurrency evaluative criteria
Yes / No
Unsure or N/A
1. Ownership and Executive Board are public knowledge.
2. The institutional owner publishes an audited annual report
that is available for public inspection at no cost.
3. Offers local face-to-face customer support services.
4. Cryptocurrency owner maintains online and/or telephone
customer support services during regular office hours.
5. Traders can engage privately or via a pseudonym.
6. Encryption and other security systems are robust.
7. Is backed by a physical asset that has intrinsic value.
8. Cryptocurrency provider backs up its ledger balances at least
once every 24 hours and stores this information with a reputable
third-party data storage provider in an offsite location.
9. Yahoo Finance records show that the cryptocurrency
consistently records stable (+/- 5%) price values over the:
Short-term (1 months to 12 months)
Medium-term to long-term (13 months +)
10. I may lawfully buy/sell/ hold in jurisdictions where I reside/trade.
11. No party or syndicate can covertly manipulate price changes.
12. Required software/hardware is affordable and compatible.
13. Has a trustworthy reputation – is not associated with crime.
14. Transaction times and costs meets minimum standards.
Download: www.journalistethics.com/crypto/ Authorization ____________________________
47. Five Stars Surveys Inc.
Understanding Cryptocurrencies e-book: Reader survey
Question
√ = Yes
X = No
U = Unsure
1. Was this book useful? U
2. Did you learn anything new in this book? U
3. Would you recommend this book to other people? √
4. Is the writing style accessible to children? X
5. Did you find this book entertaining? Some
parts, yes
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