In this presentation, FMC’s Bill Gilliland and Dan Shea discuss deal points relating to survey of deals and deal terms, including:
• Survey
• Material Adverse Change
• Non-solicitation and Superior Proposals
• Regulatory Approval Language
• Break Fees
• Expense Reimbursement
• Go-Shop Provisions
4. Material Adverse Change
• Use of Concept:
– Qualifies certain representations and warranties.
– Condition of closing that no material adverse change occurs during
interim period.
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7. 2. Exceptions to Material Adverse Change
• Material adverse change provisions provide exceptions for matters that are not to be
considered when evaluating whether a material adverse change has occurred. The exceptions
represent a negotiated allocation of risk between the parties, as well as market practice.
• The usual exceptions:
– any adoption, proposal, implementation or change in applicable Law or accounting standards
(including GAAP and IFRS) or interpretations thereof by any Governmental Authority. 20/20
– any change in global, national or regional political conditions (including the outbreak of war or acts of
terrorism) or in general economic, business, regulatory, currency exchange or credit market
conditions or in national or global financial, commodity (including oil and natural gas or related
hydrocarbons) or capital markets. 20/20
– any change generally affecting the industries in which the Company operates, including the oilfield
services, facility infrastructure services, midstream production services or oil sands and refinery asset
management and maintenance services industries in North America, as a whole. 20/20
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8. 2. Exceptions to Material Adverse Change
• The usual exceptions: (con’t)
– the announcement or performance of this Agreement or consummation of the
transactions contemplated hereby. 18/20
– any change in the market price or trading volume of the securities of the Company (it
being understood that the causes underlying such change in market price or trading
volume may be taken into account in determining whether a Material Adverse Change
has occurred). 19/20
– any action taken (or omitted to be taken) at the written request of the Purchaser. 18/20
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9. 2. Exceptions to Material Adverse Change
• Sometime exceptions:
– the failure, in and of itself, of the Company to meet any internal or public projections,
forecasts or estimates of revenues or earnings (it being understood that the causes
underlying such failure may be taken into account in determining whether a Material
Adverse Change has occurred). 14/20
– any event, occurrence, circumstance or state of facts which has, prior to the date hereof,
been publicly disclosed in the Company Public Documents or which is set out in the
Disclosure Letter. 13/20
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10. 2. Deal Specific Exceptions to Material
Adverse Change
• In addition to customary exceptions, it is common to see exceptions tailored to
specific transactions or circumstance.
• Examples:
– Unfavourable results in respect of wells currently being drilled or in respect of which
drilling commences prior to closing.
– Any action taken in connection with obtaining regulatory approvals.
– Certain actions or proceedings relating to concurrent transactions.
– Proceedings brought by non‐governmental third parties arising out of or relating to the
transaction.
– Ability of Purchaser to consummate the transaction.
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11. 3. Exceptions to the Exceptions
• Items that are external to the Target are typically considered in the
material adverse change analysis to the extent their impact on the target is
disproportionate to similar companies in the same industry. 20/20
Except such change, effect, event, circumstance, fact or occurrence
referred to in clauses (i) [changes in laws/accounting standards], (ii)
[general political/economic conditions], and (iii) [impacts on target's
industry generally] to the extent that any change, effect, event,
circumstance, fact or occurrence has a disproportionate effect on the
business, condition (including financial condition), assets, liabilities
(contingent or otherwise), results of operations, prospects, or operations
of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, compared to other
companies of similar size in the industry in which the Company carries on
business.
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13. What is a “Superior Proposal”?
“Superior Proposal” means an unsolicited Acquisition Proposal made by a third party
to a Party or its shareholders in writing after the date hereof:
– to purchase or otherwise acquire, directly or indirectly, by means of a merger, take‐over
bid, amalgamation, plan of arrangement, business combination, consolidation,
recapitalization, liquidation, winding‐up or similar transaction, all of the Target Shares or
all or substantially all of the assets of Target on a consolidated basis;
• 15/20 require Acquisition Proposal to be for all of Target's shares or all/substantially
all of Target's assets. These thresholds are influenced by the structure of Purchaser's
offer, market practice, and availability of topping bids.
– that is reasonably capable of being completed without undue delay, taking into account
all legal, financial, regulatory and other aspects of such Acquisition Proposal and the
party making such Acquisition Proposal; 15/20
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14. What is a “Superior Proposal”?
– that is not subject to any financing condition and in respect of which any required
financing to complete such Acquisition Proposal has been obtained or demonstrated to
the satisfaction of the board of directors of that Party, acting in good faith (after receipt
of advice from its financial advisors and outside legal counsel) to be reasonably likely to
be obtained without undue delay; 19/20
– which is not subject to a due diligence and/or access condition; 10/20
– that is made available to all Target Shareholders on the same terms and conditions; and
4/20
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15. What is a “Superior Proposal”?
– in respect of which the board of directors of Target determines in good faith (after
receipt of advice from its outside legal counsel with respect to (x) below and financial
advisors with respect to (y) below), (x) that failure to recommend such Acquisition
Proposal to its securityholders would be inconsistent with its fiduciary duties and (y)
would, taking into account all of the terms and conditions of such Acquisition Proposal, if
consummated in accordance with its terms (but not assuming away any risk of non‐
completion), result in a transaction more favourable to its securityholders from a
financial point of view than the Arrangement (including any adjustment to the terms
and conditions of the Arrangement proposed by Purchaser).
• 20/20 require Superior Proposal determination to be based upon advice from outside financial
advisors and legal counsel.
• 19/20 require Superior Proposal to be financially superior or more favourable from a financial
point of view. One required Superior Proposal to be more favourable to shareholders.
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17. Matching Rights for Initial Acquiror
• Every Agreement reviewed provided for matching rights. 20/20
In the event that Target is in receipt of a Superior Proposal, it shall give Purchaser, orally and
in writing, at least five complete Business Days advance notice of any decision by the Target
Board to accept, recommend, approve or enter into an agreement to implement a Superior
Proposal, which notice shall (i) confirm that the Target Board has determined that such
Acquisition Proposal constitutes a Superior Proposal; (ii) identify the third party making the
Superior Proposal; and (iii) include a true and complete copy thereof and any amendments
thereto. During such five Business Day period, Target agrees not to accept, recommend,
approve or enter into any agreement to implement such Superior Proposal and not to release
the party making the Superior Proposal from any standstill provisions and shall not withdraw,
redefine, modify or change its recommendation in respect of the Arrangement. In addition,
during such five Business Day period, Target shall, and shall cause its financial and legal
advisors to, negotiate in good faith with Purchaser and its financial and legal advisors to make
such adjustments in the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the Arrangement as
would enable Target to proceed with the Arrangement as amended rather than the Superior
Proposal.
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20. Regulatory Approvals
HARVEST ENERGY TRUST / KOREA NATIONAL OIL CORPORATION (OCT 2009)
Covenant
Purchaser shall use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all Regulatory
Approvals (including all Required Approvals (Comp Act and ICA));
Condition
The Required Approvals (Comp Act and ICA) shall have been obtained on terms and
conditions satisfactory to the Purchaser, acting reasonably.
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21. Regulatory Approvals
DAYLIGHT ENERGY / SINOPEC INTERNATIONAL PETROLEUM (OCT 2011)
Covenant
The Purchaser Parties shall use all commercially reasonably efforts to obtain all
Regulatory Approvals and to effect all necessary registrations, filings and submissions
of information requested or required by Governmental Entities from the Purchaser
Parties, or any of its affiliates relating to the Arrangement;
Condition
All Regulatory Approvals in form and substance satisfactory to the Parties, acting
reasonably, shall have been obtained.
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23. Regulatory Approvals
• Choice of effort standard is important.
• Canadian courts consistently hold that "best efforts" imposes more
onerous obligation than "commercially reasonable efforts" (Atmospheric
Diving Systems Inc. v. International Hard Suits Inc., 1994 CarswellBC 158;
Strategy Summit Ltd. v. Remington Development Corp., 2011 CarswellAlta
1616). Commercially reasonable efforts permits parties to consider their
economic position when determining where their performance obligation
ends. Best efforts involves taking, in good faith, all reasonable steps to
achieve the objective, carrying the process to its logical conclusion, leaving
no‐stone‐unturned, and doing everything known to be usual, necessary and
proper to ensure the success of the undertaking.
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25. Regulatory Approvals
• Pure Energy Services / FMC Technologies (August 2012)
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, in seeking to obtain
the Regulatory Approvals, the Purchaser shall not be required to agree, and the Company shall
not agree without the approval of the Purchaser, to any Order from a Governmental Authority
which: (a) prohibits or limits the ownership or operation by the Company or the Purchaser and
its affiliates of any material portion of the business or assets of the Company or the Purchaser
and their respective affiliates, or compels the Company or the Purchaser and their respective
affiliates to dispose, licence or divest of or hold separate any material portion of the business
or assets of the Company or the Purchaser and their respective affiliates; (b) imposes material
limitations on the ability of the Purchaser to acquire or exercise full rights of ownership of the
Shares; (c) prohibits the Purchaser from effectively controlling in any material respect the
business or operations of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; or (d) requires the Purchaser,
the Company or any of their respective affiliates to agree to any other material restrictions.
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26. Regulatory Approvals
• CELTIC EXPLORATION / EXXONMOBIL (Oct 2012)
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, nothing in this Agreement shall require,
or be construed to require, ExxonMobil or the Purchaser to: (i) disclose to any Person (including
Celtic) ExxonMobil's or the Purchaser's plans and undertakings submitted for the purposes of the
review under the Investment Canada Act or any drafts thereof or correspondence or discussions
with respect thereto; (ii) provide the Commissioner, the Minister of Industry or the Governor in
Council any undertakings or meet any requirements in relation to the Competition Act Approval
and Investment Canada Approval that are not as to commercial matters and, in any case, are not
commercially reasonable to ExxonMobil and the Purchaser; (iii) sell, lease, license, transfer,
dispose of, divest or otherwise encumber, or to hold separate pending any such action or proffer,
propose, negotiate, offer to effect or consent, commit or agree to any sale, divestiture, lease,
licensing, transfer, disposal, divestment or other encumbrance of, or to hold separate any assets,
licenses, operations, rights, product lines, businesses or interest of ExxonMobil, the Purchaser,
Celtic or any of their respective Subsidiaries or Affiliates; or (iv) take or agree to take any other
action, or agree or consent to any limitations or restrictions on freedom of actions with respect
to, or its ability to own, retain or make changes in, any assets, licenses, operations, rights,
product lines, businesses or interests of ExxonMobil, the Purchaser or Celtic or any of their
respective Subsidiaries or Affiliates.
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29. Break Fees Payable by Target
• General situations where break fees are payable by Target.
– Target board changes recommendation. 20/20
– Competing Acquisition Proposal is announced, shareholders do not approve transaction,
and such Acquisition Proposal is accepted within X months after termination. 20/20
– Acceptance of Superior Proposal. 20/20
– Breach of non‐solicitation covenant. 8/20
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38. Treatment of Breach of Representation
and Warranty
• Of 20 Agreements reviewed:
• 5/20 had expense reimbursement with a fixed cap for breach of representations and
warranties;
• 9/20 had break fee for breach of representations and warranties.
Examples:
• Breach of representations, warranties or covenants that results in non‐fulfillment of any
of Target's conditions.
• Breach of representations, warranties or covenants that individually or in the aggregate
causes or would reasonable be expected to cause a material adverse change with
respect to target or materially impede the transaction.
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44. Afexa Life Sciences Inc.
• August 10 ‐ Paladin Labs made an unsolicited offer to acquire "any and all"
of the outstanding Afexa Shares.
• The consideration offered for each Afexa Share was $0.55 or 0.013
common shares of Paladin.
• The Afexa Board special committee launched a search for alternatives to
the Paladin offer.
• August 30 ‐ Afexa announced that it had entered into a support agreement
with Valeant Pharmaceuticals, pursuant to which Valeant agreed to make
an offer to acquire all of the Afexa Shares for $0.71 per share.
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45. Afexa Life Sciences Inc.
• Afexa had a 30 day "go‐shop" period during which it could solicit and
engage in discussions and negotiations regarding potential competing
acquisition proposals.
• September 28 – Paladin Labs increased its offer to either $0.81 per share in
cash or 0.0217 of a Paladin share for each common share of Afexa.
• September 30 – Valeant Pharmaceuticals increased its offer to $0.85 in
cash per share.
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47. Go Shop Provisions
• Go shop periods.
• Specified end date.
• Happening of a condition ‐ Prime Restaurant.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, from
the date of this Agreement until 11:59 p.m. (Toronto time) on
the date the Purchaser delivers an irrevocable written waiver of
the Financing Condition (the "Go‐Shop Expiry Time").
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48. What Happens if a New Bidder Found?
• Matching right? (5 days) ‐ not in Timberwest.
• Break fee.
• Amount of break fee ‐ same or lower.
The Company shall have terminated this Agreement in accordance with [accepting
Superior Proposal], then the Company or any of its Subsidiaries shall pay or cause to
be paid (A) $1,000,000 (the "Go‐Shop Termination Payment") in the event the
Agreement is terminated prior to the Go‐Shop Expiry Time or as a result of an
Acquisition Proposal from an Excluded Party at any time prior to 11:59 p.m. on the
fifth day following the Go‐Shop Expiry Time, or (B) $3,000,000 (the "Company
Termination Payment") in the event the Agreement is terminated in any other
circumstances.
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49. What Happens at End of Go Shop Period?
• "Usual non‐solicitation provisions" ‐ solicited parties not unsolicited
bidders.
• Carry over negotiation right? ‐ sometimes ‐ not in Afexa.
• "Excluded parties" concept to allow continuing negotiations.
"Excluded Party" means a Person who has submitted a bona fide Acquisition
Proposal to the Company prior to the Go‐Shop Expiry Time which, in the
opinion of the Company Board, after consultation with its financial advisors
and outside legal counsel, is reasonably likely to constitute a Superior
Proposal.
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