2. Psychosis
• Generally equated with positive
symptoms and disorganized or bizarre
speech/behavior
• Impaired “reality testing”
• A syndrome present in many illnesses
– remove known cause or treat underlying
illness
– treat symptomatically with antipsychotic
medications
3. Schizophrenia is a
heterogeneous illness
• Defined by a constellation of symptoms,
including psychosis
• Multifactorial etiology, variable course
• Social/occupational dysfunction a
required diagnostic criterion
• Good treatment must address
symptoms and social/occupational
dysfunction
4. DSM-IV Schizophrenia
• 2 or more of the following for most of 1 month:
– Delusions
– Hallucinations
– Disorganized speech
– Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
– Negative symptoms
• Social/occupational dysfunction
• Duration of at least 6 months
• Not schizoaffective disorder or a mood disorder
with psychotic features
• Not due to substance abuse or a general
medical disorder
6. Common needs of people with
schizophrenia
• Symptom control
• Housing
• Income
• Work
• Social skills
• Treatment of comorbid conditions
7. Challenges in the Treatment
of Schizophrenia
• Stigma
• Impaired “insight”– no agreement on problem
• Treatment “compliance”
• Substance abuse very common
• Violence risk
• Suicide risk
• Medical problems common, often
unrecognized
8. Schizophrenia Treatment
• Therapeutic Goals
• minimize symptoms
• minimize medication side effects
• prevent relapse
• maximize function
• “recovery”
• Types of Treatment
• pharmacotherapy
• psychosocial/psychotherapeutic
9. Treatments for schizophrenia:
Strong evidence for effectiveness
• Antipsychotic medications
• Family psychoeducation
• Assertive Community Treatment
(ACT teams)
10. The First Modern Antipsychotic
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
• Antipsychotic properties discovered in
1952
• Studied originally for usefulness as a
sedative
• Found to be useful in controlling
agitation in patients with schizophrenia
• Introduced in U.S. in 1953
21. Tardive Dyskinesia (TD)
• Involuntary movements, often
choreoathetoid
• Often begins with tongue or digits,
progresses to face, limbs, trunk
• Etiologic mechanism unclear
• Incidence about 3% per year with
typical antipsychotics
– Higher incidence in elderly
22. Tardive Dyskinesia (TD)-2
• Major risk factors:
– high doses, long duration, increased age,
women, history of Parkinsonian side effects,
mood disorder
• Prevention:
– minimum effective dose, atypical meds,
monitor with AIMS test
• Treatment:
– lower dose, switch to atypical, Vitamin E (?)
23. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
(NMS)
• Fever, muscle rigidity, autonomic instability,
delirium
• Muscle breakdown indicated by increased CK
• Rare, but life threatening
• Risk factors include:
– High doses, high potency drugs, parenteral
administration
• Management:
– stop antipsychotic, supportive measures (IV fluids,
cooling blankets, bromocriptine, dantrolene)
24. Typical Antipsychotic limitation:
Other common side effects
• Anticholinergic side effects: dry mouth,
constipation, blurry vision, tachycardia
• Orthostatic hypotension (adrenergic)
• Sedation (antihistamine effect)
• Weight gain
• “Neuroleptic dysphoria”
25. Typical Antipsychotic limitation:
Treatment Resistance
• Poor treatment response in 30% of
treated patients
• Incomplete treatment response in
an additional 30% or more
26. The First “Atypical” Antipsychotic:
Clozapine (Clozaril)
• FDA approved 1990
• For treatment-resistant schizophrenia
• 30% response rate in severely ill,
treatment-resistant patients (vs. 4%
with chlorpromazine/Thorazine)
• Receptor differences: Less D2 affinity,
more 5-HT
10
30. Defining “atypical” antipsychotic
Relative to conventional drugs:
• Lower ratio of D2 and 5-HT2A receptor
antagonism
• Lower propensity to cause EPS
(extrapyramidal side effects)
31. Atypical Antipsychotics:
Efficacy
• Effective for positive symptoms
• (equal or better than typical antipsychotics)
• Clozapine is more effective than
conventional antipsychotics in treatment-
resistant patients
• Atypicals may be better than
conventionals for negative symptoms
32. New Antipsychotics and Haloperidol vs
Placebo: ‘Pooled’ Data
Mean BPRS Changes
Olanzapine pooled
r=.23*; n=574
(2 studies)
Quetiapine pooled
r=.23*; n=991
(4 studies)
Risperidone pooled
r=.28*; n=686
(3 studies)
Haloperidol pooled
r=.28*; n=814
(6 studies)
-0.4 -0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 r (95% CI)
*Statistically significant.
Modified from Leucht S, et al. Schizophr Res. 1999;35:51-68.
33. New Antipsychotics and Haloperidol
vs Placebo: ‘Pooled’ Data
Change in Negative Symptoms
Olanzapine pooled
r=.21*; n=582
(2 studies)
Quetiapine pooled
r=.19*; n=823
(4 studies)
Risperidone pooled
r=.20*; n=686
(2 studies)
Haloperidol pooled
r=.17*; n=796
(5 studies)
-0.4 -0.3 0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 r (95% CI)
*Statistically significant.
Modified from Leucht S, et al. Schizophr Res. 1999;35:51-68.
34. Relapse Rates in 1 Year Studies:
Atypical vs. Typical Antipsychotics
NA
CA Risk Difference (95% CI fixed)
Marder, 2002 (risperidone) n/N
2/33 %
6% n/N
3/30
%
Csernansky, 2002 (risperidone) 10%
Risperidone pooled 41/177 23 65/188
Daniel, 1998 (sertindole) 35
Speller, 1997 (amisulpride) 43/210 21 68/218
31
Tamminga, 1993 (clozapine) 2/94 2 12/109
Essock, 1996 (clozapine) 11
Rosenheck, 1999 (clozapine) 5/29 17 9/31
Clozapine pooledd 29
Tran, 1998a (olanzapine)
Tran, 1998b (olanzapine) 1/25 4 0/14
Tran, 1998c (olanzapine) 0
Olanzapine pooled 13/76 17 15/48
31
10/35 29 4/14
Total 29
24/136 18 19/76
p=0.0001 in favor of atypical drugs; -0.5 Favors 0 Favors 0.5
25
Leucht S et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Atypical Antipsychotic Conventional Drug
10/45 22 2/10
35. Atypical Antipsychotics:
Efficacy for Cognitive and Mood
Symptoms
• Atypical antipsychotics may improve
cognitive and mood symptoms
(Typical antipsychotics tend to worsen
cognitive function)
• Dysphoric mood may be more
common with typical antipsychotics
36. Atypical Antipsychotics:
Side Effects
• Atypical antipsychotics tend to have
better subjective tolerability (except
clozapine)
• Atypical antipsychotics much less likely
to cause EPS and TD, but may cause
more:
• Weight gain
• Metabolic problems (lipids, glucose)
• ECG changes
37. Weight gain at 10 weeks
6
5
4
Kg 3
2
1
0
-1
HAL
OLZ
CPZ
CLOZ
PLB
ZIP
RISP
Allison et al 1999
39. Why worry about side effects?
• May cause secondary symptoms,
illnesses
• Contribute to “noncompliance” and thus
relapse
40. Current consensus on
antipsychotics
• Atypical antipsychotics (other than clozapine)
are first choice drugs:
-superiority on EPS and TD
-at least equal efficacy on + and – symptoms
-possible advantages on mood and cognition
• BUT:
-long-term consequences of weight gain and
metabolic effects may alter recommendation
-atypicals are very expensive
41. Real and Projected Global Sales of
Antipsychotics 1990-2009 ($ millions)
42. Common factors associated
with psychotic relapse
•antipsychotics not completely effective
•“noncompliance”—inconsistent
antipsychotic medication use
•stressful life events/home
environment (Expressed Emotion—EE—
hostility, criticism, overinvolvement)
•alcohol use
•drug use
43. Antipsychotic medication
reduces relapse rates
Risk of relapse in one year:
Consistently taking medications: 20-30%
Not taking medications consistently: 65-80%
44. Relapse in Schizophrenia
Hogarty et al., N = 374
Prien et al., N ≈ 630
100
90 Caffey et al., N = 259
80
70 Neuroleptics
% Not Relapsed
60
50
40
Placebo
30
20
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Months
Baldessarini RJ et al: Tardive Dyskinesia: APA Task Force Report 18, 1980
45. Consequences of relapse
• Disruptive to patients lives
(hospitalizations, lost jobs, lost apartments,
estranged family and friends)
• Risk of dangerous behaviors
• May worsen course of illness
• Increased costs
46. Long-acting injectable (depot)
antipsychotics
• Until late 2003, only haloperidol and
fluphenazine available in the U.S.
• Long-acting risperidone introduced late 2003
• Injections approximately every 2 weeks
(fluphenazine and risperidone) or 4 weeks
(haloperidol)
• Goal is to decrease “noncompliance” and
thus relapse--widely used but less commonly
in last 10 years
• Not yet clear if long-acting risperidone will
reverse the trend
47. Schizophrenia Treatment
Assertive Community Treatment
• Multidisciplinary teams: MDs, RNs,
social workers, psychologists,
occupational therapists, case managers
• Staff:patient ratio about 1:10
• Outreach, contact as needed
• Effective at reducing hospitalizations
• Cost-effective when targeted at high
hospital users
48. Schizophrenia Treatment
Family Psychoeducation
• Provides information about
schizophrenia: course, symptoms,
treatments, coping strategies
• Supportive
• One aim is to decrease expressed
emotion (hostility, criticism, etc.)
• Not blaming
49. Other interventions for schizophrenia:
Some evidence for effectiveness
• Some types of psychotherapy
• Case management
• Vocational rehabilitation
• Outpatient commitment
• ECT (for catatonia)
51. Schizophrenia Treatment
Psychosocial Remedial Therapies
• To improve social and vocational skills
• Clubhouse model offers opportunities to
socialize, transitional employment
• Vocational rehabilitation—especially
supported employment
52. Schizophrenia Treatment:
Case management
• Case manager helps coordinate
treatments, provides support
• Help navigating life, such as managing
every day activities, transportation, etc.
• Helps broker access to available services
• Benefits:
improves compliance, reduces stressors,
helps identify and treat problems with
substance use
53. Course of Schizophrenia
Stages of Illness
premorbid prodromal onset/ residual/
deterioration stable
More symptoms
Higher Function
Gestation/Birth 10 20 30 40 50
54. “Deinstitutionalization”
• Mid-1950s: >500,000 people in state
psychiatric hospitals
• Now: <<100,000
• Antispychotic medications
• Civil (patients) rights movement
• Community Mental Health Acts (1963-64)
• Medicaid (1965-allows states to share costs
with federal government)
• Still an active issue in N.C.—adequacy of
community-based services remain in doubt
55. Recommended books on
schizophrenia
• Is there no place on earth for me?,
Susan Sheehan
• Imagining Robert,
Jay Neugeboren
• Nightmare: a schizophrenia narrative,
Wendell Williamson
• The Quiet Room, Lori Schiller