This is a short overview of Ch. 13 Section 2.

2. Why It Matters
At the same time that national spirit and pride
were growing throughout the country, a strong
sectional rivalry was also developing. Both
North and South wanted to further their own
economic and political interests.

3. The Impact Today
Differences still exist between the regions of the
nation but are no longer as sharp. Mass
communication and the migration of people
from one region to another have lessened the
differences.

4. Northern Factories
• Factories produced items such as shoes,
watches, guns, sewing machines, and
agricultural machinery in addition to textiles
and clothing. 
• Working conditions worsened as factories
grew. 
• Employees worked an average 11.4-hour days,
often under dangerous and unpleasant
conditions. 
• No laws existed to regulate working
conditions or to protect workers.
(pages 391–393)
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5. Northern Factories (cont.)
• By the 1830s workers began to organize
to improve working conditions. 
• Trade unions, or organizations of workers
with the same trade or skill, developed. 
• Unskilled workers also organized due
to poor working conditions.
(pages 391–393)
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6. Northern Factories (cont.)
• Skilled workers in New York City went
on strike or refused to work in the mid-
1830s. 
• They hoped for higher wages and a 10-hour
day. 
• They formed the General Trades Union
of New York.
(pages 391–393)
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7. Northern Factories (cont.)
• Although the North did not have slavery in the
1830s, it did have racial prejudice and
discrimination. 
• In 1820, although New York stopped requiring
white men to own property in order to vote,
few African Americans could vote. 
• In fact, Rhode Island and Pennsylvania passed
laws prohibiting free African Americans from
voting.
(pages 391–393)
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8. Northern Factories (cont.)
- Free African Americans were not allowed to attend
public schools and were barred from public
facilities. 
- They were forced into segregated schools
and hospitals in most communities. 
- A few African Americans were successful
in business. 
- Most, though, were extremely poor.
(pages 391–393)
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9. Northern Factories (cont.)
• Women were discriminated against in the mills
and factories even though they played a major
role in the development of industry. 
• They worked for less pay, were excluded from
unions, and were kept out of the workplace to
make more jobs for men. 
- The Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization
in Massachusetts petitioned the state legislature
for a 10-hour workday
in 1845. 
- The legislature did not even consider the petition
signed only by women. (pages 391–393)
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10. The Rise of Cities
• People moved to the cities to fill the factory
jobs. 
• In 1860 the population of New York City, the
nation’s largest city, passed 800,000. 
• Philadelphia had more than 500,000 people. 
• City life was often difficult and dangerous due
to overcrowding, run-down buildings, and the
threat of disease and fire.
(pages 393–395)
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11. The Rise of Cities (cont.)
• Immigration to the United States greatly
increased between 1840 and 1860. 
• Many of these people were willing to work
for low pay and long hours. 
- The largest group came from Ireland, more than
1.5 million, settling mainly in the Northeast. 
- A potato famine, or an extreme shortage, caused
by a potato disease destroyed Ireland’s crops, and
starvation followed. 
- Potatoes were the staple food of the Irish diet.
(pages 393–395)
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12. The Rise of Cities (cont.)
- The men from Ireland worked in factories or did
manual labor such as working on the railroads and
digging ditches. 
- Women became servants and factory workers. 
- The second-largest group of immigrants came from
Germany. They settled in New York, Pennsylvania,
the Midwest, and the western territories. 
- Some came for new opportunity, and others came as
a result of the failure of the democratic revolution in
1848. 
- More than one million came, many in family groups.
Many had money, so they prospered, founding their
own communities and organizations and buying
farms or setting up businesses.
(pages 393–395)
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13. The Rise of Cities (cont.)
• Immigration changed the character of the
country. 
• People brought their language, customs,
religion, and ways of life. 
• Most of the Irish immigrants and about one-
half of German immigrants were Roman
Catholics. 
• They settled in northeastern cities. 
• The church gave them a source of spiritual
guidance and also provided
a center for community life.
(pages 393–395)
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14. The Rise of Cities (cont.)
• The immigrants faced prejudice. 
• Anti-immigrant feelings arose. 
(pages 393–395)
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15. The Rise of Cities (cont.)
• The Know-Nothing Party wanted stricter
citizenship laws and wanted to ban foreign-
born citizens from holding office. 
• In the mid-1850s, the movement split over
slavery. 
• A Northern branch and a Southern branch
formed. 
• Slavery also divided the Northern and
Southern states.
(pages 393–395)
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