BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESS MANAGEMENT IN HORTICULTURAL CROPS (2+1)

1. BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESS
COURSE NO: FSC 605
COURSE TITLE: BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESS
MANAGEMENT IN HORTICULTURAL CROPS (2+1)
Submitted To:
Dr. Piyush Verma
Associate Professor & Head,
Dept. of Horticulture,
C. P. College of Agriculture,
S. D. Agricultural University,
S.K. Nagar
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE
S. D. AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, JAGUDAN - 382 710
Submitted By:
Vani Firdos B.
Parmar Vijay K.
1stSemester
College of Horticulture

2. • What is rain water harvesting?
• Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for
collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops,
the land surface or rock catchments using simple
techniques such as jars and pots as well as more
complex techniques such as underground check
dams.
• Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and
deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather
than allowing it to run off.

3. • Uses of rain water
• Recharge under ground water
• Gardening
• Livestock
• Drinking purpose
• for irrigation purpose

4. • ADVANTAGE
• Rainwater harvesting technologies are simple to
install and operate.
• Local people can be easily trained to implement
such technologies, and construction materials
are also readily available.
• Running costs, also, are almost negligible.
Water collected from roof catchments usually is
of acceptable quality for domestic purposes.

5. • How we can harvest rainwater?
• Broadly there are two ways harvesting
rainwater.
• (i) Surface runoff harvesting .
• (ii) Roof top rainwater harvesting.
• (i) Surface runoff harvesting:- In urban area
rainwater flows away as surface runoff. This
runoff could be caught and used for recharging
aquifers by adopting appropriate methods.

6. • ROOF TOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING
• It is a system of catching rainwater where it
falls.
• In rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the
catchments, and the rainwater is collected from
the roof of the house/building. This method is
less expensive and very effective.

7. • Components of the roof top rainwater
harvesting system.
1- Catchment area
2- Transportation
3- First flush
4- Storage system
5- Delivery system
6- Filtration system

8. • Catchment area
• The surface that receives rainfall directly is the
catchment of rainwater harvesting system. It
may be terrace, courtyard, or paved or
unpaved open ground.

9. • Transportation
• Rainwater from rooftop should be carried
through down take water pipes or drains to
storage/harvesting system. Water pipes
should be UV resistant (ISI HDPE/PVC pipes) of
required capacity.

10. • First Flush
• First flush is a device used to flush off the water
received in first shower. The first shower of rains
needs to be flushed-off to avoid contaminating
storable/rechargeable water by the probable
contaminants of the atmosphere and the
catchment roof. It will also help in cleaning of silt
and other material deposited on roof during dry
seasons Provisions of first rain separator should be
made at outlet of each drainpipe.

11. • Storage system
• All collected rain water are store in tank or
barrels used.

12. • Delivery system
• It is a system to delivered of water for uses.
There are use of pumps to take out water
from tank and deliver for many purpose .
Water is deliver by pips .

13. • Filtration system
• Filters are used for treatment of water to
effectively remove turbidity, colour and
microorganisms. After first flushing of rainfall,
water should pass through filters. There are
different types of filters in practice, but basic
function is to purify water.

14. • Sand Gravel Filter
• These are commonly used filters, constructed
by brick masonry and filleted by pebbles,
gravel, and sand as shown in the figure. Each
layer should be separated by wire mesh.

15. • Charcoal Filter
• Charcoal filter can be made in-situ or in a
drum.Pebbles, gravel, sand and charcoal as
shown in the figure should fill the drum or
chamber. Each layer should be separated by
wire mesh. Thin layer of charcoal is used to
absorb odor if any.

16. • PVC- Pipe filter
• This filter can be made by PVC pipe of 1 to
1.20 m length; Diameter of pipe depends on
the area of roof. Six inches dia. pipe is enough
for a 1500 Sq. Ft. roof and 8 inches dia. pipe
should be used for roofs more then 1500 Sq.
Ft. Pipe is divided into three compartments by
wire mesh.

17. • Recharging ground water aquifers
• Commonly used recharging methods are:-
• a) Recharging of bore wells
• b) Recharging of dug wells.
• c) Recharge pits
• d) Recharge Trenches
• e) Percolation Tanks

18. • Recharging of bore wells

19. • Recharge Pits

20. • Soak away or Recharge Shafts

21. • Why do people harvest rainwater?
• Rains water is a precious resource due to
increases in demand from our ever growing
population. Changes in rainfall patterns in the
UK have seen both drought conditions and
flooding.
• Rainwater harvesting can provide around 50 per
cent of a family’s water needs.
• This not only saves water, but saves money and
reduces our impact on the environment.
• To inculcate a culture of water conservation
• To reduce soil erosion

22. • Crop water productivity (WP) or water use efficiency
(WUE)
• Water-use efficiency (WUE) refers to the ratio of water used
in plant metabolism to water lost by the plant through
transpiration. Two types of water-use efficiency are referred
to most frequently:
• photosynthetic water-use efficiency (also called intrinsic or
instantaneous water-use efficiency), which is defined as the
ratio of the rate of carbon assimilation (photosynthesis) to the
rate of transpiration, and water-use efficiency of productivity
(also called integrated water-use efficiency), which is typically
defined as the ratio of biomass produced to the rate of
transpiration.
• Water-use efficiency (WUE) is often considered an important
determinant of yield under stress and even as a component of
crop drought resistance. It has been used to imply that rainfed
plant production can be increased per unit water used,
resulting in “more crop per drop”.

23. • Mango: Rain water harvesting through opening of
circular trenches around trees at a distance of 6 feet
and width at 9 inches, as well as depth and mulching
the trenches with dry mango leaves, helps in retaining
sufficient moisture in the soil during flowering and
fruiting and increase in yield.
• Banana: The soil moisture deficit stress in banana
during vegetative stage causes poor bunch formation,
lower number and small sized fingers. The water stress
during flowering causes poor filling of fingers and
unmarketable bunches and reduced bunch weight and
other growth parameters.
• Providing irrigation through drip helps in reducing the
adverse effects of water stress.

24. • Cropping System
• The term cropping system refers to the crops, crop sequences and
management techniques used on a particular agricultural field over
a period of years.
• Cropping system= Cropping pattern + Management Types of
cropping systems in horticultural crops
• 1. Mono-species orchards: Mono-species also referred as
monoculture.
• In this, fruit trees of a single species are planted in the field.
• This system is common in modern horticulture, where trees are
planted densely, using dwarf or semi-dwarf trees with modified
canopy to ensure better light interception and distribution and ease
of mechanization
• 2. Multistoried cropping : Growing plants of different height in the
same field at the same time is termed as multistoried cropping
EXAMPLES OF SOME MULTISTORIED CROPPING
• Coconut+ banana + pineapple
• Coconut+ banana • Coconut+ pasture • Mango+ pineapple •
Mango+ papaya+ pineapple • Coconut+ jackfruit+ coffee+ papaya+
pineapple • Coconut+ papaya+ pineapple Multiple cropping

25. • 3 Intercropping: Intercropping, as one of the multiple cropping
systems, has been practiced by farmers for many years in
various ways and most areas, and has played a very important
role in India
• • The recommended intercrops for some important
horticultural crops are given
• 4 Mixedcropping: It refers to the practice of growing certain
perennial crops in the alley spaces of the main perennial crops.
The main advantage is the effective utilization of available area
and increase in the net income of the farm per unit area.
Extensive research conducted by CPCRI, Kassargode on mixed
cropping in coconut and arecanut plantations showed that
cocoa, pepper, cinnamon, clove and nutmeg can be grown as
mixed crops in coconuts while nutmeg and clove as mixed crops
in between four arecanut palms on alternate rows Crop Age
Intercrop Mango Upto 7 years Leguminous vegetables, Papaya
(filler) Grapes Upto 8 months Snake gourd or bitter gourd in
pandal Apple, pears Upto 5 years Potato, Cabbage Banana Upto
4 months Sunhemp, onion

26. • Skimming Well Technology
• Skimming well is any technique employed with an intention to
extract relatively freshwater from the upper zone of the fresh-
saline aquifer.
• By this technology shallow fresh water floating over the saline
water can be utilised thereby preventing salt water intrusion into
the inland fresh water and keeping the saline fresh water interface
into coastal aquifers far below the critical levels.
• This technology can be adopted in Andhra Pradesh, coastal parts
of Tamil Nadu, Orissa and West Bengal states as high salt
concentration in waters of these coastal areas lead to:
• Reduced growth rate and size of plant

27. • Stunted growth coupled with restricted lateral shoot development.
• Reduced leaves and fruit.
• Decreased fresh and dry weight of plant parts.
• Leaves become thicker than normal.
• Top growth suppresses more than the root growth.
• Losses in terms of yield are more in fruit crops as specific toxicity
affect more than osmotic effect. Need of Skimming Wells
• To get fresh water with any salts.
• To manage root zone salinity.
• To reduce energy requirement for low discharge.
• The land wastage and water evaporation is avoided and can be used
for productive purposes.
• This technology effectively facilitates the adoption of modern
irrigation systems like drips and sprinklers and helps in improving
upon the water use efficiency, improves soil health and crop yields

28. • Contingency planning to mitigate different stress situations
• Mitigation of high temperature stress:
• use of reflective fabric
• Evaporative cooling
• Bagging of fruit
• Use of Anti transpirants
• Mitigation of low temperature
• artificial frost protection methods, which modify the microclimate of
the plants (e.g. foams, covers and fogging).
• avoiding freezing through a decrease of the freezing point or an
increase in the degree of supercooling.
• tolerance of extracellular freezing by reducing the amount of ice
formed due to an increase of the concentration of solutes in the
protoplasm.
• tolerance of a higher degree of desiccation due to the plasmolysis of
the protoplasm or increasing the permeability of the plasma
membrane to avoid intracellular freezing.

29. • Mitigation of Water Stress
1.Use of drought tolerant cultivar
2. Nutritional Management
a. Potassium and magnesium during conditions
of water deficit enhances the water uptake as
well as the water relations in the plant tissues by
osmoregulation processes
b. Magnesium is component of chlorophyll, its
content and uptake is drastically reduced due to
the water stress effect

30. • Use of Antitranspirants
• Materials causing stomatal closure:
• Herbicides: like 2, 4-D, Phosphon D and Atrazine.
• Fungicides like Phenyl Mercuric Acetate (PMA).
• Metabolic inhibitors like Hydroxyl sulfonates,
Potassium metabisulphite etc.
• Growth hormones like ABA, Etheral, TIBA, Succinic
acid, Ascorbic acid and Cycocel (CCC).
• Use of plant growth regulators (pgrs)
1. Spray of Cycocel & Mepiquat chloride
2. Cytokinins and Salicylic acid
3. Brassinolides increase the photosynthetic activity
of the plants
4. Ascorbic acid

31. • Protection of plants from wind damage
• Shelter belts and wind breaks: Refers to growing
trees and tall crops across the direction of
prevailing wind to reduce the physiological and
mechanical damage to crops. Wind breaks
reduce the wind velocity and create favourable
microclimate.
• Adjusting the direction of planting.
• Providing support to the tall crops (eg) Banana.

32. • Mitigation to salinity stress Grow more resistant/
tolerant varieties: Crop Rootstock/Cultivars Citrus
(Citrus spp.) Rangpur lime, Cleopatra mandarin,
Rough lemon, tangelo, sour orange, Sweet
orange, citrange Stonefruit (Prunus spp.)
Marianna, Lovell, Shalil, Yunnan Avocado
(PerseaamericanaMill.) West Indian Mexican
Grape (Vitis spp.) Salt Creek, 1613-3, Dog Ridge
Grape (Vitis spp.) Thompson Seedless, Perlette,
Cardinal, Black rose Berries (Rubus spp.)
Boysenberry, Olallie blackberry, Indian Summer
raspberry Strawberry Fragaria spp.)
Lassen,Shasta