During the 15th century, Europeans began exploring trade routes and colonizing parts of Africa and the Americas. Technological advances such as gunpowder, compasses, and new ship designs allowed European powers like Portugal, Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands to establish colonial outposts and trading networks across vast areas. Many colonies grew cash crops for export using plantation economies reliant on African slave labor. This helped drive the emergence of a globalized economic system dominated by Western European nations in subsequent centuries.

2. ll. The West’s First Outreached: Maritime Power a. Europeans in the middle ages were used to Asian goods, attempts to get involved in world trade system were limited because of their fear of the Atlantic ocean and the Ottoman Empire. When gold declined in Europeans made efforts to discover trade routes. They colonized islands of the Atlantic coast of Africa, but still technology didn’t allow them to cross the Ocean. Concepts: 1. Middle Ages:Europian history,5 th century,16 th century. 2. World Trade System: international organization, trade. 3. Ottoman Empire: Modern Turkish,islamic empire Terms: 1. Technology: Technology is the process by which humans modify nature to meet their needs and wants. Most people, however, think of technology in terms of its artifacts: computers and software, aircraft,

3. pesticides, water-treatment plants, birth-control pills, and microwave ovens, to name a few. B. New Technology: A key to the Power New inventions such as gunpowder, advanced metallurgy, compass, and new resistant ships made it easier for Europeans to navigate. Concepts: 1. Technological developments: computers and software, aircraft, pesticides, water-treatment plants, birth-control pills, and microwave ovens, to name a few. Terms: 1. Traffic: is when are many things in a way so they can not advance very fast

4. 2. Weapons: A weapon is a tool used to apply force for the purpose of causing harm or damage to persons, animals or structures. Weapons are used in hunting, attack, self-defense, or defense in combat and range from simple, prehistoric weapons like clubs and spears to complicated modern weapons such as intercontinental ballistic missiles. 3. Navigation: is the process of reading, and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another place. Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack During the fifteen century Henry the Navigator began the first voyages of discovery along the Atlantic coast of Africa, they succeeded sailing around the Cape of Good Hope. In 1498 Vasco da Gama reached India. One expedition was blown to Brazil, and in order to protect their interests the Portuguese built forts along the Atlantic coast of Africa and India. In 1514 the Portuguese reached China and the Islands of Indonesia, in addition by 1542 they reached Japan. In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed for the Spain, his explorations for a direct route to Asia led him to discover the Americas. Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern tip of South America into the Pacific leading him to reach Indonesia and to claim the Philippines for Spain.

5. In the sixteen century northern European became more involved in voyages of discovery. The French reached Canada in 1534, the English settle colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America. The Dutch also got involved and became rivals with the Portuguese. They displaced the Portuguese from Indonesia, and established small way stations along the southern tip of Africa. For British and Dutch explorations and colonization’s private companies played an important role. The Dutch East Indian Company and the British East Indian Company receive monopolies from their respective governments. Concepts: 1. Commercial Interest: 2. Explorations: Cristobal Colon, Simon Bolivar, Napoleon, Americo Vespucio. 3. Trade network: exchange, comers 4. Monopolies: economics, product, service

6. Terms: 1. Discovery observations are acts in which something is found and given a productive insight. Serendipity is the effect by which one accidentally discovers something fortunate, especially while looking for something else entirely. Trade: is the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also called commerce or transaction. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. : 2. Waterways: rivers that the water haves speed in the same direction 3. Governments: it’s a community , political identity or organization that has the authority of enforce rules. Toward a World Economy Introduction Europeans created a exchange in goods creating an international exchange and a new world-wide economy. Concepts: 1. International exchange: trading, products, gold, selling ,buying ,navigation, comers.

7. Terms: Colonies: In politics and in history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state. For colonies in antiquity, city-states would often found their own colonies. Some colonies were historically countries, while others were territories without definite statehood from their inception. The “Colombian Exchange” of Disease and Food One of the negative aspects of the new trade system was the diseases of Europe like the smallpox and measles, the period of a century and a half, , new world crops particularly corn and potatoes supported population growth in areas into the americans, which had previously lacked animal power Concepts: 1.diseases: dead , smallpox and measles 2.growth: money, meat, selling, lands, farmers and food

8. The West’s Commercial Outreache the ability of west to dominate the seas allowed western merchants to displace other from the world trade system. but transoceanic voyages profits from trade. Dominate at sea was the result of military and technological advances that made European navies more powerful than the fleetes of other civilization. Initially, Europeans did not sizes much territory as part of their trading initiative, but limited their incursions to fortified trading .

28. plantation was an early method of colonization in which settlers were "planted" abroad in order to establish a permanent or semi-permanent colonial base. such plantations were also frequently intended to promote western culture and chistrianity among nearby indigenous peoples , as can be seen both in james i 's irish plantations, and in the early east-coast plantations in america (such as that at roanoke ). although the term "planter" to refer to a settler first appears as early as the 16th-century, the earliest true colonial plantation is usually agreed to be that of the plantations of ireland .

30. plantation was an early method of colonization in which settlers were "planted" abroad in order to establish a permanent or semi-permanent colonial base. such plantations were also frequently intended to promote western culture and chistrianity among nearby indigenous peoples , as can be seen both in james i 's irish plantations, and in the early east-coast plantations in america (such as that at roanoke ). although the term "planter" to refer to a settler first appears as early as the 16th-century, the earliest true colonial plantation is usually agreed to be that of the plantations of ireland .

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