Theory of design

THEORY OF
DESIGN
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What is ARCHITECTURE
Architectural Systems
1. The Architecture of Space , Structure , Enclosure
2. Experienced through Movement in Space-Time
3. Achieved by means of Technology
4. Accommodating A Program
5. In relationship with its Context
We will touch on all 5 of these main points.

What is ARCHITECTURE?
“Do not try to teach design.
Teach Principles.”
- Frank Lloyd Wright.

“Through the channel of my painting
I arrived at my architecture.”
- Le Corbusier.

“I don’t believe in principles. I
am a whore. And I am paid very
well for designing high rise
buildings.”
-Philip Johnson

“To be original is to return to
the origin.”
- Antonio Gaudi

“To build is to create events.”
- Walter Gropius

“Architecture as an index to a
period.”
We are looking for the reflection in architecture of progress our
own period , it give us an insight into this process, it is product
of all short of factors – social , economical , scientific, technical ,
ethological.
- S. Giedion

The Study of architecture is always oriented
towards two poles :
Towards
seeing
objects for
the purpose
of creation
Towards
creating
objects for the
purpose of
seeing

Traditional Modern
Traditionally building ideas relate
to spiritual values and concepts
and materials are natural and
dependant upon the architect's
ingenuity to mould locally
available materials into shapes,
surfaces and fittings.
Traditional architecture
symbolizes creation.
Numbers, shapes, location all
have significance in traditional
design.
Function follows Form was the
traditional dictum
Modern architecture ideas more in
the worlds of the physical and the
mental being. The roots of modern
architecture concentrated on the
physical aspect of humanity and a
pragmatic vision for architecture.
By removing decoration, extra
space, complex detailing modern
design made buildings cheaper but
many argue it has also made
buildings lose spiritual content and
contact.
“Form follows Function" was the
modern dictum

Viollet - le - duc sees Architecture from two
different aspects:
THEORY PRACTICE
Theory , which deals with
that which is permanent
and always valid , notably
the rules of art and laws of
statics
Practice , which seeks to
adapt these eternal laws to
the variable conditions of
time and space

The practice of architecture is a multi-disciplinary
profession integrating the skills of mathematics,
science, art, technology, social sciences, politics,
history, geography and philosophy.
It is the philosophy of the practice that defines the rationale by
which they produce particular solutions to definitive problems.
Rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, post-modernism, de-
constructivism structuralism and phenomenology are some
directions from philosophy influencing architecture.
PHILOSOPHY

The basic requirements of a structures include shelter and
arrangement of space, both of which are utilitarian. The additional
feature provided by architectural design is that of aesthetics, the
expression of a building.
SHELTER
ARRAGEMENT OF SPACE
AESTHETICS
UTILITARIAN.
EXPRESSION OF
BUILDING
All three items; shelter, arrangement and aesthetics must be seamlessly
integrated in order to achieve a successful architectural solution.

What is ARCHITECTURE
DESIGN?
The word DESIGN is used both as a
noun and a verb.
As a verb, "to design" means to
create or develop a plan for a
product, structure, system, or
component.
As a noun, "a design" is used for
either the final (solution) plan or the
result of implementing that plan.
 The plan in this case is usually a
drawing, a model or a description of
the final product.

Form , Function, and Materialization
What we have learned about form, function, and materialization.
FORM
FUNCTION
MATERIALZATION
Seeking geometrical order and
expression of formal qualities
Seeking adequate performance and
expression of spaces
Seeking adequate performance and
expression of material elements
Design is a balancing act: wishing versus needing

FORM:
SEEKING GEOMETRICAL ORDER AND EXPRESSION OF FORMAL QUALITIES

FUNCTION:
SEEKING ADEQUATE PERFORMANCE AND EXPRESSION OF SPACES

MATERIALIZATION:
SEEKING ADEQUATE PERFORMANCE AND EXPRESSION OF MATERIAL
ELEMENTS
The materialization of the is the
creation of the physical shell around the building spaces.
This materialization is concerned with the relationships between:

MATERIALIZATION:
SEEKING ADEQUATE PERFORMANCE AND EXPRESSION OF MATERIAL
ELEMENTS

DESIGN IS THE BALANCING ACT: WISHING VERSUS NEEDING

DESIGN IS THE BALANCING ACT:
WISHING VERSUS NEEDING

Ideas
Ideas Unify Parts into a Totality
Inferring a Prime Design Idea: Using Metaphors with a Humanistic Approach
Theory of Contrast for Aiding Design
Inside and Outside
Exposed and Tempered
.Up and Down
Something and Nothing
Order and Mystery

IDEAS UNIFY PARTS INTO A TOTALITY

INFERRING A PRIME DESIGN IDEA:
USING METAPHORS WITH A HUMANISTIC APPROACH

THEORY OF CONTRAST FOR AIDING DESIGN

MORE ABOUT THE THEORY OF CONTRAST FOR AIDING DESIGN

MORE ABOUT THEORY OF CONTRAST FOR AIDING DESIGN

SOME DIMENSIONS OF CONTRAST

SOME DIMENSIONS OF CONTRAST:
INSIDE AND OUTSIDE

MORE ABOUT INSIDE AND OUTSIDE

EXPOSED AND TEMPERED

MORE ... EXPOSED AND TEMPERED

UP AND DOWN

MORE ABOUT UP AND DOWN

SOMETHING AND NOTHING

SOME DIMENSIONS OF CONTRAST: MORE … SOMETHING AND NOTHING

SOME DIMENSIONS OF CONTRAST: ORDER AND MYSTERY

THE THEORY
1. Primary Elements
2. Form
3. Form and Space
4. Organization
5. Circulation
6. Proportion and Scale
7. Principles

The Primary Elements
“All pictorial form begins with the point that sets itself in
motion…
The point moves … and the line comes into being – the
first dimension.
If the line shifts to form a plane , we obtain a two-
dimensional element.
In the movement from plane to spaces , the clash of
planes gives rise to body (three – dimensional).
A summary of the kinetic energies which move the point
into a line, the line into a plane, and the plane into a
spatial dimension.”
Paul Klee
The Thinking Eye: The Notebooks of Paul Klee. 1961

Form and space are the vocabulary of architecture and the built environment.
Understanding the vocabulary of the architectural profession is important.
The vocabulary is learned by looking. You must experience design. You must
understand the elements of space that make it attractive. Understand why space
works. If you experience poor quality space and know the reason why it is poor,
you can use this experience to perform better work.
The vocabulary enables you to analyze existing spaces and effectively design
new ones.
Primary Elements
Point - prime generator of form. Has no dimension. Static and
directionless.
Line - point extended. Has one dimension. Has length and
direction.
Plane - line extended. Has two dimensions.
Volume - plane extended. Has three dimensions.
The Primary Elements

Points
 It may describe a line that connects them
 It may suggest an axis and direction
 It may be viewed as a segment of a
longer path
Application of a Point
 Marks a position in space. Creates a
visual field. Example: if a ping pong ball
is hung in a room, people will focus on
the hanging ball. They may even group
their chairs around the sphere. The ball
has force , power. Perception of point
depends on scale. Example of sum
versus other stars. Piazza Del
Campidoglio is an example of a
dominant point.

Points
A point is a mark that is shows the beginning of a work or
the end of it. It is the very basic element whereby an art
work or a design starts. Nothing will be done without the
Point. It’s the basic.
One Point marks a center where people will look and
concentrate at as it directs attentions.
Points are used to amplify perception and it does not
mean one point, a point in architecture can mean a center
or a mole or a concentration of forms or objects near or
close together.
Points that are aligned together create a line.
Points are use to create feel or texture to create form,
space and texture.

Points
Points are used to create tones and more.
One point is a dot, a number of dots create different
elements that are important to showcase a design.
A point does not mean that it is rounded, it can have any
shape imaginable.
A Point just means a dot or a mark and that mark could be
a circle, triangular, square or uneven shapes. The main
purpose of the Point is there regardless of its shape.

Primary Elements Consist of:














–

A Line
 Implies a direction ( or axis) which extends
indefinitely. Implies movement and direction.
Implies a perpendicular axis. Perception
depends on scale.
 A Line has length, but no width or depth
 It will link, join, surround or intersect other
visual elements
 It describes the edges of a plane
 It articulate the surfaces of a plane

Vertical linear elements


A Line
 A line is a combination of a
series of points that are
continuous, with an exact
distance in between each dot.
They are a number of lines
that are all around us, they
vary from size of its thickness
to the smoothness of the line:
lines can be jagged, twisted,
bold or anything.
 Line can be the outer layer of
a form. It defines a shape and
also space.

A Line
 Lines creates shapes, Lines could
also show texture, lines creates
patterns, Lines create color tones,
lines create texture and space, line
creates form and texture, line
creates form and patterns and most
importantly lines creates form and
space. By using the right lines in a
work, you are able to create
something that has all of the
elements which include the above:
form, texture, tone, pattern, space
and movement.

A Line in architecture

A Line creates a extended point with length,
direction and position

Vertical linear elements
Suleyman mosque
Istanbul, Turkey

Spiral Jetty Robert Smithson. 1986
A Spiral Line

Curves Georges Vantongerloo.
Line

Salk Institute Louis Kahn. 1967
Line

Planes





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Planes





Architecture by PLANE
Schroder house by gerrit rietveld


 


 


 

Volume

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Volume element in architecture

–




Ronchamps Cathedral. Le Corbusier
Architectural Volume

Guggenheim-museum
by Frank Llyod Wright

Villa_Rotonda by palladio



Architectural Form

Architectural Volume by Planes
Falk House. Peter Eisenman. 1969-70

Interrelation of Volumes Georges Vantongerloo
Architectonic Form

Platonic Solids - Cones
Cenotaph Conique. Boullee

Platonic Solids - Sphere
Project for an Agricultural Lodge Ledoux

Buckminster Fuller
U.S. Pavilion. Montreal Expo Buckminster Fuller. 1967


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