2. From The Cold War to The War on
Terror

3.  Problems for Peace markers after a War
 Vienna Congress & New European Order
 Sequence of events after WW-I & WW-II
 Sufferings & expectations from Major Wars
 Less Lofty ambitions of Peace markers of; 1815,
1919 & 1945
 Protections of states interests & securing of
International System from further disturbances &
destruction

4.  End of cold War – last War of 20th Century; left
the World with; promises & Potential of risk
 Period between end of Cold War & 9/11 – more
interregnum with two thoughts:-
 An ongoing struggle between two competing
secular ideologies
 Shaped by an emerging clash between two
conceptions of civilization:
 The modern West
 The Radical Islam

5. The End of Cold War

6.  Effects of Cold War: divisions of world, threats &
destructions of Human being; death of 25 million
people in 3rd World through proxy wars
 Desire Degree of Stability due to bipolar order of
1947; appreciations by Realists like; Kenneth waltz for
two balancing Powers
 Two features of Cold War; bipolar structure &
highly divided character
 Cold war as a managed Conflict with Specified
limits of each block – a set of informal rules –
accepted by both powers

7.  Philosophy of cold War remaining Cold;
agreement on prevention of nuclear war &
deterrence
 Caution of Super Powers not to destroy each other
except 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis
 Shock Waves of 1989 – dramatic changes in the
World & Character of Mikhail Gorbachev–
Farsighted leader or a traitor
 Collapse of Communism & fall of Berlin Wall

8.  Reagan's tough Policies towards Russia –
“an Evil Empire”
 Soviet Economic deterioration or East
European debt to West Europe
 End of Cold War divided IR scholars in to
Realists & Constructivists

9. Mapping the Post – Cold War Era

10.  Change in the structure of international system &
divisions within the wider academic community
 Western scholars like Francis Fukuyama viewed
Collapse of Communism as final end of one
particular Phase
 Defining new tasks far; UNO, NATO & EU
 Survival of West without a Threat ?
 Logic for High Military spending once
World is more safer

11. Globalization : A New International
Order

12.  Sharp divisions between opposing Socio-
economics system during Cold War
 Post Cold War: states were compelled to play by
a single set of rules within an increasing
competitive world economy – the Globalization
 Different Perceptions of globalizations by
Theorist
 Globalization as a system; quite frequently
undermining borders & states – against
Westphalia Treaty (Concept of Nations states)

13.  Other Schools of thought questioned
Globalizations – Capitalism after all have been a
global system having features of interdependence
 Debate about; impact of Globalization on global
inequality, climate Change & more general
distribution of power in IR

14.  Globalization with increasing regularity was a
simple fact of Economic life – (Scholars: David
Held & Martin Wolf)
 No escaping of globalization – except using soft
words; to “Compete not Retreat” (Clinton)
 Very little choice in the world of global
competition: Europe either had to reform or
decline

15.  Globalization could not change the essence
of how Politics was conducted between
States Hans – J. Morgenthau
 Markets are fast becoming more important
than States – a new trend emerged because
of globalization-Strange
 Effect of Globalization on: North America,
Europe & East Asia – increased Economic
interdependence & Wealth creation

16. US Primacy: From Super Power to
Hyper Power

17.  Sequel to the end of Cold War: World economy
came under same set of highly competitive rule &
resurgence of USA without a rival
 Concept of multiple Polarity – faded
 A short recession in the economies of Japan,
Europe & Yugoslavia
 US transformation from mere super power to
hyper power : French FM, Hubert Vedrine -1998

18.  Questions on the conjuncture (US status); how
long US would stay as a hyper or super power ?
 Varying thoughts: Emergence of other Powers to
balance US;
 US hegemony would stay in 21st Century
 Spread of democracy would ensure safety in
international system Specially economy -Liberal’s
view

19.  Use of Power by US in wise way – USA is
not threat to world, but if it would not lead –
world would be threatened
 American victory after Cold War & dangers
to world like:
 Rogue states (Iran, Iraq, NK Libya &
Cuba)
 Threat of Nuclear Proliferation
 Threat of Islamic Terrorism

20.  Incidents like: 9/11, WTC 1993, US embassies
bombing in Kenya & Tanzania
 1990s – No US Intention to involve in world into
affairs specially after Somalian Debacle - 1993
 US has been the only Hegemon power after 1990
but do not Know, how to use its Power
 US after Cold War: “A Super power without
Mission”

21. Europe in World System

22.  For US; How to develop a Coherent global
policy in a world with no threat to its
interests
 For Europe; How to manage the enlarged
space created as a result of 1989 events
 US brought end to Cold war but European
remained the actual / true beneficiary

23.  Europe: a divided continent - united again
& its people & states got Right of Self
Determination
 Challenges for European; Collapse of
Communism, bloodshed in former
Yugoslavia, life under Competitive
Capitalism & Transition from one order to
another

24.  Perception of European about future of
Europe
 Own specific security arrangements –
French; remained tied to US for its security
– others specially Central Europe
 No agreements/ consensus by European
 Federalists for deeper union to balance the
Power houses of US & Japan
 Others; Fears this as Eurosceptic card

25.  European Divisions over Economics:
 Deregisters; favored greater state involvement in
management of a specially European Social model
 Free Marketers: led by UK –oppose the Protected
system
 Challenge for European Policy markers; how
bring East back into West
 Enlargement of European Union to 27 members
& NATO 26 by 2007
 Rapid enlargement of Europe & reluctance of EU
interaction

26.  NATO – not a serious military organization
with integrated Command structure
 Realist believers in the institutional role of
NATO & EU as essential
 Various views of European future:
 As a civilian power
 A hard mil power
 An economic power

27.  Birth of European Security & Defence Policy –
1998 & European Security Strategy (ESS) – 2003
 Global reach of European security with open borders
 The Concept : A well functioning international
institute & a system of rules
 Insistence on a strong Trans-Atlantic
Relationship remained essential to order the
world
 ESS failed to address future of Europe & Europe
remained as such after WW-II
 Assurance for future of Europe: EU capacity in
dealing with Post Cold war events; single
currency & new membership

28.  New Perception: 21st Century is of Europe or
Europe as more divided on basic issues, culture &
economy/ politics
 Order issues/ Confronting: Turkish memberships;
integration of 13 million Muslim citizens; Rising
economic competitions with China
 Question; by end of 21st Century;
 From where it is coming from ?
 No blue Print – where it is going ?

29. Russia from Yeltsin to Putin
 Defining nature of relationship of Europe with
Post Communist Russia : facing transition from
super power status – Marxism to become
democratic, liberal & market oriented
 Difficulty for Russia – from a super power to a
declining power economically & ideologically in
1990s

30.  Adopting of Western style Privatization &
experiencing of 1930s like depression;
Plummeting industrial production; falling
living standards etc
 Contradictory Policies of President Yeltsin;
Russians perceived his Policies to be selling
of Russia to West against its national
interest

31.  Vladimir Putin vision of Russia: Promotion of
nationalism & authoritarianism; clarity in Russian
& Western interests; improving Russian economy
& exploiting Russian natural resources
 Strategic partnership between Russia & West
 Russia should not look like sick man of Europe,
yet its economy mainly remained depended on
West

32.  No ideological difference b/w Western &
Eastern Europe – former Soviet States
joined NATO & EU
 Russia surrounded by Pro-western Ukraine,
three Baltic states & Georgia in Caucasus &
faced separation in Chechnya & others
 US & Western vision of Russia; Heading for
an empire, human rights violator & an
authoritarian power

33. East Asia Primed for Rivalry

34.  Past history of East Asia;
 Devastative wars like, China, Korea &
Vietnam
 Revolutionary insurgencies in; Philippine,
Malaysia & Indonesia
 Revolutionary extremism specially in
Cambodia
 No Parallels between European new liberal
security communities & East Asian / Asian
Environment mainly because of NATO & EU
formation

35.  Germany reconciled with rest of Europe, Japan
did not for Asia
 Post Cold War environment:
 European continent transformed dramatically
 East Asia did not mainly because of;
Communists in China, NK & Vietnam;
territorial disputes b/w Japan – China –Russia
– Taiwan
 East Asia still ripe for rivalries (Aaron
Friedberg) – “Europe’s Past – East Asia’s
Future”

36. Contributory Factors in the Development of
East Asia
 1st : Great Economic success of East Asia because
of; cheap labour; plentiful capital; culture values;
opening of US markets for East Asians; sense of
security
 East Asia as 3rd powerhouse of global economy
with 25% of World GDP

37.  2nd : Promotion of regionalism like ASEAN
and mutual trade within the East Asia
 3rd: Economic Development by Japan; meeting
new challenges at global level through economic
progress
 Nuclear Non-proliferation and non militarization

38.  Leaving beyond historical baggage, East
Asians development regional trade &
investment mainly because of economic
pressure & material self interest
 Development of regionalism after 1990s
 Japan's peaceful development without any
aggressive designs for the regional /
external players

39.  China – Japan trade: 5000 Japanese companies &
55% investment by Taiwan's investors
 Rising China – a fear for West & US – Realists
view
 Chinese assurance to its neighbors; a peaceful
rise – economic interdependence –Japan – China
understanding on economic grounds
 US presence in East Asia & Chinese Perception-
an ideological difference
 Western Perception; China as a economic Power
(Capitalist) may prove more dangerous for world
& West rather as a Communist Power

40. Haves & Have-nots

41.  Haves & Have-not; A less debated concept
 Post WW-II super Powers & Status of 3rd world
countries
 Keeping 3rd World countries at distance but as ally
to fight proxy wars & piling up of weapons
against opposing camps; Afghanistan, Cuba,
Anglo, Vietnam etc
 End of the Cold war brought settlement &
abandoning of front line status of 3rd world
countries by super power backers
 Intellectual crises for the utility of 3rd world
without formal rivals like US & USSR

42.  Globalization further faded the idea of 3rd world as
many poor countries developed after end of the
Cold War
 Concept of 3rd world to some analysts; not to be
abandoned; as there exists massive poverty in the
world
 Debate on concept of 3rd world, Globalization &
Poverty
 No Consensus on eradication of 3rd World Concept
 Opponents of Globalization demanded either
reduction of Globalization or to regulate it
 Apprehension of less developed countries – Not
getting drawn into the process but remaining outside

43.  Economic growth in China & India; a case for
globalization
 30 million Chinese taken out of poverty trap –
Indian case is different
 A concept of competing economy developed by
India & China
 In Africa - Sub-Sahara; globalization has not
produced results
 3 billion people of the world (half of world
population) still live on less than 2 US dollars a
day in the globalized World

44.  GDP of 48 Poorest Countries of World is less than
wealth of World's three richest people
 Out of 10.5 m children died in 2006, 98% were
from less developed countries
 Growing gap between less developed &
developed world & shifting/ migration of poor to
earn their bred

45.  Poverty & inequality together bred insecurity-
insecurity foster instabilities which leads to:
 Any action by powerful countries
 Displacement- 25 m people displaced by 2006
 Effects of closure of borders – causing extreme
difficulties for poor
 Injustice would bread discontent & Political
violence
 “Haves”- appear to have too much & “
Have-nots”- so little – would create ready
markets for violence world over

46. The War on Terror: From 9/11 to
Iraq

47.  End of Cold War as a turning Point of 20th century
history & 9/11 was a realization that international
order emerged as result was not acceptable to
most of the world
 Bin Laden’s motivation for 9/11 to destroy
globalization & US supremacy
 Bin Laden’s ideology to pull back the world in the
past –his threat to use WMD – a modern threat
 Western Concept / Perception; A new non state
threat & character of Islamic Terrorism

48.  In reality for the US the Threat Was;
 More existential than serious
 More functionally useful for its quest for global
Pre- eminence than actually genuine
 Unfolding of global war on terror & clarity in US
motives (attack Iraq & plan to engage; NK, Iran,
etc)
 Transformation from original target of being
victim to the source of imperialism in the world
 9/11 enabled US to act in an assertive manner in
the world affairs outside US – a revolution to US
foreign policy

49.  US Policy in ME – support to autocratic rule for
cheap Oil & revision in Policy after invasion of
Iraq
 Logic for Iraqi Invasion –Iraq was neither
involved in 9/11 nor possessed WMD
 US perceptions of attack on Iraq: Oil, Israel,
WMD, ideology expansion – change of regime –
failed owing to poor intelligence
 GWOT; as War of Choice, irrespective of
calculation; was a strategic blunder; neither
democracy nor reforms in the region could be
brought

50.  US invasion disturbed ME & integrated Iran with
GCC & other ME states & caused Power Vacuum
in Iraq
 Spread of radical Islamism throughout in the
World like; bombing in London & Madrid
 Defining the Conflict: Is it a, “Clash of
Civilizations”- Huntington theory or Conflict
between supports of democracy/ Pluralism
against Those Promoting intolerance or
supported Theocracy

51. Thanks