2. GROUP DYNAMICS
is the study of groups, and also a general term
for group processes
a group is two or more individuals who are
connected to each other by social relationships.
understanding of the behavior of people in
groups, such as task groups, that are trying to
solve a problem or make a decision.
3. KEY THEORISTS
Gustave Le Bon
Sigmund Freud
Jacob L. Moreno
Kurt Lewin
William Schutz
Bruce Tuckman
4. TUCKMAN'S MODEL :
5 STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
1) Forming :characterized by some confusion and
uncertainty .
2) Storming :likely to see the highest level of
disagreement and conflict
3) Norming : recognition of individual differences
and shared expectations
4) Performing: group has matured and attains a
feeling of cohesiveness
5) Adjourning: the dissolution of a group
5. STAGE 1: FORMING
The major goals of the groups have not been
established
Task or leadership has not been determined
An orientation period when members get to
know one another and shared expectations
Trust and openness has not been developed
6. STAGE 2: STORMING
Members challenge group goals
Vie for leadership position
Voice concern and criticism
If conflict cannot be resolved, the group will
disband or continue existence ineffectively.
7. STAGE 3: NORMING
Recognition of individual differences and
shared expectations
Develop a feeling of group cohesion and
identity
More cooperative among members of the
group
Responsibilities are divided among members
8. STAGE 4: PERFORMING
Everyone knows each other well enough to
be able to work together
Trusts each other enough to allow
independent activity.
Conflict is resolved through group discussion
Make decisions through a rational process
not emotionally.
9. STAGE 5: ADJOURNING
Completion/accomplishment of a task
Disengagement- individuals deciding to go
their own ways
Often experience feelings of closure and
sadness
10. GROUP TYPES
Formal
Established by an organization to
achieve its goals.
Informal
Formed naturally in response to
the common interests and shared
values of individuals
11. Formal Groups
1) Command Groups :
specified by organizational chart
2) Task Groups :
consists of people working together to achieve a
common task
3) Functional Groups :
created by organization to accomplish specific
goals within an unspecified time frame
12. Informal Groups
1. Interest Group:
Continue over time and may
last longer.
Members may not be part of
the same department but are
bound together by common
interest
Eg study group for a specific
class
13. INFORMAL GROUPS –
1. Interest group:
Continue over time and may last longer.
Members may not be part of the same
department but are bound together by
common interest
Eg study group for a specific class
14. Informal Groups
2. Friendship Groups:
Formed by members who enjoy similar social
activities, political beliefs, religious value
Enjoy each other’s company
Eg. Exercise group, softball team, potluck lunch
once a month
15. Informal Groups
3. Reference Groups:
People use to evaluate themselves
Social validation: allows individuals to justify their
attitudes and values
social comparison: evaluate own actions by
comparing to others
Strong influence on members’ behaviour
Family, friends and religious affiliation are strong
reference groups for most individuals.
16. GROUP STRUCTURE
A pattern of relationship among members
that holds the group together to achieve its
assigned goals.
Can be described as
Group size
Group roles
Group norms
Group cohesiveness
17. Group Size
Vary from 2 people to a very large number
Small groups of 2 – 10 people are more
effective because of ample opportunity to
participate
Increasing the size of the groups results in
decreased satisfaction because it is difficult
to experience cohesion.
18. GROUP ROLES
Work roles: task oriented activities that
involve accomplishing the group’s goals
Maintenance roles: social-emotional activities
such as harmonizer who will reduce tension
in the group.
Blocking roles: activities that disrupt the
group such as aggressor criticizes members’
value and make jokes in a sarcastic manner.
19. Group Norms
Norms define the boundaries of acceptable
and unacceptable behaviour.
Reflect the level of commitment, motivation,
and performance of the group.
