Rice is the staple food for more than half of the global population. In India, it is grown on an area of about 43.97 m ha with total production and productivity of about 104.32 mt and 2.37 t/ha respectively (Anonymous 2013). In Punjab, it occupied an area of 2.82 m ha with production and productivity of 10.54 mt and 3.74 t/ha respectively and in Haryana, it was grown on an area of 1.24 m ha with production and productivity of 3.76 mt and 3.02 t/ha respectively (Anonymous 2013). The most common practice for establishing rice in rice wheat system of indo-gangatic plains region is puddling before transplanting. Alternative to traditional method direct seeding may be adopted because it does not require that heavy amount of labour, water and capital input initially and also crop mature earlier (7-10 days) than transplanted crop allowing timely sowing of succeeding wheat crop. Recent research suggests that new methods of rice establishment, viz zero till rice, bed planting and SRI has potential to reduce cost and increase sustainability of irrigated rice culture while maintaining yield. Irrigation plays a pivotal role in increasing productivity of rice. The efficiency and productivity of irrigation water is quite low owing to percolation losses and high water requirement. There is an urgent need to save water and increase its efficiency in rice production. Various agronomic practice like proper land levelling, proper transplanting time, selection of suitable variety and increasing interval between successive irrigation can play a lead role in water saving and to obtain sustainable yield of the crop. The sustainability of rice production in north-west India is threatened by scarcity of water. So there is need to increase water use efficiency in rice production. Gangwar and Singh (2010) resulted that among different crop establishment methods, highest yield and yield attributing characters of rice was obtained with drum seeding wet bed method. Gill et al (2006) revealed that dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, effective tillers and grain yield were significantly more in direct seeding than transplanted rice. Water productivity in direct seeded rice was higher as compared to transplanted rice clearly showing the more water use efficiency in DSR. Jagtap et al (2013) concluded that the crop established by transplanting recorded significantly higher growth as well as yield attributes resulting in to significantly more grain and straw yield. Grain yield found to be highest in Japanese manual transplanted rice followed by dry drilling (30 kg/ha), dry drilling (15 kg/ha) and drum seeding (Dixit et al 2010). Singh et al (2005) found that mechanical transplanting of rice resulted in highest grain and straw yield which was at par with manual transplanting but significantly higher than both direct seeding methods.

1. Effects of crop establishment
methods and irrigation schedules
on productivity and quality of Rice
1

2. INDIA* (Rice)
Area: 43.97 Million ha
Production: 104.32 Million tonnes
Productivity: 2.37 t/ha
PUNJAB** (Rice)
Area: 2.82 Million ha
Production: 10.54 million tonnes
Productivity: 3.74 t/ha
Haryana** (Rice)
Area: 1.24 Million ha
Production: 3.76 million tonnes
Productivity: 3.02 t/ha
*www.indiastat.com
**Package of Practices (Kharif 2013) 2

3. Transplanting
Random
Straight rows
Direct seeding
Broadcasting
Drilling
3

4. Chinese planter Japanese planter
Manual random transplanting Manual Line transplanting
4

5. Wet Bed
Dry Bed
Mat type nursery
 Wet-bed method: The beds slightly raised and 1-
1.5 m broad are prepared with drainage channels
in between them after well puddling . This type of
beds are prepared in the areas with assured
irrigation facilities.
 Dry bed method: In this method raised beds 1-1.5
m are prepared with drainage channels but
without puddling as it is adopted in areas with
high rainfall so water logging is an anticipated
problem.
 Modified Dapog method (MAT type): This method
is used to raise seedlings to be used in
mechanical transplanting. In this method soil is
sieved through 3-5 mm sieve so that stones or
other hard material may not interrupt working of
transplanter.
5

6. Drum seeder
Mechanical Seeder
Manual Manual
6

7. Constraints Remedies
a) Carry over effects of puddling DSR has positive effect on succeeding
crops such as wheat, gram, mustard
b) Low plant population: Under Punjab
condition, plant population varies from
16-21 hills/m2 (Gill et al 2006)
Mechanical transplanting, as it ensures
not only optimum number of hills/m2 but
also number of seedlings/hill and
placement at optimum depth.
c) Delay in sowing of rice and
succeeding crops
DSR not only reduce labour requirement
but also shortens crop duration by 7-12
(Gill 2008) days with comparable yield to
transplanted rice.
d) Lower water productivity due to high
irrigation water applied
DSR saves 10-15% of irrigation water
and hence increases water productivity.
Gill et al 2006 recorded an increase of
25% in water productivity of DSR over
transplanted rice.
7

8. Advantages:
It can help overcoming weed
problem by facilitating mechanical and
manual weeding and hence reduce
need for herbicide application.
 It is less prone to lodging because
more light reaches the canopy and
strengthens the straw, and the soil
around the base of the plant stays drier.
 It can save about 25% of irrigation
water without affecting yield.
 It increase fertilizer use efficiency
by facilitating band application at
planting.
In Bed planting, 30 days old seedlings are
Transplanted on the middle of slopes of the
Beds prepared with wheat bed planter by
maintaining a plant to plant distance of 9
cm to ensure 33seedling/m2 .
Two rows of transplanted rice on the slope
of beds
67.5cm
37.5cm
8

9. System of rice Intensification (SRI)
It is a method of increasing rice yield and was developed in 1983 in Madagascar
KEY FEATURES OF SRI:
Transplanting of young seedlings: In SRI 8-12 days
old seedlings are transplanted to preserve subsequent
growth potential .
Wider Spacing: Transplanting one seedlings per hill in
a square pattern (25x25cm) with reduced seed rate @
2kg/acre.
Water Management : Soil is kept moist, but not
continuously saturated, so that mostly aerobic soil
conditions prevail in field as irrigation 5 days after
disappearance of ponded water or helps in saving 30-40%
of irrigation water .
 Compost: Instead of chemical fertilizers , FYM or
compost should be applied as a source
of nutrients
Weeding: Control weeds with frequent weeding by a
mechanical hand weeder (rotating hoe or cono weeder)
that also aerates the soil . 9

10. Higher
Yield In
SRI
More number of Phyllocrons
(It is the time taken by a rice
plant to form a new tiller with
leaf and root.)
Normal Rice SRl Rice
Profuse Roots
growth and
activity
Increased
Grain filling
Light
utilizationNormal
Rice
SRl
Rice 10

11. Effects of crop establishment methods on yield of
hybrid rice and wheat in rice - wheat cropping
system (pooled data of 4 years)
Treatments Panicle/m2 Grains/
panicle
1000- grain
Wt. (g)
Crop yield
(t/ha)
Dry direct seeding 363 132 27.1 8.29
Wet direct seeding
(Drum seeding)
383 141 27.7 8.50
Mechanical transplanting
(Puddled)
354 131 26.7 8.20
Mechanical transplanting
(Unpuddled)
300 113 26.3 7.63
Manual transplanting
(Puddled)
333 122 26.5 7.72
CD (p=0.05) 11.0 9.0 0.9 0.73
Soil type: Sandy loam
Avg annual rainfall: 863 mm
Cultivar: PHB 71
Gangwar and Singh (2010), Modipuram
Indian j of Agric. Sci. 80 (1): 24-28. 11

12. Effect of rice crop establishment methods on
succeeding wheat crop
Treatments Ears/m2 Grains/
ear
1000- grain
Wt. (g)
Crop yield
(t/ha)
Dry direct seeding 295 49.7 37.8 5.71
Wet direct seeding
(Drum seeding)
285 48.1 37.5 5.59
Mechanical transplanting
(Puddled)
272 41.4 36.9 4.86
Mechanical transplanting
(Unpuddled)
283 46.5 37.3 5.55
Manual transplanting
(Puddled)
276 41.7 37.0 5.00
CD (p=0.05) 4.0 1.0 0.3 0.68
Cont...
12

13. Effect of different methods of establishment on grain
yield and yield attributes of rice (mean data of 2
seasons)
Treatments Effective
tillers/m2
Filled grains
/panicle
1000- grain
Wt. (g)
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Direct
Seeding
245 115.8 22.7 4.83
Manual
Transplanting
200 128.9 22.6 4.28
CD (p=0.05) 4.0 3.8 0.1 0.25
Soil type: Loamy sand
Annual rainfall
(847 mm and 332.7 mm)
Gill et al (2006), Ludhiana
Indian J. of Agron. 51(2): 123-27.
13

14. Water productivity of Direct seeded and Transplanted
rice.
Gill et al (2006), Ludhiana
Indian J. of Agron. 51(2): 123-27
Soil type: Loamy sand
Annual rainfall
(847 mm and 332.7 mm)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
TPR DSR
Waterproductivity(kg/m3)
132 cm
108 cm
>25%
14

15. Effects of crop establishment methods on yield and
yield attributes on rice and on following wheat.
Treatments RICE Wheat
Effective
tillers/m2
Filled
grains/
panicle
Grain
Yield
(t/ha)
Effective
tillers/m row
length
Grains
/ear
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Puddling and
Transplanting
277 114 5.32 73 36.2 2.98
Line sowing of
Sprouted Seeds
(Puddled)
276 112 5.14 76 35.9 3.03
Line sowing of
Sprouted Seeds
(Unpuddled)
269 105 4.76 79 36.4 3.23
CD (p=0.05) 6.0 7.0 0.31 4.0 NS 0.23
Parihar (2004), Bilaspur
Indian J of Agron. 49 (1): 1-5.
Soil type: Clay loam
Cultivar: Mahamaya
15

16. Yield and yield parameters of rice under different
methods of establishment
Treatments Panicle/
hill
Panicle
length
(cm)
1000-Grain
Wt. (g)
No. of
filled
grain/
panicle
Grain
yield
(q/ha)
Straw Yield
(q/ha)
Transplanting 10.7 25.20 25.96 148.05 52.58 61.98
Pre monsoon
dibbling
8.37 22.66 25.66 108.39 46.99 57.27
Dibbling of
seeds on the
onset of
monsoon
7.05 21.01 25.66 97.95 43.42 54.48
Thomba method 10.38 24.46 25.85 141.72 52.05 61.39
SRI technique 10.58 24.36 25.84 134.28 50.62 61.02
CD (p=0.05) 1.4 1.69 .095 20.32 3.95 4.11
Jagtap et al (2013),
Bioinfolet 10 (1B) : 327-332 16

17. Effect of stand establishment technique on yield
and economics of lowland irrigated rice
Treatments Effective
tillers/hill
Filled
grains
/panicle
1000- grain
Wt. (g)
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
B: C
Transplanting 11.1 92.3 16.3 6.00 2.10
Throwing of seedling 10.4 81.7 15.2 4.94 2.01
Wet seedling
(Manual broadcasting)
10.5 75.8 16.9 6.11 2.51
Wet seeding
(Drum seeder)
11.0 92.6 16.6 6.08 2.48
CD (p=0.05) NS 1.8 0.7 0.13 -----
Soil type: Sandy loam
Cultivar : ADT 43 Budhar and Tamilselvan (2001), Paiyur
Madras Agric. J. 88(4-6): 365-66.
17

18. Effects of different establishment methods on initial plant stand,
weed dry matter, yield and yield attributing characters
Treatments Initial Plant
stand at 15
DAS
(Plants/m2)
Weed dry
matter at 15
DAS (g/m2)
Plant
heigh
t (cm)
Panicle
/m2
Grain
s/pan
icle
1000-
grain
Wt.
(g)
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Direct Drilling
@ 30 Kg/ha
81 11.2 100 332 162 25.7 7.79
Direct Drilling
@ 15 Kg/ha
53 19.1 105 274 129 25.7 7.23
Drum seeding
(Puddled)
25 52.4 89 230 173 24.0 6.10
Japanese
Manual
tansplanter
32 8.5 111 306 198 28.0 7.85
CD (p=0.05) 11.0 22.8 5.0 42.0 NS 1.8 1.05
Soil type: Loamy sand
Cultivar: PAU 201
Dixit et al (2010), Ludhiana
Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 80 (10): 884-87. 18

19. Effect of different planting methods on growth
parameters, yield and yield attributes (pooled data of 3
years)
Treatments Dry
matter
(g/m2)
Effective
tillers/m2
1000-
grain
Wt. (g)
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Straw
Yield
(t/ha)
B:C
Direct dry
seeding
739 313 20.4 5.00 5.65 2.17
Sprouted rice
seeding
677 304 19.1 4.82 5.81 2.14
Manual
transplanting
998 366 21.7 5.80 6.78 1.97
Mechanical
transplanting
1034 398 22.8 6.25 6.94 2.34
CD (p=0.05) 108 35.0 2.1 0.71 0.78 ------
Soil type: Sandy loam
Singh et al (2005), Modipuram
Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 75 (7): 396-99
19

20. Grain yield and ancillary characters of rice as affected
by different methods of crop establishment
Treatments Panicle/
m2
Grains/
panicle
Grain wt.
/panicle
(g)
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Per cent
decrease
in yield
Puddling and
Transplanting
424 188 4.0 5.97 -----
Puddling and
broadcasting of
sprouted seeds
403 174 3.7 4.52 24.2
Line sowing of
sprouted seeds
without puddling
391 159 3.6 4.33 27.4
CD (p=0.05) NS NS 0.2 0.49 -----
Soil type: Loamy sand
Cultivar: PR 106
Samra and Dhillon (2000), Ludhiana
Indian J. of Agron. 45(1): 21-24.
20

21. Effect of direct seeding and transplanting treatments
on weed dry matter, yield and yield attributes of rice.
Treatments Weed dry
matter at
harvest (q/ha)
Plant
height
(cm)
Effective
tillers/m2
Panicle
length
(cm)
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Broadcast
(Puddled)
2.71 (9.86) 63.7 240 22.0 4.14
Line sowing
(Zero tillage)
3.23 (14.85) 62.4 173 19.6 3.59
Broadcast
(Zero tillage)
3.42 (16.81) 60.8 190 22.0 3.82
Transplanting 1(0) 64.9 258 22.0 5.49
CD (p=0.05) 0.28 2.4 37 1.3 0.89
Soil type: Loamy sand
Cultivar: PR 115 Walia et al (2006), Ludhiana
J. Res Punjab Agric. Univ.43 (2): 94-97
21

22. Effect of yield contributing character of rice as
influenced by crop establishment methods
Treatments Plant
height
(cm)
Effective
tillers/m2
Panicle
length
1000-
grain
Wt.
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Unpuddled direct
seeded rice
109 71.5 27.6 22.8 4.90
Transplanted
puddled rice
111 72.1 27.8 23.2 4.93
CD (p=0.05) NS NS NS 0.1 NS
Soil type: Sandy loam Sharma et al (2005), Modipuram
Indian J. of Agron. 50(4): 253-55.
22

23. Effect of planting methods on growth, yield and
economics of paddy
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Tillers/m2 Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Straw
Yield
(t/ha)
B:C
Transplanting
(6 row manual
transplanter)
109 199 2.54 1.75 0.61
Line transplanting 107 193 2.93 1.92 0.76
Transplanting by
SRI (25 25 cm)
112 259 3.50 2.29 1.34
CD (p=0.05) 4.0 20 0.20 0.36 ------
Soil type: Silty loam Din et al (2008), Port blair
Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 78 (8): 702-05
23

24. Growth and yield parameters of paddy as influenced
by establishment methods
Treatments No. of
tillers/
m2
Panicle
length
(cm)
Grains /
panicle
Plant
dry wt
(g/m2)
Test
wt (g)
Grain
yield
(q/ha)
Straw
yield
(q/ha)
Direct seeding 243.91 22.68 67.46 673.25 19.05 32.48 42.66
Drum seeding 254.91 23.77 84.81 737.91 19.82 38.50 51.67
Transplanting 262.16 23.63 95.25 777.66 20.41 40.18 53.04
CD (p=0.05) 9.36 0.49 3.71 16.10 0.062 0.88 4.35
Soil type: Sandy loam Yadav et al (2013),
Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 83 (7)
24

25. Effect of crop establishment methods on yield
and yield attributes of aromatic rice
Crop
establishme
nt methods
Weed
population
(No./m2)
Effective
tillers/m2
Filled
Grains/
panicle
1000-
grain
weight
(g)
Straw
yield
(t/ha)
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Harvest
index
(%)
DS 3.84 203.4 85.3 21.87 9.13 2.57 21.9
SRI 2.65 230.8 97.8 22.82 9.52 3.23 25.3
CTR 3.42 228.1 88.1 22.07 10.44 2.70 20.6
CD (p= 0.05) 0.29 17.7 3.63 0.27 0.5 4.43 2.7
Mandal et al (2013), West Bengal
Indian J Weed Sci 45: 166-70
DS- Drum seeding
SRI- System of rice intensification
CTR- Conventional transplanting
Var. Basmati 370

26. Performance of SRI and Conventional rice
cultivation under Punjab
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Panicle/m2 Grains/panicle
SRI
Conventional
transplanting
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tillers/plant Grain
wt./panicle(g)
Grain yield (t/ha)
SRI
Conventional
transplanting
Number of irrigations applied
System of rice
intensification (SRI)
Conventional
Transplanted rice
Saving of irrigation
water
13
(2.5 cm depth- intermittent
wetting and drying)
25
(5 cm depth and standing
water)
Saves 12 irrigation
i.e. > 40-45% of water
60%
(167)
45%
(125)
60%
(10)
55%
(4.25)
45%
(3.6)
26
Singh (2007)
2nd National symposium on SRI in India
Cultivar: PAU 201

27. Need for Irrigation Scheduling In Rice
 In Punjab, total water requirement for rice-wheat system is estimated to vary
from 1382 to 1838 mm of which more than 80% is used by only Rice (Jat et al
2006)
 Rice occupies 2.82 m ha in Punjab and 72 % of this area is irrigated by
tubewells (12.7 lakh) which shows heavy dependence on Groundwater
resources and this has led to decline in water table @ 25-30 cm/year (Irrigation
and drainage department, Punjab)
Status for Ground water development in Punjab
Category 1992 1999 2005
Over exploited (%age
development >100
63 73 103
Dark blocks (critical) %age of
development 85-100
7 11 5
Grey blocks (Semi critical) %age
of development 65-85
15 16 4
White blocks (safe) %age of
development < 65
33 38 25
(Central Ground Water Board and Development of irrigation, Punjab)27

28. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
cubickm/year
US W.Europe Spain
Mexico China India
Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka
Vietnam Ghana South Africa
Tunisia
 Ground water utilization in
India exceeded 250 Km3
/year
 India has over 20 million
irrigation wells. We add 0.8
million/year.
 Every fourth cultivator
owns an irrigation well
www.irri.org/irric/ssnm
India is the largest
user of ground
water in the world
Trends of Groundwater utilization in world
India
28

29. Rice irrigation scheduling
Alternate Wetting and
Drying (AWD)
 Field water tube: The threshold of 15 cm water depth (below the surface)
before irrigation is called ‘Safe AWD” as this will not cause any yield decline and
water savings are in the order of 15-30%.
Submergence (Continuous
or fixed interval)
Field water tube Safe AWDFlooded field
 Soil matric suction: It may be the ideal criteria for irrigations as it indicate most
precise irrigation time based on atmospheric evaporativity, soil texture and water
saving can be up to 30-40% (Kukal et al 2005).
 Fixed interval : It may be after 2,3,4 or 5 days after disappearance of ponded
water
29

30. Water expense, grain yield and straw yield of basmati
rice under different irrigation schedules.
Treatments Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Straw yield
(t/ha)
Water
expense (cm)
WEE (Kg/ha-
cm)
Initial Submergence durations
5 days 2.59 8.29 109.2 23.9
10 days 2.79 8.85 124.3 22.5
15 days 2.91 9.26 139.5 20.8
20 days 2.94 9.34 160.8 18.7
CD (p=0.05) 0.04 0.10 ---- ----
Subsequent Irrigation schedules (Days after disappearance of ponded water)
2 days 2.91 9.36 141.7 20.6
4 days 2.70 8.51 125.2 22.2
CD (p=0.05) 0.07 0.19 -----
Soil type: loamy sand Bali and Uppal (1995), Ludhiana
Indian J. of Agron. 40(2): 186-92
30

31. Effect of soil water regimes on yield and yield attributes
of rice under upland conditions
Treatments Panicle/m2 Grains
/Panicle
1000-Grain
Wt. (g)
Grain yield
(t/ha)
1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998 1997 1998
Rainfed 190 200 112 117 21.5 23.6 2.66 2.59
Continous
submergence (5 cm)
253 263 153 149 27.7 28.1 4.93 4.83
Irrigation of 7.5 cm days after disappearance of ponded water
1 day 226 236 145 137 27.6 27.5 4.71 4.60
3 days 203 217 123 116 26.0 26.6 4.12 3.85
CD (p=0.05) 34 36 15.0 19.0 2.7 1.5 0.33 0.36
Soil type: loamy sand
Avg. rainfall: 1433.4 mm
Rai and Kushwaha (2005), Pantnagar
Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 78 (8)
31

32. Yield and yield attributing characters of rice under
different AWD treatments
Treatments
irrigation
scheduling
Plant
height
(cm)
Effective
tiller/
meter row
Leaf
area
index
Panicle
length
(cm)
Dry
matter
(g/hill)
Grain
yield
(q/ha)
7 cm irrigation 1
DADPW
107.7 65.5 4.64 21.82 26.57 36.13
7 cm irrigation 4
DADPW
96.42 60.86 4.35 19.64 25.00 31.35
7 cm irrigation 7
DADPW
93.86 54.81 3.88 16.97 21.86 23.87
C D (p=0.5) 10.31 6.33 0.45 2.05 2.57 3.28
DADPW: days after
disappearance of ponded
water Vijay pal et al (2013),
Bioinfolet. 10(4 C): 1528-1530
32

33. Grain yield, water expense and WEE of basmati
rice under different irrigation schedules (mean of 2
years)
Treatments Grain yield
(t/ha)
Water expense
(cm)
WEE (Kg/ha-
cm)
Irrigation Days after disappearance of ponded water
2 days 2.45 141.1 17.4
4 days 2.07 123.3 16.8
CD (p=0.05) 0.80 ----- ----
Withdrawal of irrigation (Days after 50% flowering)
7 days 1.85 125.9 14.7
14 days 2.38 131.4 18.1
21 days 2.57 139.2 18.5
CD (p=0.05) 0.41 ----- ----
Soil type: loamy sand
Cultivar: Basmati 370
Rainfall: 309 mm, 238 mm
Bali and Uppal (1999), Ludhiana
Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 69 (5): 325-28
33

34. Yield and yield attributes of basmati rice as influenced by
cut-off time of last irrigation
Treatments Effective
tiller/m2
Panicle
length
(cm)
Grains/
Panicle
1000-
Grain
Wt. (g)
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Straw
Yield
(t/ha)
2005 Days after flowering (DAF)
21 DAF 221 22.7 81.3 19.9 2.21 7.78
28 DAF 228 24.9 87.5 23.5 2.67 8.47
35 DAF 230 25.5 88.6 24.1 2.75 8.57
CD (p=0.05) NS 2.5 6.1 2.1 0.44 0.64
2006 Days after flowering (DAF)
21 DAF 218.2 23.1 82.2 20.4 2.32 8.11
28 DAF 231.9 25.3 89.2 23.4 2.85 8.72
35 DAF 232.8 26.4 91.0 24.6 2.94 8.96
CD (p=0.05) NS 2.0 2.3 2.3 0.40 0.60
Soil type: loamy sand
Cultivar: Basmati 386
Brar et al (2009), Ludhiana
Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 79 (3): 215-17
34

35. Grain yield and Water expense efficiency (WEE) of
basmati rice as affected by cut off time of last
irrigation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
7 DAF 14 DAF 21 DAF
Grain yield (q/ha)
WEE (Kg/ha-cm)
% water saved
a
0
10
20
30
21 DAF 28 DAF 35 DAF
Grain yield (q/ha)
WEE (Kg/ha-cm)
% water saved
a
a
a
CD (p=0.05) = 4.1
CD (p=0.05) = 4
Brar et al (2009)
Bali and Uppal (1999)
35

36. Grain yield and irrigation water applied in relation to
different soil matric potential values (SMP)
36

37. Effect of irrigation scheduling and crop establishment
methods on grain yield, straw yield, milling quality and protein
content
SRI irrigation
scheduling
Plant
height
(cm)
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Straw
yield
(t/ha)
Milling
percentage
Protein
content (%)
1 DADSW 120.0 6.32 9.64 74.6 7.40
3 DADSW 119.2 6.16 9.72 73.9 7.42
5 DADSW 114.4 5.82 8.80 72.6 7.29
CD (p=0.05) 3.87 0.26 0.47 1.54 NS
Crop establishment methods
Transplanting 106.5 5.22 8.61 71.0 7.10
SRI 117.9 6.10 9.38 73.7 7.37
CD (p=0.05) 5.93 0.38 0.69 2.36 0.73
DADSW: days after
disappearance of standing
water
Dass and Chandra (2012)
Indian J. of Agron. 57 (3): 250-25437

38. Effect of crop establishment methods on quality parameters
and protein content of aromatic rice
Treatments Hulling
%
Milling % Head rice
recovery %
L:B ratio
before
cooking
L:B
ratio
after
cooking
Protein
content
%
Broadcast 76.1 67.9 51.2 4.18 5.16 8.46
Zero till 77.3 68.2 51.5 4.19 5.06 8.41
Bed planting 76.7 67.0 51.4 4.24 5.15 8.50
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS
Kumar et al (2007)
Indian J. of Agric Sci. 77 (3): 179-183
38

39. Quality characters of basmati rice under 3 cut off-time
of last irrigation
Treatments Brown rice
recovery
Milled rice
recovery
Head rice
recovery
L:B Minimum
cooking
time
2005 Days after flowering (DAF)
21 DAF 76.7 68.6 54.2 4.22 16.0
28 DAF 77.8 69.1 56.9 4.30 16.1
35 DAF 78.6 69.2 57.1 4.33 16.1
CD (p=0.05) NS NS 1.9 NS NS
2006 Days after flowering (DAF)
21 DAF 74.9 67.5 53.6 4.37 3.45
28 DAF 75.1 69.1 56.1 4.39 3.47
35 DAF 76.2 70.3 57.0 4.44 3.50
CD (p=0.05) NS NS 2.0 NS NS
Soil type: loamy sand
Cultivar: Basmati 386
Brar et al (2009), Ludhiana
Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 79 (3): 215-17
39

40. Interaction effect of crop establishment methods and
irrigation schedules on grain yield of rice
Irrigation
levels
Crop establishment methods
Puddling and
Transplanting
Line sowing of
Sprouted Seeds
(Puddled)
Line sowing of
Sprouted Seeds
(Unpuddled)
Mean
1 DAD 5.69 5.46 5.20 5.45
3 DAD 5.53 5.34 5.01 5.29
5 DAD 5.20 5.08 4.61 4.96
7 DAD 4.87 4.69 4.22 4.59
Mean 5.32 5.14 4.76
CD (p=0.05) for Methods (0.31) , for Irrigation (0.20) and for I*M (0.41)
Parihar (2004), Bilaspur
Indian J of Agron. 49 (1): 1-5.
Soil type: Clay loam
40

41. Interaction effect of crop establishment methods and irrigation
scheduling on grain yield (t/ha)
41
DAWD: days after water
disappearance
Sandhu et al (2012), Ludhiana
Agricultural Water Management 104: 32-39
Treatments Grain yield
2009 2010
fresh bed Puddled flat fresh bed Puddled flat
1 DAWD 7.16 b 7.28 b 6.71 b 6.80 b
2 DAWD 7.05 b 7.22 b 6.51 b 6.69 b
3 DAWD 6.53 a 7.12 b 5.75 a 6.59 b
At soil suction
of 150 cm
7.04 b 7.21 b 6.44 b 6.72 b
LSD 0.245 0.364

42. Conclusions:
42
 Direct seeding of rice can be a cost effective and water saving
method to replace conventional transplanting without significant
reduction in yield.
 Mechanization of transplanting ensures optimum plant population
and reduce heavy dependence on labour for transplanting.
 Transplanting of young seedlings under SRI can increase yield up to
50% with saving 40% of irrigation water.
 Irrigation scheduling based on soil matric suction is superior over
irrigation after a fixed interval of time with saving 30% irrigation
water.
 Application of irrigation with alternate wetting and drying method may
be beneficial which can save up to 20-30% irrigation water without
reduction in yield.
 Irrigation scheduling and crop establishment methods have no
significant effect on quality of rice.