Prevent Chronic Disease with a Healthy Lifestyle

Chapter 12

Preventing Cardiovascular
Disease, Diabetes, and
Cancer

Lecture Outlines by
Sloane Burke
East Carolina University
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Did You Know?
 Statistics suggest that 1 out of every 3 children born
in the U.S. in 2000 will eventually develop diabetes
 Cardiovascular disease is the number 1 cause of
death in both men and women in the U.S.
 More than 1 million people develop skin cancer
every year.

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Question #1
 How do the long term consequences of chronic
disease impact individuals and society?

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Influence of Four Key Behaviors
 Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer share
underlying physiological mechanisms and risk
factors.
 Four key behaviors increase risk:
– Poor nutrition, especially a diet high in saturated and trans
fats and low in fruits and vegetables.
– Lack of physical activity.
– Tobacco use—the single most avoidable cause of
disease, disability, and death in the U.S.
– Excessive alcohol consumption.

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Question #2
 Which of the four key behaviors is easiest for you to
follow? Why?

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Diabetes Terms
 Diabetes mellitus: A group of diseases in which the
body does not make or use insulin properly, resulting
in elevated blood glucose.
 Prediabetes: A persistent state of blood glucose
levels higher than normal, but not yet high enough to
qualify as diabetes.
 Insulin: A hormone necessary for glucose transport
into cells
 Pancreas: An abdominal organ that produces
insulin as well as certain compounds helpful in
digestion.
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Diabetes
 Type 1 diabetes: A form of diabetes that usually
begins early in life and arises when the pancreas
produces insufficient insulin.
– Blood sugar must be monitored and insulin injections are
needed.

 Type 2 diabetes: A form of diabetes that usually
begins later in life and arises when cells resist the
effects of insulin.
 Hyperglycemia: A persistent state of elevated
levels of blood glucose.
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Diabetes
 Gestational diabetes: Develops in a woman during
pregnancy, usually disappearing after childbirth.
 Type 1.5: Several varieties of diabetes blending
aspects of type 1 and type 2.

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Question #3
 What are the symptoms of diabetes?

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Long-Term Effects of Diabetes
 Persistent high blood glucose can lead to
–
–
–
–

Damage to blood vessels
Kidney disease
Loss of sensation and tissue breakdown
High risk of non-healing wounds, which may require
surgical amputation
– Deterioration of vision

 It is the seventh most common cause of death in the
United States.

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Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
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




Overweight
Disproportionately large waist
Lack of exercise
Genetic factors
Metabolic syndrome: A set of unhealthy physical
and metabolic characteristics linked to type 2
diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other serious
diseases.

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Reduce Your Risk for Diabetes
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




Watch your weight and lose weight.
Get moving.
Eat a healthy diet.
Get a physical exam.
Be aware of the risks in your background.

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Controlling Diabetes
 Stabilizing blood glucose is the central goal.
 Type 1 diabetes requires measurement of blood
glucose levels throughout the day and regular doses
of insulin.
 Type 2 can be often be treated through improved
diet and exercise habits.
– Oral medication may be prescribed.
– Deterioration of the condition can lead to treatment with
insulin therapy.

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Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
 A group of disorders that includes high blood
pressure, coronary heart disease (including heart
attacks), congestive heart failure, and stroke.
 It is the leading cause of adult mortality in the U.S.,
responsible for more than 3 in 10 deaths.

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Cardiovascular Terms
 Arteries: Blood vessels that flow away from the
heart, delivering oxygen-rich blood to the body
periphery and oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
 Veins: Blood vessels that flow toward the heart,
delivering oxygen-poor blood from the body
periphery or oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
 Myocardium: Heart’s muscle tissue.
 Atria: The two upper chambers of the heart, which
receive blood from the body periphery and lungs.
 Ventricles: The two lower chambers of the heart,
which pump blood to the body and lungs.
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Question #4
 How does the cardiovascular system work?

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Cardiovascular Disease
 CVD can strike any part of the cardiovascular
system, although the individual diseases rarely
happen in isolation.
 Coronary heart disease is the form of CVD
responsible for the greatest percentage of deaths.

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Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease in the U.S.
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 Atherosclerosis: Condition characterized by
narrowing of the arteries because of inflammation,
scarring, and the buildup of fatty deposits.
– The resulting buildup of plaque narrows the arteries
enough to impair blood flow, leading to chest pain,
weakness, shortness of breath, heart attack, and stroke.

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 Hypertension (high blood pressure): A persistent
state of elevated blood pressure.
– Atherosclerosis can
contribute to a rise
in blood pressure.
– Hypertension is
generally a result
of many contributing
factors, possibly
including age, weight,
ethnic background,
and diet.
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Question #5
 How are atherosclerosis and hypertension different?

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Coronary Heart Disease
 Also called coronary artery disease.
 Plaque in the coronary arteries builds up to the point that
it impairs the heart’s ability to function.
 This is the single leading cause of death in the United
States.
 Angina pectoris: Chest pain due to coronary heart
disease.
– Angina is not life-threatening, but it does signal a greater risk of
a life-threatening cardiac event.

 Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Cardiac crisis in
which a region of heart muscle is damaged or destroyed
by reduced blood flow.
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Coronary Heart Disease
 Arrhythmia: Any irregularity in the heart’s rhythm.
– Bradycardia: A slow arrhythmia.
– Tachycardia: A fast arrhythmia.

 Ventricular fibrillation: A life-threatening
arrhythmia marked by ineffective pumping of the
ventricles.
 Sudden cardiac arrest: A life-threatening cardiac
crisis marked by loss of heartbeat and
unconsciousness.

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Congestive Heart Failure
 The heart can no longer pump enough blood to meet
the body’s needs, so blood may pool in other areas
of the body, leading to damage to those areas and
inability to function properly.
 Hypertension is the most common risk factor.

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Stroke
 A medical emergency in which blood flow to or in the
brain is impaired.
 Ischemic stroke: Caused by a blocked blood
vessel.
 Hemorrhagic stroke: A stroke caused by a ruptured
blood vessel.
 Transient ischemic attack (TIA): A temporary
episode of stroke-like symptoms, indicative of high
stroke risk.

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Question #6
 What are the symptoms of a stroke?

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Detecting Cardiovascular Disease
 Blood lipids:
– Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): As this cholesterol-containing
compound degrades, it releases its cholesterol load into the
bloodstream; often referred to as “bad cholesterol.”
– High-density lipoprotein (HDL): A cholesterol-containing
compound that removes excess cholesterol from the
bloodstream; often referred to as “good cholesterol.”

 Electrocardiogram: A test that measures the heart’s
electrical activity.
 Stress test: An analysis of heart function during monitored
exercise.
 Invasive and non-invasive imaging tests can be performed.
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Question #7
 What can you do to lower your LDL and raise your
HDL levels?

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Reduce Your Risk of Heart Disease
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Eat a healthy diet.
Get enough exercise.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Don’t smoke.
Limit alcohol intake.
Manage stress and anger.

 Get enough sleep.
 Maintain good oral hygiene.
 Monitor blood pressure and
lipids.
 If you have diabetes,
control it.

Age, sex, and genetics can’t be controlled, but do
contribute to risk.

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Controlling Cardiovascular Disease
 Before a serious cardiac event, changes in diet and
exercise habits will likely be recommended.
 Medications or surgery may be recommended.
 Statins: A group of cholesterol-lowering prescription
medications.
 Balloon angioplasty: An arterial treatment that
uses a small balloon to flatten plaque deposits
against the arterial wall.
 Bypass surgery: A procedure to build new
pathways for blood to flow around areas of arterial
blockage.
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Helping Someone in a CVD Emergency
 Someone showing signs of a heart attack, cardiac
arrest, or stroke needs to go to the nearest hospital.
 Some steps can be taken to help before medical
care is available.
– Call 9-1-1 from a land line.
– Wait with the person in distress.
– If you suspect a heart attack, chewing aspirin or taking
nitroglycerin could help.
– If the person is unconscious, begin CPR.
– If applicable, ask a bystander to locate an automated
external defibrillator (AED).
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What Is Cancer?
 Cancer is a group of diseases marked by the
uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells.
 More people are surviving cancer now than ever
before, but disparities exist in cancer rates.

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Cancer Terms
 Carcinogen: A substance known to trigger DNA mutations
that can lead to cancer.
 Oncogene: A mutated gene that encourages the
uncontrolled cell division that results in cancer.
 Tumor: An abnormal growth of tissue with no physiological
function.
 Benign tumor: A tumor that grows slowly, does not spread,
and is not cancerous.
 Malignant tumor: A tumor that grows aggressively, invades
surrounding tissue, and can spread to other parts of the body;
all cancers are malignant.
 Metastasis: The process by which a malignant tumor
spreads to other body sites.
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Question #8
 What are the four factors that increase the risk of
cancer?

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Detecting Cancer
 No single test can detect all cancers.
 Screening tests such as a mammogram and a
colonoscopy can detect cancers at specific sites.
 A biopsy is a test for cancer in which a small sample
of the abnormal growth is removed and studied.
 Lab tests of blood and other body fluids can detect
the presence of tumor markers that suggest cancer.
 Imaging technologies can be used to detect cancers.
– Ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed
tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)
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General Symptoms of Cancer
 A thickening or lump in the
breast or any other part of
the body
 A new mole or a change in
an existing mole
 A sore that does not heal
 Hoarseness or a cough
that does not go away
 Changes in bowel or
bladder habits

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 Discomfort after eating
 Difficulty swallowing
 Weight gain or loss with no
known reason
 Unusual bleeding or
discharge
 Feeling weak or very tired


Types of Cancer
 Carcinoma: Cancer of tissues that line or cover the
body.
 Sarcoma: Cancer of muscle or connective tissues.
 Central nervous system cancer: Cancer of the
brain or spinal cord.
 Lymphoma: Cancer of the lymph system.
 Myeloma: Cancer of the bone marrow.
 Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue.
 Malignant melanoma: An especially aggressive
form of skin cancer.
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Question #9
 Which cancer are YOU at greatest risk for? Why?

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Cancer Treatment
 Treatment can include methods to remove or shrink
malignant tumors, stop or slow metastasis, or
address cancerous DNA.
 Surgery is used to remove tumors whenever
possible.
 Radiation therapy directs wavelengths of energy at a
tumor to kill cancer cells or damage their DNA so
that they can no longer reproduce.
 Chemotherapy uses one or more drugs to eradicate
cancer cells.
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Question #10
 How does race impact the incidences of chronic
diseases?

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Prevent Chronic Disease with a Healthy Lifestyle

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