Female still physically suffer from the aesthetic standard nowadays for pursuing appearance beauty just like our ancestors or some tribes do.

1. Foot binding CHINA 。Song dynasty to Qing dynasty

2. Reasons: 1. esthetics 2. moral tradition 3. national consciousness 4. sexual pleasure

4. female genital cutting (FGC) /female circumcision /female genital mutilation (FGM) Africa, Middle East & Far East。

5. WHAT? WHEN? The terms female genital cutting (FGC), female circumcision, and female genital mutilation (FGM) all describe the cultural practice of partially or totally removing the external female genitalia. The most severe form of FGC is when all external genitalia are removed and the vaginal opening is stitched nearly closed. Only a small opening is left for urine and menstrual blood. FGC is performed on infants, girls, and women of all ages. Most often, FGC happens before a girl reaches pubertyItis also possible that FGC is performed on younger girls because they are less able to resist. WHERE? It is estimated that between 100 million and 140 million girls and women worldwide have received FGC. There are more than 3 million girls at risk of having FGC each year. It is unknown how many women in the United States have received FGC.

6. HOW?

7. Beauty? Around the world 。Now