2. CUT SECTIONS
• A DETAILED ENGINEERING SOILS ANALYSIS OF A PROPOSED
HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT IS A CRUCIAL PART OF THE HIGHWAY
DESIGN PROCESS. THE RESULTS OF THE SOILS ANALYSIS ARE
USED TO DEVELOP THE DESIGN DETAILS OF CUT SECTIONS
SUCH AS DEPTH AND SLOPE OF THE CUT. THE ENGINEER HAS
TO KEEP IN MIND THAT THE VOLUME OF EXCAVATION
INCREASES SIGNIFICANTLY AS THE DEPTH OF THE CUT
INCREASES, AND THEREFORE USUALLY TRIES TO AVOID
EXCESSIVE CUT DEPTHS. CUT SLOPES ARE RARELY STEEPER
THAN 2:1 (2 UNITS HORIZONTAL TO 1 UNIT VERTICAL OR
ABOUT 27 DEGREES FROM HORIZONTAL) EXCEPT IN VERY
COMPETENT MATERIALS SUCH AS SOLID ROCK.
3. FILL SECTIONS
• THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF ROADWAY CONSTRUCTION IN
RURAL AREAS OCCURS ON FILL. IN FLAT TERRAIN, THE
HIGHWAY PAVEMENT SHOULD BE ELEVATED SEVERAL FEET
ABOVE THE ORIGINAL GROUND SURFACE TO AID DRAINAGE.
SLOPES FOR FILL SHOULD BE DETERMINED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THE GUIDELINES DISCUSSED UNDER CROSS SECTION
ELEMENTS. IT IS DESIRABLE TO KEEP THE HEIGHT OF THE FILL
SECTION TO 30 FEET OR LESS, WITH 20 FEET BEING A
PREFERRED MAXIMUM. WITH FILL HEIGHTS GREATER THAN
20 FEET, IT MAY BE MORE ECONOMICAL TO BUILD A
BRIDGE, DEPENDING ON THE TOPOGRAPHY.
4. CUTTING OR EXCAVATION
• MEANS AN ACT BY WHICH SOIL , SAND , GRAVEL OR
ROCK IS CUT INTO DUG , QUARRIED , UNCOVERED
REMOVE OR RELOCATED AND SHALL INCLUDE THE
CONDITIONS RESULTING THERE FROM
• By = augers, excavators, loaders, and Bulldozers
5. DUMPING OF WASTE MATERIAL
IS NON-HAZARDOUS USELESS OR DISCHARGE
MATERIAL.
Waste material= large and small pieces of the
materials indicated which are excess to the
contract requirements and generally include
materials which are to be salvaged from
existing construction and items of
trimmings, cuttings and damaged goods
resulting from new installations, which can
not be effectively used in the Work
6. • WASTE MANAGEMENT:
– General: Implement waste management procedures in
accordance with approved construction waste
management plan
Source Separation: Separate, store, protect, and handle
at the project site all identified recyclable and
salvageable waste products
–
Arrange for the regular collection, transport from the
site, and delivery to respective approved recycling
centers of indicated recyclable waste materials.
Delivery Receipts: Arrange for timely pickups from the
site or deliveries to approved recycling facilities of
designated waste materials
7. BORROW
• IS EARTH MATERIAL ACQUIRED FROM ON OR
OF SIDE LOCATIONS FOR USE IN GRADING ON
A SIDE
• LOCAL BORROW
• IMPORT BORROW
8. IMPORT BORROW
• WHEN IMPORTED BORROW (LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE) IS
USED AS EMBANKMENT MATERIAL FOR GEOSYNTHETICALLY
REINFORCED EMBANKMENTS
• IMPORTED BORROW (LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE) SHALL BE
SPREAD OR PLACED IN SUCH MANNER THAT WILL PREVENT
BULKING OF THE MATERIAL AND MINIMIZE PARTICLE
BREAKDOWN
9. ROCK EXCAVATION
• ROCK EXCAVATION IS PRIMARILY USED IN MAKING FOUNDATIONS
FOR STRUCTURES THAT HAVE TO BE VERY STRONG. GOOD
EXAMPLES OF THIS ARE FOUNDATIONS FOR
SKYSCRAPERS, DAMS, AND EVEN SOME HOUSES. HOWEVER, ROCK
EXCAVATION CAN ALSO INVOLVE SIMPLY REMOVING UNWANTED
ROCK FROM AN AREA. IT ALSO ENCOMPASSES REMOVING OF ANY
MINERAL DEPOSITS PRESENT ON AN EXCAVATION SITE.
• THE POINT OF SUCH THINGS ISN'T TO GIVE YOU A HISTORY
LESSON, BUT TO SHOW YOU THAT ROCK EXCAVATION (INDEED, ALL
EXCAVATION) - DIGGING A REALLY BIG HOLE - IS AS MUCH A PART
OF HUMAN INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT AS THE BUILDING
OF SKYSCRAPERS OR HIGHWAY NETWORKS. ACTUALLY, ROCK
EXCAVATION HAS ITS PLACE IN HISTORY, TOO. THE GREAT
PYRAMIDS AND THE EXTINCTION OF THE DINOSAURS ARE DIRECT
RESULTS OF ROCK EXCAVATION
