SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 34
PHOTO VOLTAIC GENERATORS
As name indicates

PHOTO = light

VOLTAIC = volts
 PHOTVOLTAICS IS A METHOD of generating
electrical power by converting solar
radiation into direct
current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit
the Photovoltaic effect.

WHAT IS PHOTO VOLTAIC EFFECT?


Photovoltaic effect is the basis of photo voltaic
power generation.



The photovoltaic effect is the creation
of voltage or electric current in a material upon
exposure to light.
PHOTO VOLTAIC GENERATION
WHAT IS PHOTO VOLTAIC EFFECT?
•

When the sunlight or any other light is
incident upon a material surface, the
electrons present in the valence
band absorb energy and, being excited,
jump to the conduction band and become
free. These highly excited electrons jump
into a different material (electrodes). This
generates an electromotive force, and
thus some of the light energy is converted
into electric energy which means energy is
generated in this way.
FABRICATION OF SOLAR/PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
 In

1883, first photo voltaic cell was made by
Charles Fritts, who coated
the semiconductor selenium with an
extremely thin layer of gold to form the
junctions.
 It was only 1% efficient.
 To understand the fabrication of solar cells
we need to understand some basics,……….
FABRICATION OF
SOLAR/PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

Basically
A solar cell is a junction (usually a PN junction) with sunlight shining on it.
FABRICATION OF SOLAR CELLS


The first practical photovoltaic cell was developed
in 1954 at Bell Laboratories .They used a diffused
silicon p–n junction that reached 6% efficiency,
compared to the selenium cells.



Most practical solar cells are silicon based ,
because it is cheap and abundant material.
STEPS OF FABRICATION
First step is refining silicon
 Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is the most abundant mineral
in the earth's crust.
 The manufacture of the hyper pure silicon for
photovoltaics starts with locating a source of silicon
dioxide in the form of sand.
 The silica is reduced (oxygen removed) through a
reaction with carbon in the form of coal, charcoal
and heating to 1500-2000 °C in an electrode arc
furnace.

STEPS OF FABRICATION
oSilicon di oxide + Carbon = Silicon + Carbon di oxide
oThe resulting silicon is 98% pure. It contains Fe, Al, and
B , to remove these traces , further purification is
done ,
Powdered Si is reacted with anhydrous HCl
at 300 C to form SiHCl3
STEPS OF FABRICATION
•During this reaction impurities such as Fe, Al, and B react
to form their halides (e.g. FeCl3, AlCl3, and BCl3).
•The SiHCl3 has a low boiling point of 31.8 C and
distillation is used to purify the SiHCl3 from the
impurity halides.
•Finally, the pure SiHCl3 is reacted with hydrogen at 1100 C
for ~200 – 300 hours to produce a very pure form of silicon.
STEPS OF FABRICATION
Above reaction takes place inside large vacuum
chambers and the silicon is deposited onto thin
polysilicon rods (small grain size silicon) to produce
high-purity polysilicon rods of diameter 150-200mm.
 Silicon used for solar cells can be single crystalline,
multi crystalline, polycrystalline or amorphous. The
key difference between these materials is degree to
which the semiconductor has a regular, perfectly
ordered crystal structure.

STEPS OF FABRICATION


AFTER GETTING THE REQUIRED SILICON
FROM ABOVE MENTIONED CHEMICAL
PROCEDURE , different methods of solar cells
fabrication are applied , each method involves
doping of silicon to make p-n junction , and
required processes to make a furnished solar cell.
METHODS OF FABRICATION
1) SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
 Screen-printed solar cells were first developed in
the 1970's. Most mature solar cell fabrication
technology. The key advantage of screen-printing is
the relative simplicity of the process.
 It involves cutting a wafer of 10*10 square cm
,0.5mm thick , this wafer is then p-type doped with
born to add up holes .

SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
1) SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
BURIED CONTACT FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
BURIED CONTACT FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY


The buried contact solar cell is a high efficiency
commercial solar cell technology based on a plated
metal contact inside a laser-formed groove.

Buried contact solar cell to have performance up to
25% better than commercial screen-printed solar
cells.
 Shading losses are 2 to 3%.
 without having a wide strip of metal on the top
surface as in last case, and a large metal height-towidth aspect ratio increases the efficiency of cell.

RECENT FABRICATION RESEARCHES


To further increase efficiencies of solar cells , it is
found useful to modify the structures of solar cells
to maximize the life of cells as well as to increase
their power rating .



Some new structures are shown next……
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS
USE OF SOLAR CELLS FOR SPACE VEHICLES
Invention of solar cells for practical scales and their
implementation for power generation in space
vehicles has modified and eased the space
research work.
 Solar panels are shaped and fixed on the body of
space vehicle .
 Sine sun rays need no any medium to flow , these
rays are available in space and are utilized by solar
cells for power requirements of space vehicles.
 So in space vehicles , D.C batteries are only used
for power storage , and they are not the only source
of power generation , as solar cells are installed

USE OF SOLAR CELLS IN SPACE FOR EARTH


The solar energy available in space is literally
billions of times greater than we use today.

Americans are working on to gathers energy from
sunlight in space and transmits it wirelessly to Earth
i.e. SPACED BASED SOLAR POWER PROJECT
 Space solar power is by far the largest potential
energy source available.
 A lot of work is to be done in this context.

USE OF SOLAR CELLS IN SPACE FOR EARTH

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados (20)

ppt on photo voltaic effect
ppt on photo voltaic effectppt on photo voltaic effect
ppt on photo voltaic effect
 
Solar pv cell
Solar pv cellSolar pv cell
Solar pv cell
 
Solar photovoltaic technology
Solar photovoltaic technologySolar photovoltaic technology
Solar photovoltaic technology
 
organic solar cell
organic solar cellorganic solar cell
organic solar cell
 
Fuel cells
Fuel cellsFuel cells
Fuel cells
 
Solar cell
Solar cellSolar cell
Solar cell
 
Solar power plant
Solar power plantSolar power plant
Solar power plant
 
Solar Energy
Solar EnergySolar Energy
Solar Energy
 
Presentation on solar cell
Presentation on solar cellPresentation on solar cell
Presentation on solar cell
 
Lecture on Lead Acid Battery
Lecture on Lead Acid BatteryLecture on Lead Acid Battery
Lecture on Lead Acid Battery
 
solar cell characteristics
solar cell characteristicssolar cell characteristics
solar cell characteristics
 
Solar cell
 Solar cell Solar cell
Solar cell
 
solar photovoltaic system
solar photovoltaic systemsolar photovoltaic system
solar photovoltaic system
 
Battery Types and Battery technology
Battery Types and Battery technologyBattery Types and Battery technology
Battery Types and Battery technology
 
Solar cells for slideshare
Solar cells for slideshareSolar cells for slideshare
Solar cells for slideshare
 
A solar cell
A solar cellA solar cell
A solar cell
 
lead acid battery
lead acid batterylead acid battery
lead acid battery
 
Solar cell
Solar cellSolar cell
Solar cell
 
BCS THEORY NEW
BCS THEORY NEWBCS THEORY NEW
BCS THEORY NEW
 
Organic photovoltaic cells : OPV
Organic photovoltaic cells : OPVOrganic photovoltaic cells : OPV
Organic photovoltaic cells : OPV
 

Destaque

Solar panel Technology ppt
Solar panel Technology pptSolar panel Technology ppt
Solar panel Technology pptGourav Kumar
 
Solar cells and its applications
Solar cells and its applicationsSolar cells and its applications
Solar cells and its applicationsPoojith Chowdhary
 
Dye Sensitized Solar cell (DSSC)
Dye Sensitized Solar cell (DSSC)Dye Sensitized Solar cell (DSSC)
Dye Sensitized Solar cell (DSSC)shashank chetty
 
seminar report on solar cell
seminar report on solar cellseminar report on solar cell
seminar report on solar cellASHOK KHOJA
 
Presentation on solar cell textiles
Presentation on solar cell textilesPresentation on solar cell textiles
Presentation on solar cell textilesRajkumar Shinkar
 
Nano solar cells
Nano solar cellsNano solar cells
Nano solar cellsSubash John
 
Fabrication of Organic bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell
Fabrication of Organic bulk Heterojunction Solar CellFabrication of Organic bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell
Fabrication of Organic bulk Heterojunction Solar CellFarzane Senobari
 
Solar energy power point presentation
Solar energy power point presentation Solar energy power point presentation
Solar energy power point presentation Shrijeet Modi
 
Solar energy ppt
Solar energy pptSolar energy ppt
Solar energy pptshubhajit_b
 
Nanotechnology applications in solar cells
Nanotechnology applications in solar cellsNanotechnology applications in solar cells
Nanotechnology applications in solar cellsJAYASHRI NARAYANAN
 
Solar photovoltaic systems
Solar photovoltaic systemsSolar photovoltaic systems
Solar photovoltaic systemsanish_hercules
 
Amorphous silicon solar cells
Amorphous silicon solar cellsAmorphous silicon solar cells
Amorphous silicon solar cellssatyanshu kumar
 
Solar cell pv votaic system
Solar cell pv votaic systemSolar cell pv votaic system
Solar cell pv votaic systemRubiat Islam
 
Nanotechnology as Energy Source
Nanotechnology as Energy SourceNanotechnology as Energy Source
Nanotechnology as Energy SourceNoor Ain
 
Solar cell technology_kartheek rp
Solar cell technology_kartheek rpSolar cell technology_kartheek rp
Solar cell technology_kartheek rpKartheek RP
 
Solar Cells Lecture 1: Introduction to Photovoltaics
Solar Cells Lecture 1: Introduction to PhotovoltaicsSolar Cells Lecture 1: Introduction to Photovoltaics
Solar Cells Lecture 1: Introduction to PhotovoltaicsTuong Do
 
Lecture 3: Fundamental Limitations of Solar Cells
Lecture 3: Fundamental Limitations of Solar CellsLecture 3: Fundamental Limitations of Solar Cells
Lecture 3: Fundamental Limitations of Solar CellsUniversity of Liverpool
 

Destaque (20)

Solar panel Technology ppt
Solar panel Technology pptSolar panel Technology ppt
Solar panel Technology ppt
 
Solar cells and its applications
Solar cells and its applicationsSolar cells and its applications
Solar cells and its applications
 
Dye Sensitized Solar cell (DSSC)
Dye Sensitized Solar cell (DSSC)Dye Sensitized Solar cell (DSSC)
Dye Sensitized Solar cell (DSSC)
 
seminar report on solar cell
seminar report on solar cellseminar report on solar cell
seminar report on solar cell
 
Presentation on solar cell textiles
Presentation on solar cell textilesPresentation on solar cell textiles
Presentation on solar cell textiles
 
Nano solar cells
Nano solar cellsNano solar cells
Nano solar cells
 
Fabrication of Organic bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell
Fabrication of Organic bulk Heterojunction Solar CellFabrication of Organic bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell
Fabrication of Organic bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell
 
Solar energy power point presentation
Solar energy power point presentation Solar energy power point presentation
Solar energy power point presentation
 
Solar energy ppt
Solar energy pptSolar energy ppt
Solar energy ppt
 
Nanotechnology applications in solar cells
Nanotechnology applications in solar cellsNanotechnology applications in solar cells
Nanotechnology applications in solar cells
 
Solar photovoltaic systems
Solar photovoltaic systemsSolar photovoltaic systems
Solar photovoltaic systems
 
solar energy
solar energysolar energy
solar energy
 
Amorphous silicon solar cells
Amorphous silicon solar cellsAmorphous silicon solar cells
Amorphous silicon solar cells
 
Solar cell pv votaic system
Solar cell pv votaic systemSolar cell pv votaic system
Solar cell pv votaic system
 
Nanotechnology as Energy Source
Nanotechnology as Energy SourceNanotechnology as Energy Source
Nanotechnology as Energy Source
 
Lecture 10: Solar Cell Technologies
Lecture 10: Solar Cell TechnologiesLecture 10: Solar Cell Technologies
Lecture 10: Solar Cell Technologies
 
Solar cell technology_kartheek rp
Solar cell technology_kartheek rpSolar cell technology_kartheek rp
Solar cell technology_kartheek rp
 
Solar Cells Lecture 1: Introduction to Photovoltaics
Solar Cells Lecture 1: Introduction to PhotovoltaicsSolar Cells Lecture 1: Introduction to Photovoltaics
Solar Cells Lecture 1: Introduction to Photovoltaics
 
Lecture 3: Fundamental Limitations of Solar Cells
Lecture 3: Fundamental Limitations of Solar CellsLecture 3: Fundamental Limitations of Solar Cells
Lecture 3: Fundamental Limitations of Solar Cells
 
Nano solar cells
Nano solar cellsNano solar cells
Nano solar cells
 

Semelhante a SOLAR CELL FABRICATION,SOLAR CELLS,

Solar 101-eng by solar world
Solar 101-eng by solar worldSolar 101-eng by solar world
Solar 101-eng by solar worldal-solar
 
24 ijaprr vol1-3-32-37nasir
24 ijaprr vol1-3-32-37nasir24 ijaprr vol1-3-32-37nasir
24 ijaprr vol1-3-32-37nasirijaprr_editor
 
Making of a silicon chip
Making of a silicon chipMaking of a silicon chip
Making of a silicon chipsurabhi8
 
Nano tubes technology in solar
Nano tubes technology in solarNano tubes technology in solar
Nano tubes technology in solarsriviswanadh gubba
 
Future of Solar Technology - Solar Energy Facts
Future of Solar Technology - Solar Energy FactsFuture of Solar Technology - Solar Energy Facts
Future of Solar Technology - Solar Energy FactsPremier Energy
 
CIVE685_SolarPotovoltaics_07Oct20-Updated.pdf
CIVE685_SolarPotovoltaics_07Oct20-Updated.pdfCIVE685_SolarPotovoltaics_07Oct20-Updated.pdf
CIVE685_SolarPotovoltaics_07Oct20-Updated.pdfSara972447
 
Solar energy and PV cells
Solar energy and PV cellsSolar energy and PV cells
Solar energy and PV cellsSurbhi Agarwal
 
solar cell by jerox
solar cell by jeroxsolar cell by jerox
solar cell by jeroxjaygo91
 
Overview of solar power generation
Overview of solar power generationOverview of solar power generation
Overview of solar power generationAmin Gado
 
Solar cell presentation
Solar cell presentationSolar cell presentation
Solar cell presentationfaridhossan
 
SOLAR PV INFORMATION AND FACTS
SOLAR PV INFORMATION AND FACTSSOLAR PV INFORMATION AND FACTS
SOLAR PV INFORMATION AND FACTSbadaruddinkakepoto
 
ppt on the Solar energy
ppt on the Solar energyppt on the Solar energy
ppt on the Solar energyYuvraj Singh
 

Semelhante a SOLAR CELL FABRICATION,SOLAR CELLS, (20)

Solar 101-eng by solar world
Solar 101-eng by solar worldSolar 101-eng by solar world
Solar 101-eng by solar world
 
24 ijaprr vol1-3-32-37nasir
24 ijaprr vol1-3-32-37nasir24 ijaprr vol1-3-32-37nasir
24 ijaprr vol1-3-32-37nasir
 
Arjun sibi
Arjun sibiArjun sibi
Arjun sibi
 
solar technology
solar technologysolar technology
solar technology
 
Making of a silicon chip
Making of a silicon chipMaking of a silicon chip
Making of a silicon chip
 
Nano tubes technology in solar
Nano tubes technology in solarNano tubes technology in solar
Nano tubes technology in solar
 
Future of Solar Technology - Solar Energy Facts
Future of Solar Technology - Solar Energy FactsFuture of Solar Technology - Solar Energy Facts
Future of Solar Technology - Solar Energy Facts
 
CIVE685_SolarPotovoltaics_07Oct20-Updated.pdf
CIVE685_SolarPotovoltaics_07Oct20-Updated.pdfCIVE685_SolarPotovoltaics_07Oct20-Updated.pdf
CIVE685_SolarPotovoltaics_07Oct20-Updated.pdf
 
Solar energy and PV cells
Solar energy and PV cellsSolar energy and PV cells
Solar energy and PV cells
 
solar cell by jerox
solar cell by jeroxsolar cell by jerox
solar cell by jerox
 
Overview of solar power generation
Overview of solar power generationOverview of solar power generation
Overview of solar power generation
 
Lecture 2 .pptx
Lecture 2                            .pptxLecture 2                            .pptx
Lecture 2 .pptx
 
Lecture 2 .pdf
Lecture 2                           .pdfLecture 2                           .pdf
Lecture 2 .pdf
 
Solar cell presentation
Solar cell presentationSolar cell presentation
Solar cell presentation
 
solar cell
solar cellsolar cell
solar cell
 
CH7_Solar Cell_ M A Islam_ppt
CH7_Solar Cell_ M A Islam_pptCH7_Solar Cell_ M A Islam_ppt
CH7_Solar Cell_ M A Islam_ppt
 
SOLAR PV INFORMATION AND FACTS
SOLAR PV INFORMATION AND FACTSSOLAR PV INFORMATION AND FACTS
SOLAR PV INFORMATION AND FACTS
 
solar__c123_ppt.pptx
solar__c123_ppt.pptxsolar__c123_ppt.pptx
solar__c123_ppt.pptx
 
Solar energy2013
Solar energy2013Solar energy2013
Solar energy2013
 
ppt on the Solar energy
ppt on the Solar energyppt on the Solar energy
ppt on the Solar energy
 

Último

FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024Elizabeth Walsh
 
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptxExploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptxPooja Bhuva
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and ModificationsMJDuyan
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...pradhanghanshyam7136
 
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structureSingle or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structuredhanjurrannsibayan2
 
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...Pooja Bhuva
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.christianmathematics
 
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf arts
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf artsTatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf arts
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf artsNbelano25
 
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - EnglishGraduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - Englishneillewis46
 
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning ExhibitSociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibitjbellavia9
 
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSHow to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSCeline George
 
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.MaryamAhmad92
 
NO1 Top Black Magic Specialist In Lahore Black magic In Pakistan Kala Ilam Ex...
NO1 Top Black Magic Specialist In Lahore Black magic In Pakistan Kala Ilam Ex...NO1 Top Black Magic Specialist In Lahore Black magic In Pakistan Kala Ilam Ex...
NO1 Top Black Magic Specialist In Lahore Black magic In Pakistan Kala Ilam Ex...Amil baba
 
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxHMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxEsquimalt MFRC
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxJisc
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxJisc
 
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Pooja Bhuva
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
 
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 

Último (20)

FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
 
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptxExploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
 
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structureSingle or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
 
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
 
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf arts
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf artsTatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf arts
Tatlong Kwento ni Lola basyang-1.pdf arts
 
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - EnglishGraduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
 
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
 
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning ExhibitSociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
 
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSHow to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
 
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
 
NO1 Top Black Magic Specialist In Lahore Black magic In Pakistan Kala Ilam Ex...
NO1 Top Black Magic Specialist In Lahore Black magic In Pakistan Kala Ilam Ex...NO1 Top Black Magic Specialist In Lahore Black magic In Pakistan Kala Ilam Ex...
NO1 Top Black Magic Specialist In Lahore Black magic In Pakistan Kala Ilam Ex...
 
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxHMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
 
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
 
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
 

SOLAR CELL FABRICATION,SOLAR CELLS,

  • 1. PHOTO VOLTAIC GENERATORS As name indicates  PHOTO = light  VOLTAIC = volts  PHOTVOLTAICS IS A METHOD of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the Photovoltaic effect. 
  • 2. WHAT IS PHOTO VOLTAIC EFFECT?  Photovoltaic effect is the basis of photo voltaic power generation.  The photovoltaic effect is the creation of voltage or electric current in a material upon exposure to light.
  • 4. WHAT IS PHOTO VOLTAIC EFFECT? • When the sunlight or any other light is incident upon a material surface, the electrons present in the valence band absorb energy and, being excited, jump to the conduction band and become free. These highly excited electrons jump into a different material (electrodes). This generates an electromotive force, and thus some of the light energy is converted into electric energy which means energy is generated in this way.
  • 5. FABRICATION OF SOLAR/PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL  In 1883, first photo voltaic cell was made by Charles Fritts, who coated the semiconductor selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the junctions.  It was only 1% efficient.  To understand the fabrication of solar cells we need to understand some basics,……….
  • 6. FABRICATION OF SOLAR/PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL Basically A solar cell is a junction (usually a PN junction) with sunlight shining on it.
  • 7. FABRICATION OF SOLAR CELLS  The first practical photovoltaic cell was developed in 1954 at Bell Laboratories .They used a diffused silicon p–n junction that reached 6% efficiency, compared to the selenium cells.  Most practical solar cells are silicon based , because it is cheap and abundant material.
  • 8. STEPS OF FABRICATION First step is refining silicon  Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is the most abundant mineral in the earth's crust.  The manufacture of the hyper pure silicon for photovoltaics starts with locating a source of silicon dioxide in the form of sand.  The silica is reduced (oxygen removed) through a reaction with carbon in the form of coal, charcoal and heating to 1500-2000 °C in an electrode arc furnace. 
  • 9. STEPS OF FABRICATION oSilicon di oxide + Carbon = Silicon + Carbon di oxide oThe resulting silicon is 98% pure. It contains Fe, Al, and B , to remove these traces , further purification is done , Powdered Si is reacted with anhydrous HCl at 300 C to form SiHCl3
  • 10. STEPS OF FABRICATION •During this reaction impurities such as Fe, Al, and B react to form their halides (e.g. FeCl3, AlCl3, and BCl3). •The SiHCl3 has a low boiling point of 31.8 C and distillation is used to purify the SiHCl3 from the impurity halides. •Finally, the pure SiHCl3 is reacted with hydrogen at 1100 C for ~200 – 300 hours to produce a very pure form of silicon.
  • 11. STEPS OF FABRICATION Above reaction takes place inside large vacuum chambers and the silicon is deposited onto thin polysilicon rods (small grain size silicon) to produce high-purity polysilicon rods of diameter 150-200mm.  Silicon used for solar cells can be single crystalline, multi crystalline, polycrystalline or amorphous. The key difference between these materials is degree to which the semiconductor has a regular, perfectly ordered crystal structure. 
  • 12. STEPS OF FABRICATION  AFTER GETTING THE REQUIRED SILICON FROM ABOVE MENTIONED CHEMICAL PROCEDURE , different methods of solar cells fabrication are applied , each method involves doping of silicon to make p-n junction , and required processes to make a furnished solar cell.
  • 13. METHODS OF FABRICATION 1) SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY  Screen-printed solar cells were first developed in the 1970's. Most mature solar cell fabrication technology. The key advantage of screen-printing is the relative simplicity of the process.  It involves cutting a wafer of 10*10 square cm ,0.5mm thick , this wafer is then p-type doped with born to add up holes . 
  • 14. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 15. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 16. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 17. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 18. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 19. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 20. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 21. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 22. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 23. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 24. 1) SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 25. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 26. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 27. SCREEN PRINTED SOLAR CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
  • 29. BURIED CONTACT FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY  The buried contact solar cell is a high efficiency commercial solar cell technology based on a plated metal contact inside a laser-formed groove. Buried contact solar cell to have performance up to 25% better than commercial screen-printed solar cells.  Shading losses are 2 to 3%.  without having a wide strip of metal on the top surface as in last case, and a large metal height-towidth aspect ratio increases the efficiency of cell. 
  • 30. RECENT FABRICATION RESEARCHES  To further increase efficiencies of solar cells , it is found useful to modify the structures of solar cells to maximize the life of cells as well as to increase their power rating .  Some new structures are shown next……
  • 32. USE OF SOLAR CELLS FOR SPACE VEHICLES Invention of solar cells for practical scales and their implementation for power generation in space vehicles has modified and eased the space research work.  Solar panels are shaped and fixed on the body of space vehicle .  Sine sun rays need no any medium to flow , these rays are available in space and are utilized by solar cells for power requirements of space vehicles.  So in space vehicles , D.C batteries are only used for power storage , and they are not the only source of power generation , as solar cells are installed 
  • 33. USE OF SOLAR CELLS IN SPACE FOR EARTH  The solar energy available in space is literally billions of times greater than we use today. Americans are working on to gathers energy from sunlight in space and transmits it wirelessly to Earth i.e. SPACED BASED SOLAR POWER PROJECT  Space solar power is by far the largest potential energy source available.  A lot of work is to be done in this context. 
  • 34. USE OF SOLAR CELLS IN SPACE FOR EARTH