The document provides an overview of different industrial materials, including their classification and properties. It discusses four main categories of materials: metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. Within metals, it distinguishes between ferrous metals like steel and cast iron that contain iron, and non-ferrous metals like aluminum and copper that do not. It provides details on the composition, characteristics, and uses of these different classes of materials.

1. INDUSTRIAL MATERIAL
Presented by:
Usman Zafar
11-MC-11
Ahsan Mahmood
11-MC-27
Faheem Fiaz
11-MC-17

2. Usman Zafar
11-MC-11

3. Overview
Of presentation

4. Classification of Materials
• Engineering materials can be classified into
three basic categories:
1.Metals
2.Ceramics
3.Polymers
4.Composites
Their chemistries are different, their mechanical
and physical properties are dissimilar

5. Metals
• Metal used in manufacturing are usually
alloys ,which are composed of two or more
elements ,with atleast one being metallic
element.Metals can be divided into two basic
categories:
a) Ferrous
b) Non ferrous

6. • Ferrous Metals :
Ferrous metals are based on iron: the group
includes steel and cast iron.Pure iron has
limited commercial use, but when alloyed with
carbon .iron has more uses and greater
commercial value than any other metal
• Non ferrous:
They include the other metallic elements and
their alloys.They iclude metals and alloys of
aluminum ,copper ,gold silver and other
metals.

7. Ceramics
• A ceramic is defined as a compound
conatining metallic or semimetallic and
nonmetallic elements.typical non metallic
elemets are oxygen,carn and
nitrogen.Ceramics include variety of traditinal
and modern materials .Traditinal ceramics
include clay ,silica , alumin and silicon
carbide.Newer ceramics include carbides and
nitrides.

8. Polymers
• A polyer usually consists of carbon plus one or
more other elements such as hydrogen
,nitogen ,oxyggen and chlorine.Polymers are
divided into three categories:
1.Thermoplastic polymers
2.Elastomers
3.Thermosetting plastics

9. • Thermoplastic Polymers :
They become soft on heating and melt on he
ating and can be mouldrd again and againare
known as thermoplastic.Repeative heating does
not cause permanent change in properties or
composition.
• Elastomers :
Polymers that strech and then return to their
original form.
• Thermosetting plastic : These
are palstics that can be softened on heating but
become permanently hard on cooling.

10. Composites
• Composites materials are multiphase
materials obtained by artificial combination of
different materials to attain properties that
individual component cannot attain
• Example is lightweight brake disc obtained by
embedding SIC particles in Al-alloy matrix
• Composites are non homogenous mixture of
other three basic tyes.

11. Properties of Materials
By
Ahsan Mahmood
11-MC-27

12. Physical Properties
• Density - The mass per unit volume of a
material.
• Electrical Resistivity - This is a measure of a
material’s ability to conduct electricity. A
material with a low resistivity will conduct
electricity well.
• Thermal Conductivity - A measure of how fast
heat is conducted through a slab of material
with a given temperature difference across
the slab.
3.2

13. Physical Properties
• Thermal Expansion - A measure of the degree
of increase in dimensions when an object is
heated. This can be measured by an increase
in length, area or volume. The expansivity can
be measured as the fractional increase in
dimension per Kelvin increase in temperature.
• Hardness - The resistance a material offers to
penetration or scratching.
3.2

14. Density
Density is an important consideration in
relation to product weight and size (e.g. for
portability). Pre-packaged food is sold by
weight/volume and a particular consistency
is required.
3.2

15. Electrical Resistivity
Electrical resistivity is an important
consideration in selecting particular
materials as conductors or insulators for
particular design contexts.
3.2

16. Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity is an important
consideration for objects which will be
heated, which must conduct heat or which
must insulate against heat.
3.2

17. Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion (expansivity) is an
important consideration where two dissimilar
materials are joined, such as glazed metals.
These may then experience large
temperature changes while staying joined.
3.2

18. Hardness
Hardness is an important consideration
where resistance to penetration or
scratching is required. Ceramic floor tiles are
extremely hard and resistant to scratching.
3.2

19. Mechanical Properties
• Tensile Strength - The ability of a material to
withstand pulling forces.
• Stiffness - The ability of a product to
withstand bending.
3.2

20. Mechanical Properties
• Ductility - The ability of a material to be drawn
or extruded into a wire or other extended
shape.
• Toughness - The ability of a material to resist
the propagation of cracks.
• (Tough guys don’t crack)
3.2

21. Tensile Strength
• The tensile strength of ropes and cables is an
important safety consideration in climbing
and in elevators.
3.2

22. Stiffness
• Stiffness is an important consideration when
maintaining shape is crucial to the
performance of an object for example an
aeroplane wing.
3.2

23. Toughness
• Toughness is an important consideration
where abrasion and cutting may take place
3.2

24. Ductility
• Ductility is an important consideration when
metals are extruded (do not confuse this with
malleability—the ability to be shaped
plastically).
3.2

25. Faheem Fiaz
11-MC-17

26. HEAT
ELECTRICITY

27. NON-
FERROUS
FERROUS
METAL
METAL
ALLOY
ALLOY

28. FERROUS METAL
Iron
Rust
Attracted to magnet

29. FERROUS METAL
Harder
High

30. Ferrous Metals
CAST IRON

31. Ferrous Metals
LOW CARBON STEEL (>0.25% C)

32. MEDIUM CARBON STEEL
(0.25%-0.6% C)

33. HIGH CARBON STEEL
(0.6%-1.4%)

34. Ferrous Metals
STAINLESS STEEL

35. NON-FERROUS METALS
Non-ferrous metals do not have iron
in them. Therefore they do not rust
and are not attracted to magnets.

36. NON-FERROUS METALS
Most non-ferrous metals are soft.
By ‘alloying’ with other materials,
they form new materials and become
stronger for further applications.
These are known also as
‘non-ferrous alloys’.

37. Non-Ferrous Metals
ALUMINIUM

38. Non-Ferrous Metals
COPPER

39. Non-Ferrous Metals
TIN

40. Non-Ferrous Metals
LEAD

41. Non-Ferrous Alloys
BRASS

42. Any Question?