1. Dosage form of Drugs
&
Route of drug administration
By Abubakar salisu fago.

2. Drug substance are seldom administer alone; rather they are given as part of
formulation in combination with one or more non-medicinal agents that serve
varied and specialized Pharmaceutical functions. Selective uses of non
medicinal agent referred to as pharmaceutical ingredients or excipients,
produces dosage form of various types.
Pharmaceutical ingredients solubilized, suspend, thicken, dilute, emulsify,
stabilized, preserve, color, flavor and fashioned medicinal agent into efficacious
and appealing dosage forms.
Dosage form is mixture of medicinal substance and excipients together so that
they designed in definite form , size , shape, color and in appearances. Dosage
form is the way of identifying the drug in its physical form. In determining
dosage form, FDA examines such factors as
(1) physical appearance of the drug product,
(2) physical form of the drug product prior to dispensing to the patient,
(3) the way the product is administered,
(4) frequency of dosing, and
(5) how pharmacists and other health professionals might recognize and
handle the product."

3. Each type of dosage form is unique in physical and pharmaceutical characteristics.
Depending on the type of administration they come in several types
Solid

4. Solid dosage forms
1. Powders
2. Granules
3. Tablets
4. Capsules
5. Modified release dosage
forms (Tablet/Capsul)
6. Lozenges ( torches)
Semi-solid dosage forms
1. Ointments
2. Creams
3. Liniments
4. Suppository
5. Gel/ jelly
6. Paste
7. Poultices
8. Aerosols
9. Transdermal Drug delivery
system
Liquid dosage formsNon–sterile
1. Syrup
2. Solution
3. Tincture
4. Suspension
5. Emulsion
6. Lotion
7. Elixir
8. Draughts
9. Enemas
10. Gargles
Sterile dosage forms
1. Injectables
2. Intravenous bolus
dosage
3. Drops ( Eye & Ear)
11. Linctus
12. Lotions
13. Mixture

5. Powders: oral unite dosage form that
nowadays rarely prepared
extemporaneously
Powder may be prescribed in the form of
1. Bulk powders for (oral) internal use-
eg.
Gregory powder ( compound BPC)
Heavy Mg carbonate- 325g
Light Mg carbonate 325 g
Rhuberb in powde- 250g
Ginger in powder- 100g
2. Bulk powder for external use-
dusting powder and insufflations
Dusting powder two types ( free flowing
fine powder for external uses
Medical- these are used for superficial skin
condition and rarely require to be sterile.
However they should be free from
dangerous pathogens. Thet are not
intended to use in open wounds.
Eg. Light kaoline, talc, starch and zinc oxide
Surgical dusting powders;
These are used in body cavity and major
wounds. They often contain
antibacterial agents.
Eg. Chlorhexidine powders
Hexachlorphen powders
Neomycin sulfate powders
Some times, oral solution and syrup or
even I.V preparation dispense in the
form of powder
Eg. Paracetamol dry syrup
Cephadoxile dry syrup
( they require to add vehicle when use)
Neomycine
sulfate, polymaxin
B and
Dexomethasone

6. Granules:
Solid dosage form oral preparation for large volume of medicaments
where the active ingredients are compressed together with
excipients to form suitable granules and passed through suitable
sieve.
Eg. Methyl cellulose granules
Sodium Amino salicylate ( 6-12gm) for TB
Advantages of granules:
a. Some time it is difficult to find satisfactory presentation of
medicament with large dosages.
b. Tablet and capsule may be impractical because of size and number
of frequency
c. Liquid dosage forms are avoided due to instability in moisture.
d. Administration of powder form is difficult due to unpleasant test
e. Suitable amount of coloring, flavoring and sweetening agent can
be included.

7. Tablets:
Solid dosage form where powders are moulded into tablets. They
are flat, circular dices usually contain a potent medicament mixed
with sucrose, lactose, dextrose or any other suitable diluents along
with sufficient binding, coloring and flavoring agents. They are
intended for oral use, require prior dissolution upon contact with
moisture of the stomach. Thus tables avoided ingredient those are
not soluble in water.
Capsules:
Solid dosage form intended for oral
administration containing active ingredients
along with suitable fillers. They are two
types.
1. Hard gelatin capsules:
They consist a cylindrical body and cap, both
with hemispherical ends, and are made from
gelatin and water with added preservatives.
Although they are quite hard, they soften
and dissolve after swelling with water
2. Soft gelatin capsules: are for solid, liquids
and semisolid liquids. They may be spherical ,
ovoid or cylindrical. In addition to the
ingredients of hard capsules, they contain
glycerol which provide the flexibility.

8. Modified Release dosage forms (Tablet/Capsule)
In contrast to conventional ( Immediately release)
forms, modified –release products provide either
delayed release or extended release of drugs. Most
delayed release products are enteric coated tablets
or capsules designed to pass through the stomach
unaltered, later to release their medication within
the intestinal tract.
Delayed release product are used either to protect
the substance from destruction by gastric fluids or
to prevent stomach distress.
Extended release Products are designed to release
their medication in a controlled manner, at
predominant rate, duration and location to achieve
and maintain optimum therapeutic blood levels of
drugs.

9. Lozenges: (torches)
These are solid preparation
consisting mainly sugar and
gum. Gum uses for increasing
the hardness of preparation
thus ensure slow release of
medicaments. They are use to
medicate the mouth and throat
and for slow administration of
indigestion and cough
remedies.

10. Semisolid Dosage forms
Ointments: are semi-solid greasy
preparation for application to the skin or
mucosa. The base is usually anhydrous
and containing medicaments in solution
or suspension.
They are generally used for their
a. emollient effects
b. protection effect of lesions
c. topical application of medications
eg.
Acne- Sulphur or resorcinol ointment
Antibiotic- bacitracine, chlortetracycline
Anti-inflammatory- Betamethasone
Anti-septic- Zinc oxide
Dandruffs- Salicylic acid
Counter irritant- Capcisin

11. Creams:
These are semisolid emulsion for
external use. There are two kinds,
aqueous and oily cream, in which the
emulsion are Oil in Water (O/W) or
Water in Oil (W/O). The oil in water type
are relatively non-greasy.
Cream are of two type cold cream and
vanishing creams. Vanishing cream is an
oil in water type of emulsion whereas
cold cream is of water in oil type of
emulsion. They also differ in their pH.
vanishing cream is of neutral to slightly
acidic pH but cold cream is of neutral
pH. Vanishing creams are easily
washable but cold creams can not be
removed from the skin easily.