This is a presentation relating to Chapter 8 of the Embalming: History, Theory, and Practice textbook.

1. Chapter 8:
Anatomical Considerations
Part I

2. Anatomical Position
• The subject is standing erect,
the arms of the subject are at
the sides with the palms of
the hands facing the
observer, the feet are
together, and the subject is
facing the observer.

3. • Anatomical Guide –
• Linear Guide –
• Anatomical Limit –

4. • Blood in veins flows OPPOSITE blood in
arteries…
• Therefore…
• The anatomical limit and the
linear guide for the veins would
be the opposite of those of the
respective arteries.

5. • The anatomical guides for arteries and veins
would be the same.

6. Common Carotid Artery
• Linear Guide –

7. Common Carotid Artery
• Anatomical Guide –

8. Common Carotid Artery
• Anatomical Limit –
• Right – begins at the level of
the right sternoclavicular
articulation and extends to the
superior border of the thyroid
cartilage.
• Left – begins at the level of the
second costal cartilage and
extends to the superior border
of the thyroid cartilage.

9. Common Carotid Artery
• Origins –
• Right – a terminal branch of the
brachiocephalic artery.
• Left – is a branch off the arch of the aorta.

10. Common Carotid Artery
• Branches –
• Right – no branches of the right common carotid,
except the terminal bifurcation into the right internal
and external carotid arteries.
• Left – no branches except the terminal bifurcation into
the left internal and external carotid arteries.

11. Common Carotid Artery

12. Common Carotid Artery
• Branches of the Right and Left External
Carotid Arteries –
• Ascending pharyngeal
• Superior thyroid
• Lingual
• Facial
• Occipital
• Posterior auricular
• Maxillary
• Superficial temporal

13. Common Carotid Artery
• Branches of the Right and Left Internal Carotid
Arteries –
• Branches arising
within the carotid canal
• Ophthalmic
• Anterior cerebral
• Middle cerebral
• Posterior communicating
• Choroidal branches

14. Common Carotid Artery
• Relationship of the Common Carotid to the
Internal Jugular Vein –
• The internal jugular vein lies…

15. Common Carotid Artery
• Contents of the Carotid Sheath –
• Internal jugular vein
• Vagus nerve
• Common carotid artery
What is the carotid sheath?

16. Axillary Artery
• Linear Guide –

17. Axillary Artery
• Anatomical Guide –

18. Axillary Artery
• Anatomical Limit –
• Extends from a point
beginning at the lateral
border of the first rib and
extends to the inferior
border of the tendon of the
teres major muscle.

19. Axillary Artery
• Origin –
• A continuation of the
subclavian artery.

20. Axillary Artery
Branches –
• Highest (supreme) thoracic artery
• Thoracoacromial artery
• Lateral thoracic artery
• Subscapular artery
• Anterior humeral circumflex artery
• Posterior humeral circumflex
artery

21. Axillary Artery
• Relationship of Axillary Artery to the Axillary
Vein –
• The axillary artery is located…

22. Axillary Artery
• Incision for Raising the Axillary Vessels –

23. Brachial Artery
• Linear Guide –

24. Brachial Artery
• Anatomical Guide –

25. Brachial Artery
• Anatomical Limit –
• Extends from a point beginning at the
inferior border of the tendon of the
teres major muscle and extends to a
point inferior to the antecubital fossa.

26. Brachial Artery
• Origin –
• The brachial artery is a
continuation of the axillary artery.

27. Brachial Artery
• Relationship of the Brachial Artery and the
Basilic Vein –
• The accompanying basilic vein is
located…

28. Brachial Artery
• Location of the Incision –

29. Radial Artery
• Linear Guide –

30. Radial Artery
• Anatomical Guide –

31. Radial Artery
• Anatomical Limit –
• Extends from a point approximately 1 inch below
an in front of the bend
of the elbow to a point
over the base of the
thumb (thenar
eminence).

32. Radial Artery
• Origin –
• Originates at the bifurcation
of the brachial artery.

33. Radial Artery
• Relationship of the Radial Artery and the Venae
Comitantes –
• Two small veins (venae
comintantes) lie…

34. Ulnar Artery
• Linear Guide –

35. Ulnar Artery
• Anatomical Guide –

36. Ulnar Artery
• Anatomical Limit –
• Extends from a point
approximately 1 inch below and
in front of the bend of the
elbow to a point over the
pisiform bone (hypothenar
eminence).

37. Ulnar Artery
• Origin –
• Originates at the bifurcation of the brachial
artery.

38. Ulnar Artery
• Relationship of the Ulnar Artery to the Venae
Comitantes –
• Two small veins
(venae comitantes) lie…

39. Arteries of the Body Trunk
• Ascending Aorta
• Arch of the Aorta
• Right Subclavian
• Left Subclavian
• Descending Thoracic Aorta
• Descending Abdominal Aorta

40. Arteries of the Body Trunk

41. Ascending Aorta
• Originates at the left
ventricle.
• Branches –
• Right Coronary
Artery
• Left Coronary Artery

42. Arch of the Aorta
• Center of Arterial Solution Distribution
• Branches –
• Brachiocephalic Artery
• Left Common Carotid Artery
• Left Subclavian Artery

43. Right Subclavian
• Begins at the right sternoclavicular articulation
and extends to the lateral border of the first
rib.
• For full autopsy (neck organs removed) –
branches need to be clamped.
• Braches –
• Vertebral Artery
• Internal Thoracic artery
• Inferior Thyroid

44. Left Subclavian
• Begins at the level of the
left second costal cartilage
and extends to the lateral
border of the first rib.

45. Descending Thoracic Aorta
• Branches –
• Include NINE (9)
pair of thoracic
intercostal arteries.

46. Descending Abdominal Aorta
• Extends from the
diaphragm to the lower
border of the fourth
lumbar vertebra.
• Branches –
• Parietal (Inferior Phrenic, Superior
Suprarenals, Lumbar, Middle Sacral)
• Visceral unpaired (Celiac Axis,
Superior Mesenteric, Inferior Mesenteric)
• Visceral paired (Middle Suprarenals, Renals, Internal Spermatic,
Ovarian, Common Iliacs)

47. External Iliac Artery and Vein
• Continuation of the common iliac artery.
• Common iliac is a terminal branch of the
abdominal aorta.
• Extends to a point under the center of the
inguinal ligament.
• Lies exactly at this ligament lateral to the external
iliac vein.

48. External Iliac Artery and Vein
• Used in autopsied bodies for the injection of the
lower extremities.
• In unautopsied bodies, it
can be used for the
morbidly obese.
• Iliofemoral –