Nick gandelanah holocaustresistancemovements
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- 1. HolocausHolocaus tt ResistancResistanc ee MovementMovement HolocausHolocaus tt ResistancResistanc ee MovementMovement By Nick G and Elana h HGHS ChappaquaNY—ms Pojer wxy By Nick G and Elana h HGHS ChappaquaNY—ms Pojer wxy
- 2. Essential QuestionEssential Question What were the holocaustWhat were the holocaust resistance movements andresistance movements and to what extent did theyto what extent did they help save lives?help save lives?
- 5. POPE PIUSPOPE PIUS XIIXII Began indifferentBegan indifferent and unhelpfuland unhelpful towardstowards the Jewsthe Jews ExtremelyExtremely influentialinfluential He could influenceHe could influence about 400 millionabout 400 million CatholicsCatholics Spoke out againstSpoke out against Italian racial lawsItalian racial laws preventing mixedpreventing mixed marriagesmarriages Did not condemnDid not condemn KristallnachtKristallnacht
- 6. Concordat with HitlerConcordat with Hitler 1933 Pope Pius signed a concordat1933 Pope Pius signed a concordat with Adolf Hitlerwith Adolf Hitler Allowed Catholics to practiceAllowed Catholics to practice freely in Germanyfreely in Germany Separated religion and politicsSeparated religion and politics It weakened the Catholic CenterIt weakened the Catholic Center Party in Germany, giving Hitler aParty in Germany, giving Hitler a political advantage over thempolitical advantage over them
- 7. POPE PIUS XIIPOPE PIUS XII March 1939 Pope Pius XII issuedMarch 1939 Pope Pius XII issued 3,000 visas to European Jews3,000 visas to European Jews allowing them to flee persecutionallowing them to flee persecution When asked to publicly condemnWhen asked to publicly condemn the death camps, Pope Pius XIIthe death camps, Pope Pius XII refused, wanting to remain neutralrefused, wanting to remain neutral He did however privately tellHe did however privately tell Catholic institutions to hide JewsCatholic institutions to hide Jews
- 8. POPE PIUS XIIPOPE PIUS XII Lent money to help the JewsLent money to help the Jews Protested in 1944 when GermanyProtested in 1944 when Germany invaded Hungary and deportedinvaded Hungary and deported Jews from thereJews from there Transferred 6,000 JewishTransferred 6,000 Jewish Bulgarian kids to PalestineBulgarian kids to Palestine Warned the Allies about OperationWarned the Allies about Operation Yellow to blow up the British NavyYellow to blow up the British Navy
- 9. Le Chambon-Sur-Le Chambon-Sur- LignonLignon Protestant village in SouthernProtestant village in Southern FranceFrance Sheltered 5,000 JewsSheltered 5,000 Jews The town hid Jews for four yearsThe town hid Jews for four years
- 10. They gave the Jews fake IDsThey gave the Jews fake IDs and ration cardsand ration cards The town educated the JewishThe town educated the Jewish childrenchildren Not one Jew hid in the town wasNot one Jew hid in the town was taken by Nazistaken by Nazis The Jews were taken from LeThe Jews were taken from Le Chambon, through French townsChambon, through French towns and villages, to the Swiss borderand villages, to the Swiss border to safetyto safety Le Chambon-Sur-Le Chambon-Sur- LignonLignon
- 11. ANDRE TROCMEANDRE TROCME Pastor of Le Chambon-Sur-LignonPastor of Le Chambon-Sur-Lignon Trocmé hid the first Jew andTrocmé hid the first Jew and encouraged the town to aid theencouraged the town to aid the Jews as wellJews as well The Reformed Church askedThe Reformed Church asked Trocmé to stop aiding Jews butTrocmé to stop aiding Jews but he refusedhe refused Vichy government then requestedVichy government then requested Trocmé and his followers to stopTrocmé and his followers to stop but they also refusedbut they also refused
- 12. These people came here for help andThese people came here for help and for shelter. I am their shepherd. Afor shelter. I am their shepherd. A shepherd does not forsake his flock.shepherd does not forsake his flock. --Andre TrocméAndre Trocmé
- 13. Le Chambon-sur-Le Chambon-sur- lignonlignon In 1942 the Vichy governmentIn 1942 the Vichy government arrived in Le Chambon with a list ofarrived in Le Chambon with a list of JewsJews Trocmé and the villagers refused toTrocmé and the villagers refused to give the government any of the Jewsgive the government any of the Jews on the liston the list Trocmé and the villagers were laterTrocmé and the villagers were later arrested but released two weeksarrested but released two weeks afterwardsafterwards After this incident Trocmé wasAfter this incident Trocmé was forced into hidingforced into hiding
- 14. ZegotaZegota
- 15. ZEGOTAZEGOTA Created after German invasion ofCreated after German invasion of PolandPoland Helped Jews in occupied Poland fromHelped Jews in occupied Poland from 1942-19451942-1945 Founded by people of differentFounded by people of different backgroundsbackgrounds Saved Jews from the GhettosSaved Jews from the Ghettos Funded by the Polish governmentFunded by the Polish government that was in exilethat was in exile
- 16. ZEGOTAZEGOTA Provided Jews with money, medicalProvided Jews with money, medical attention, forged documents andattention, forged documents and foster homes for Jewish childrenfoster homes for Jewish children Priest assisted Zegota by givingPriest assisted Zegota by giving birth certificatesbirth certificates July 1943 Children’s Bureau wasJuly 1943 Children’s Bureau was establishedestablished Zegota relocated to MilanowekZegota relocated to Milanowek after Warsaw Ghetto Uprisingafter Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Saved an estimated 400,000-Saved an estimated 400,000- 500,000 Jews500,000 Jews
- 17. JULIAN GROBELNYJULIAN GROBELNY Alias was “Alias was “TrojanTrojan”” Part of the Polish Socialist PartyPart of the Polish Socialist Party Elected head of ZegotaElected head of Zegota Hid the Jews in the most dangerHid the Jews in the most danger in his own homein his own home Hid Jewish children in differentHid Jewish children in different institutionsinstitutions Worked closely with Irena SendlerWorked closely with Irena Sendler
- 18. IRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLER I was taughtI was taught that if a man isthat if a man is drowning, it isdrowning, it is irrelevant whatirrelevant what is his religion oris his religion or nationality. Onenationality. One must help him.must help him. It is a need ofIt is a need of the heart.the heart. - Irena Sendler- Irena Sendler
- 19. IRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLER Head of the children’s branch ofHead of the children’s branch of ZegotaZegota Rescued 2,500 Jewish childrenRescued 2,500 Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghettofrom the Warsaw Ghetto Alias was “Alias was “JolantaJolanta”” After she rescued the children sheAfter she rescued the children she taught them Christian traditionstaught them Christian traditions and behaviorsand behaviors She recorded the identity of everyShe recorded the identity of every Jewish child she savedJewish child she saved
- 20. IRENA SENDLERIRENA SENDLER October 20, 1943 Irena wasOctober 20, 1943 Irena was arrestedarrested Taken to Pawiak prisonTaken to Pawiak prison She was tortured and thenShe was tortured and then sentenced to deathsentenced to death She however was not killed andShe however was not killed and went into hidingwent into hiding
- 21. TADEUSZ REKTADEUSZ REK Lawyer who represented theLawyer who represented the Polish Popular Party in WarsawPolish Popular Party in Warsaw Joined Zegota in 1943 andJoined Zegota in 1943 and became the Vice Presidentbecame the Vice President He let many Jews stayHe let many Jews stay temporarily at his hometemporarily at his home His apartment was a frequentHis apartment was a frequent Zegota meeting placeZegota meeting place
- 22. TADEUSZ REKTADEUSZ REK He gave various forms of aid toHe gave various forms of aid to between 40,000 and 50,000 Jewsbetween 40,000 and 50,000 Jews His wife encouraged family andHis wife encouraged family and friends to take in Jews and keepfriends to take in Jews and keep them secretly at their homesthem secretly at their homes Arrested and sent to PawiakArrested and sent to Pawiak prisonprison Then he was sent to AuschwitzThen he was sent to Auschwitz
- 23. ZOFIA KOSSAKZOFIA KOSSAK Before the war Zofia was anti-Before the war Zofia was anti- SemiticSemitic She joined Zegota because sheShe joined Zegota because she was patriotic towards Polandwas patriotic towards Poland Her codename was “Her codename was “WeronikaWeronika”” She wrote “Protest”, a leafletShe wrote “Protest”, a leaflet defying the Nazis and the currentdefying the Nazis and the current government in Polandgovernment in Poland Whoever remains silent in theWhoever remains silent in the face of murder becomes anface of murder becomes an accomplice of the murder. Heaccomplice of the murder. He who does not condemn,who does not condemn, condonescondones.. –Zofia Kossak–Zofia Kossak
- 24. ADOLF BERMANADOLF BERMAN In 1939 he was the director ofIn 1939 he was the director of the Warsaw branch of thethe Warsaw branch of the Federation of Associations forFederation of Associations for the Care of Orphansthe Care of Orphans He then found the AntifascistHe then found the Antifascist Bloc which later became theBloc which later became the Jewish Fighting OrganizationJewish Fighting Organization (ZOB)(ZOB) Berman was able to move out ofBerman was able to move out of the Warsaw Ghetto and pass asthe Warsaw Ghetto and pass as an Aryan Polean Aryan Pole
- 25. ADOLF BERMANADOLF BERMAN Berman was the secretary ofBerman was the secretary of ZegotaZegota He was a representative to theHe was a representative to the Jewish National CommitteeJewish National Committee Berman was able to preserveBerman was able to preserve records from the Warsaw Ghettorecords from the Warsaw Ghetto Berman involved Irena SendlerBerman involved Irena Sendler with Zegota by asking for herwith Zegota by asking for her help to save the childrenhelp to save the children January 1944 captured by theJanuary 1944 captured by the Poles but was later freedPoles but was later freed
- 26. REDINANDREDINAND ARCZYNSKIARCZYNSKI He was a founding member ofHe was a founding member of ZegotaZegota His alias was “His alias was “MarekMarek”” He was the Zegota treasurerHe was the Zegota treasurer and the head of theand the head of the legislative bureaulegislative bureau He brought a lot of theHe brought a lot of the people who harmed Jews topeople who harmed Jews to justicejustice
- 27. REDINANDREDINAND ARCZYNSKIARCZYNSKI Gave Jews help in various formsGave Jews help in various forms such as shelter, medical care,such as shelter, medical care, and moneyand money He smuggled food and clothesHe smuggled food and clothes into the ghettosinto the ghettos He also played a large part inHe also played a large part in the founding of the Lvov andthe founding of the Lvov and Cracow branches of ZegotaCracow branches of Zegota
- 28. WladyslawWladyslaw BartoszewskiBartoszewski Born 1922 inBorn 1922 in Warsaw,Warsaw, PolandPoland FromFrom SeptemberSeptember 1940- April1940- April 1941 he was in1941 he was in AuschwitzAuschwitz
- 29. WladyslawWladyslaw BartoszewskiBartoszewski Co-founder of ZegotaCo-founder of Zegota He also worked with theHe also worked with the Catholic underground,Catholic underground, specifically with the FOP fromspecifically with the FOP from 1942 to 19441942 to 1944 Received the Righteous AmongReceived the Righteous Among the Nations Awardthe Nations Award
- 31. OSKAR SCHINDLEROSKAR SCHINDLER German man, born in Austria-German man, born in Austria- HungaryHungary Generally a “sinful” manGenerally a “sinful” man Participated in black marketParticipated in black market trading and was able to get his owntrading and was able to get his own factory of Jewish workers throughfactory of Jewish workers through his friendshis friends Numerous Jews invested in hisNumerous Jews invested in his factory in return for safety andfactory in return for safety and workwork
- 32. OSKAR SCHINDLEROSKAR SCHINDLER His factory, where many JewsHis factory, where many Jews worked was described as anworked was described as an “Oasis of humanity in a desert of“Oasis of humanity in a desert of moral torpor”moral torpor” In his factory, they madeIn his factory, they made defective bullets and other wardefective bullets and other war material for the German armymaterial for the German army He moved the factory to theHe moved the factory to the Sudetenland to keep the JewsSudetenland to keep the Jews working there saferworking there safer
- 33. OSKAR AND THEOSKAR AND THE SHINDLERJUDENSHINDLERJUDEN
- 34. OSKAROSKAR SCHINDLERSCHINDLER A survivor stated: I don't know what his motives were... But I don't give a damn. What's important is that he saved our lives. Schindler answered this questionSchindler answered this question however after the war:however after the war: If you saw a dog going to be crushed under a car, wouldn't you help him?
- 35. KARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGE Major inMajor in German armyGerman army Member of NaziMember of Nazi partyparty WWI veteranWWI veteran At first heAt first he agreed withagreed with Hitler’s ideasHitler’s ideas
- 36. KARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGE He took 1,200 Jews away fromHe took 1,200 Jews away from the mass-killing areas and usedthe mass-killing areas and used them for forced labor at his ownthem for forced labor at his own campcamp Since he took them from theSince he took them from the ghettos, they were less likely toghettos, they were less likely to be moved to death campsbe moved to death camps Took over 1,000 families fromTook over 1,000 families from the Wilna Ghetto (which was soonthe Wilna Ghetto (which was soon after liquidated) to his camp, HKPafter liquidated) to his camp, HKP
- 37. KARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGE He gave the Jews work permitsHe gave the Jews work permits that protected them from the SSthat protected them from the SS However, when Plagge was onHowever, when Plagge was on leave, the Gestapo came into theleave, the Gestapo came into the camp and killed all of the childrencamp and killed all of the children He was then told by the SS thatHe was then told by the SS that he had to relocate his camp andhe had to relocate his camp and that he couldn’t take the “skilledthat he couldn’t take the “skilled workers” with himworkers” with him
- 38. KARL PLAGGEKARL PLAGGE When he was forced to beWhen he was forced to be relocated, he had time to warnrelocated, he had time to warn all the Jews at his campall the Jews at his camp The Jews were able to hide inThe Jews were able to hide in various places and many of themvarious places and many of them survivedsurvived
- 40. CHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARA Chiune Sugihara was the JapaneseChiune Sugihara was the Japanese consul in Kaunas, Lithuania inconsul in Kaunas, Lithuania in March 1939March 1939 He saved more than 6,000 Jews –He saved more than 6,000 Jews – the second most saved during thethe second most saved during the holocaustholocaust Many Polish refugees had fled intoMany Polish refugees had fled into Lithuania after the GermanLithuania after the German invasioninvasion Germany invaded Lithuania onGermany invaded Lithuania on 6/15/406/15/40
- 41. CHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARA After Germany invaded bothAfter Germany invaded both Lithuania and Poland, the SovietLithuania and Poland, the Soviet Union said that they would let theUnion said that they would let the Jews pass through if they couldJews pass through if they could obtain certain travel documentsobtain certain travel documents In July 1940 all foreign embassiesIn July 1940 all foreign embassies had to leave Lithuania but thehad to leave Lithuania but the Dutch and Japanese consul gotDutch and Japanese consul got extensionsextensions Two Dutch Caribbean Islands didn’tTwo Dutch Caribbean Islands didn’t require formal entrance passesrequire formal entrance passes
- 42. CHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARA Thousands of Jews went to theThousands of Jews went to the Japanese consul asking for theJapanese consul asking for the Japanese transit visasJapanese transit visas Sugihara wired back to theSugihara wired back to the government in Japan forgovernment in Japan for permission to sign these visaspermission to sign these visas Three times they refused toThree times they refused to give him permissiongive him permission He disobeyed them and fromHe disobeyed them and from 7/31/40 – 8/28/40 he signed7/31/40 – 8/28/40 he signed 300 visas a day300 visas a day
- 43. Visa issued ByVisa issued By Chiune SugiharaChiune Sugihara
- 44. CHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARA On 9/1/40 his extension was upOn 9/1/40 his extension was up and he had to leave the countryand he had to leave the country Even as his train was pulling awayEven as his train was pulling away he still signed the visas throughhe still signed the visas through the windowthe window He then gave the stamper forHe then gave the stamper for the passports to a Jew who thenthe passports to a Jew who then signed and stamped many othersigned and stamped many other passportspassports
- 45. CHIUNE SUGIHARACHIUNE SUGIHARA The Jews who were able to getThe Jews who were able to get the passports made their waythe passports made their way via trains through Russia andvia trains through Russia and Japan and arrived safely at theJapan and arrived safely at the Dutch IslandsDutch Islands Despite his disobedience, theDespite his disobedience, the Japanese government still usedJapanese government still used Sugihara for the remainder ofSugihara for the remainder of the war but then dismissed himthe war but then dismissed him afterwardsafterwards
- 46. FENG SHAN HOFENG SHAN HO Issued visas toIssued visas to Shanghai toShanghai to Jews fromJews from AustriaAustria Feng-Shan HoFeng-Shan Ho was one of thewas one of the first diplomatsfirst diplomats to help Jewsto help Jews Saved thousands of Jews fromSaved thousands of Jews from 1938-19391938-1939
- 47. Visas Issued by FengVisas Issued by Feng Shan HoShan Ho
- 48. PAN JUN SHUNPAN JUN SHUN Took care of Ludmilla, a JewishTook care of Ludmilla, a Jewish child who escaped while beingchild who escaped while being transported to a death camptransported to a death camp Alexandra and Mitrofan BabaevaAlexandra and Mitrofan Babaeva and Nadezhada helped in raisingand Nadezhada helped in raising the childthe child Continued to care for the girl evenContinued to care for the girl even after the warafter the war Was the first Chinese man toWas the first Chinese man to receive the title Righteous Amongreceive the title Righteous Among the Nationsthe Nations
- 50. THE ZOBTHE ZOB Stood forStood for Zydowska OrganizacjaZydowska Organizacja BojowaBojowa Led by Mordecai AnielewiczLed by Mordecai Anielewicz Created October 1942 at aCreated October 1942 at a Ha-Shomer Club meetingHa-Shomer Club meeting Made by occupants of the WarsawMade by occupants of the Warsaw GhettoGhetto
- 51. GOALS OF THE ZOBGOALS OF THE ZOB 1)1) To defend the Warsaw GhettoTo defend the Warsaw Ghetto 2)2) To teach a lesson to the JewishTo teach a lesson to the Jewish police, the “shops,” thepolice, the “shops,” the Werkschutz and all informersWerkschutz and all informers 3)3) To stop the deportation andTo stop the deportation and liquidation of the Jewish residentsliquidation of the Jewish residents of the Warsaw Ghettoof the Warsaw Ghetto
- 53. MORDECAIMORDECAI ANIELEWICZANIELEWICZ In 1942 he organized a fightingIn 1942 he organized a fighting unitunit January 1943 the Nazis roundedJanuary 1943 the Nazis rounded up a group of Jews to send toup a group of Jews to send to the death campsthe death camps Mordecai and his fellow fightersMordecai and his fellow fighters attacked the Nazisattacked the Nazis
- 54. Warsaw GhettoWarsaw Ghetto uprisinguprising--AprilApril 19,19, 19431943 Nazis reported to headquarters:Nazis reported to headquarters: The Jewish resistance wasThe Jewish resistance was unexpected, unusually strong, and aunexpected, unusually strong, and a great surprise.great surprise. May 8May 8thth the Germans found the mainthe Germans found the main bunker where the fighters werebunker where the fighters were hidinghiding The Nazis killed the Jews inside,The Nazis killed the Jews inside, including Mordecaiincluding Mordecai
- 55. ADAMADAM CZERNIAKOWCZERNIAKOW Spoke against the 1927 Guild LawSpoke against the 1927 Guild Law Represented Jewish artisans toRepresented Jewish artisans to the Warsaw Municipal Councilthe Warsaw Municipal Council In the Warsaw Ghetto theIn the Warsaw Ghetto the Gestapo appointed him “Gestapo appointed him “PresidentPresident of the Jewish Religious Communityof the Jewish Religious Community of Warsawof Warsaw”” Spoke avidly to the GermanSpoke avidly to the German officers trying to convince themofficers trying to convince them not to kill the Jewsnot to kill the Jews
- 56. YITZHAKYITZHAK ZUCKERMANZUCKERMAN Born in Vilna,Born in Vilna, Lithuania inLithuania in 19151915 1936 worked as1936 worked as part of Zionistpart of Zionist Youth MovementYouth Movement in Warsaw,in Warsaw, PolandPoland
- 57. YITZHAKYITZHAK ZUCKERMANZUCKERMAN He returned to Poland in 1940He returned to Poland in 1940 Promoted resistance to the NazisPromoted resistance to the Nazis December 22, 1942 participated inDecember 22, 1942 participated in attack against a Café in Cracowattack against a Café in Cracow Fought with Mordecai AnielewiczFought with Mordecai Anielewicz during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprisingduring the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising August 1944 fought in the PolishAugust 1944 fought in the Polish UprisingUprising
Notas do Editor
- Picutres : Oskar Schindler: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/schindler.html Irena Sendler: http://www.dzieciholocaustu.org.pl/szab61.php?s=en_sendlerowa.php Chiune Sugihara: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sugihara.html
- To set the mood. It shows a very quick idea of what happened. Hitler comes to power, gets support. After he finds his followers he is able to imprison the people and create concentration camps. Because of the inhumane conditions shown in some of these pictures it lead to people risking their lives to help those suffering Picture 1: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sgt_stryker/hitler.gif Picture 2: http://www.denktag.de/homes/71/nazis.jpg Picture 3: http://www.coe.fau.edu/main/holocaust/images/81165.JPG Picture 4: http://history.grand-forks.k12.nd.us/ndhistory/LessonImages/Sources/Pictures/holocaust%202.jpg Picture 5: http://img.radio.cz/pictures/ctk0501/osvetim1945_2.jpg Music: "Theme From Schindler's List"" By John Williams. Rec. 1993. Schindler's List .
- He was very influential but he did not use this at first to help the Jews. He spoke out against the Italian racial laws in 1938 the same year as Kristallnacht which was the “night of broken glass”. The Nazis destroyed Jewish property (November 9-10) Picture : http://www.saint-mike.org/Library/Papal_Library/PiusXII/PiusXII.html
- At the time of the signing of the concordat, Hitler was the German chancellor. The deal didn’t help the Jews or the other people being discriminated against. It only furthered both Hitler and the Nazis’ power in Germany.
- The visas were issued only to Jews that had converted to Catholicism. It allowed them to travel to Brazil. Some Jews began practicing Judaism once there and had their visas revoked. Even though he refused publicly he did support the Jews privately, even though it often was not enough
- Germany invaded Italy, making the Jews come up with 50,000 Kg of gold, and Pope Pius XII gave them 15Kg to help their cause. Despite remaining neutral on the issue of Zionism, he still helped those 6000 kids get to Palestine.
- The town was located in Vichy France, therefore they were not under German control. Many people in the town did not have enough money and were living in poverty like conditions yet they still helped the Jews. Picture : http://www.auschwitz.dk/Trocme.htm
- After hiding the Jews Andre Trocme, with the help of other Protestants brought the Jews to safety in Switzerland with the help of Edouard Theis.
- The church asked Trocme to stop aiding Jews because they felt it could harm their followers in France. The Vichy government knew about Trocme aiding Jews and wanted to avoid problems.
- These are some of the Jews that Trocme and the town were able to save. That is a quote in response to the Vichy government after they asked Trocme and the village to stop aiding the Jews Picture and quote : Bulow, Louis. "Remember." Auschwitz . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 5 June 2006 <http://www.auschwitz.dk/Trocme.htm>.
- Trocme went into hiding after his arrest and his wife, Magda, took over the leadership and continued to hide the Jews.
- Helped save thousands of Jews from concentration camps. The Polish government funded Zegota from exile in London. The founders of Zegota were liberal, conservative and Jewish and non-Jewish it was a group of people that wanted to help humanity.
- By giving the Jews the forged documents they were able to obtain Kennkarte (which allowed the Jews certain privileges such as food and jobs). Some of the forged documents came from priests. After a person died the priest would destroy the death certificate and give the birth certificate to Zegota. Zegota would then match the age with a Jew, which then gave that person a Christian identity. The Children’s Bureau saved about 600 children by the end of 1943.
- The places where he hid the Jewish children include orphanages, foster homes, and convents.
- Irena Sendler, also known as Irena Sendlerowa. This quote shows some of Irena’s motives as of why she decided to help the Jews. Picture : http://auschwitz.dk/rescuers/id17.htm Quote : Attoun, Marti. "The Schindler No One Knew." Natural Women's History Project . 7 June 2006 <http://www.nwhp.org/whm/irena_sendler.html>.
- Irena was able to get into the Warsaw Ghetto by disguising herself as a nurse (as seen to the left). With the help of others she was able to sneak children out in ambulances, body bags, and other extreme methods. She then taught the children Christian ideas so they would fit in in the orphanages as Aryans. She made records of the children and hid them by a tree in her friends backyard.
- She was not killed because Zegota bribed a guard. She was then virtually invisible to the Nazis and she went into hiding. For a long time no one knew about Irena even though she saved 2,500 Jewish children. After the holocaust Irena got the records and tried to find the children she had helped to reunite them with their families
- Along with the 300 Jews he had under his care, he let one stay permanently at his home as a nurse/maid. His code name was Rozycki.
- The ways he gave aid to the Jews include false documents, sheltering, medical care, and taking care of children. This gave the Jews safety, even though Rek was putting himself, his wife, and their family and friends in danger.
- This quotation expresses why she joined, even though she was originally anti-Semitic Quote : Tomaszewski, Irene, and Tecia Werbowski. "ZEGOTA – the Rescue of Jews in Wartime Poland." Citinet . 7 June 2006 <http://www.citinet.net/ak/polska_43_f2.html>.
- Berman was the director of the children’s branch in 1939 when Poland was invaded by Germany. The ZOB was the main Jewish Fighting alliance.
- He was freed from arrest because his friends paid the bail. He continued to help with Zegota and after the war he moved to Israel and became active in the government
- Because he was the head of the legislative bureau, he was able to exercise his power of those who had denounced and blackmailed by executing their deaths.
- By doing this he helped save the lives of many Jews in the ghettos in which conditions were usually inhumane.
- Picture : http://www.polonya.org.tr/wladyslaw_bartoszewski.html
- The Righteous Among the Nations Award is Israel’s highest honor and he was one of the first Poles to receive it. The FOP was the Front for the Rebirth of Poland.
- Got a lot of Jews to stay alive via the black market, bribing, and lying. Never was an honest man and always was womanizing, but he saved the lives of thousands of Jews.
- His factory was an “oasis” because no one was ever harmed or killed there, unlike the camps such as Auschwitz. It gave the Jews a place to be other than the death camps. Quote (not primary source, just good phrasing in the article): http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/schindler.html
- The Jews he protected were called the Schindlerjuden (Schindler’s children). The picture is of the Schindlerjuden hugging Schindler (second from right). In 1944 he created a bracn of his factory the he would need 900 Jews for. He put their names in a list and he protected them. The list of the 900 Jews he would need is referred to as “Schindler’s List.” Picture : "Oskar Schindler." Jewish Virtual Library . 2006. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 5 June 2006 <http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/schindler.html>.
- This helps show why Schindler did it even though those he helped may not know. Survivor’s Quote : Bülow, Louis. "Schindler." The Holocaust: Crimes, Heroes and Villains . 5 June 2006 <http://www.auschwitz.dk/why/why.htm>. Schindler Quote: "Oskar Schindler." Jewish Virtual Library . 2006. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 5 June 2006 <http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/schindler.html>
- When he started to disagree with the Nazi policies, the local Darmstadt Nazi leadership removed him from a position of high authority. Picture: http://isurvived.org/Rightheous_Folder/Plagge_Karl_MajGerman.html
- Of the 1,200 Jews he rescued from the mass-killing places, 700 were men and the rest were women and children. At his own camp, the Jews were treated much nicer and the work was easier. They weren’t beaten or killed at HKP.
- The work permits prevented them from being killed by the SS because they were being used to help the German economy and were no good to them dead.
- Of the 1,000 Jews left at his camp when they were to be relocated, 750 of them were found by the SS and shot. 250 Jews survived however, the largest number of survivors in the killings of Vilnius (in Lithuania). In 2005 he received the “Righteous Among the Nations Award” – Israel’s highest honor given to those who have helped the Jews.
- The picture to the left and on the bottom is of Chiune Sugihara.
- The Dutch consul agreed to stamp all passports of Jews so that they could get into the two Dutch islands (Curacao and Dutch Guiana). If the Jews could receive Japanese travel papers so that they could go through Russia and Japan, they could get to those islands and escape from the holocaust in Europe.
- For Sugihara to disobey his government was hard for him because of his strict Japanese upbringing which shows just how brave and courageous he was. The 300 daily visas he signed was roughly equivalent to a full month’s work.
- This is a visa issued by Sugihara to Susan Bluman Picture: http://www.chgs.umn.edu/Visual___Artistic_Resources/Diplomat_Rescuers/Role_of_Diplomat_Rescuers/role_of_diplomat_rescuers.html
- As the train pulled away Sugihara threw passports out the window in order to save as many Jews as possible before being taken away.
- After being dishonorably dismissed from his government, he wasn’t able to get another high job in the government and his family wasn’t as rich or as well off as they were before. This was the sacrifice he was willing to make to ensure that 6,000 Jews were safe from the terrors of the holocaust. In 1985 he received Israel’s greatest honor, the “Righteous Among the Nations” award.
- Visas were not needed to enter Shanghai but the Nazis created a law requiring Jews to have a visa to travel from one country to another. Feng-Shan Ho was the Chinese consul-general in Vienna from 1938-1940 Ho went against Chen Jie’s orders to stop issuing visas (because he wanted to have good relations between China and Germany and issuing the visas could harm it) Many of the Jews that obtained the visas from Ho did not go to Shanghai but went to Palestine and the Philippines Picture of Ho- http:// www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/ho.html
- The visa to the left is the closed visa, to the right it is opened This is a photograph of a visa issued from Ho to a Jew Pictures: http://yad-vashem.org.il/righteous/bycountry/china.html
- Ludmilla was able to escape because her mother bribed a guard with jewelry. Pan Jun Shun took care of her after his wife had died and his sons were drafted to fight in the war.
- Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa is Polish for Jewish Fighting Organization. It was created during a meeting at the Ha-Shomer Club (Left-Zionist Club).
- The “shops” were code names for German businesses. The Werkschutz were the guards of the “shops.”
- Mordecai was one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising and a head of ZOB. During his time in the Warsaw Ghetto he created a radio station to inform the Jews of what was happening outside of the ghetto. He also wrote articles for one of the many underground journals, “Against the Stream” Picture: http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/gallery/p411.htm
- January 1943 the Nazis gathered a few hundred Jews to send to the death camps. The attack by Mordecai and others allowed these captured Jews to flee. The attack scared the Nazis leading the deportations stopping for three months. During these three months Mordecai and others drew up maps and plans for the next attack.
- The Nazis expected to win the battle quickly because they felt they would be weak. The Jews began to grow weak and were running out of weapons towards the end. When the Nazis found the fighters hiding they threw poison gas into the bunker. Those that came out were shot. It is unknown if the gas killed Mordecai or if he took the poison. This resistance however, lasted longer than the Poles resistance in September 1939, it lasted a total of four weeks (4/19-5/16) Quote: Stadtler, Bea. The Holocaust: a History of Courage and Resistance . Behrman House, Inc., 1994. 68.
- The Guild Law of 1927 basically took all of the Jews out of their jobs. From his high position in the Warsaw Ghetto he was able to keep German influence to a minimum.
- Worked as part head officer in Zionist Youth Movement. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939 Yitzhak moved to the Soviet Union. Picture: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWzuckerman.htm
- The café in Cracow was used by Gestapo and SS soldiers. He fought with Gole Mire and Adolf Liebeskind (who were killed). Yitzhak survived the war and moved to Israel in 1947.
- Even with all of the efforts of the rescuers and resisters approximately 11,000,000 people were killed. About 6,000,000 were Jews, of the remaining 5,000,000 many were those that attempted to help and save others from the inhumane acts of the Nazis.