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Safety and health at work is everyone’s concern. It’s good for you. It’s good for business.
Biological agents and prevention of work-related
diseases: a review
© EU-OSHA, Matej Kastelic
2
https://osha.europa.eu
Background of the project
 EU OSH Strategic Framework 2014-2020
• One of the 3 major challenges: to improve the prevention of work-related diseases
 Background
• 230,000 workers died worldwide in 2014 due to communicable diseases caused by
biological agents – around 7,000 in Europe
(GLOBAL ESTIMATES 2017)
• About 15% of cancers attributed to carcinogenic infections, (Helicobacter pylori,
Human papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B, C, Epstein-Barr, etc.) (WHO)
• FR (2010): 4,7 million workers (22%) exposed to biological agents
−healthcare/social work (74.9%), agriculture (38.8 %), Horeca (44.7 %), personal
services (58.8 %), green jobs (46.4%) (SUMER 2010)
• Waste management and healthcare are growing sectors
3
https://osha.europa.eu
Part of OSH overview on work-related diseases
 2015-2019
− Desk research, expert interviews and focus groups
− Description of policies or monitoring systems and data analysis
− Workshops with experts and EU-OSHA stakeholders
 Outputs:
− Seminar online summaries, literature reviews, reports, articles and
recommendations, ppts for policy makers and for experts
− Translations – portfolio approach: articles, report summaries,
− National workshops under FAST 2019
 Building on previous EU-OSHA work
− Dangerous substances incl. biological agents, etc.
©EU-OSHA, Roberta Pizzigoni
4
https://osha.europa.eu
Objectives of the review
 Raise awareness on exposure to biological agents in exposed
professions, especially those with unintentional use of biological
agents;
 Increase information on health problems related to exposure
to biological agents;
 Support efforts to prioritise and structure the prevention of
work-related health problems linked to biological agents.
©Shutterstock/DariaCherry
 Overview on the current knowledge on relevant exposures and on recognised diseases;
 Particular focus on emerging issues and new professions, e.g. green jobs;
 Link to biological agents directive – unintentional exposures;
 Collect information from recording and compensation systems;
 Identify gaps in data/knowledge.
5
https://osha.europa.eu
Complementary to previous and ongoing work
EU-OSHA campaigns
European Week 2003 and HWC 2018-19
Expert Forecast: Main emerging biological risks
 Global epidemics (avian flu, HIV, etc.)
• Workers at the frontline of contamination
 Drug-resistant micro-organisms (MRSA, tuberculosis, etc.)
 Poor Indoor Air Quality: Indoor mould
• Poor maintenance of air-conditioning, construction & insulation technics
 Waste treatment: micro-organisms, mould, endotoxins, etc.
 Poor risk assessment: little information on dose-effect relationship;
measurement is challenging; low awareness level
Selected reviews:
 Legionella and Legionnaires’ disease: a policy overview
 Biological agents and pandemics: review of the literature and national
policies
6
https://osha.europa.eu
Beneficiaries & intermediaries
 Beneficiaries
• Policy makers at national and EU level, including social partners;
• Legislators;
• Researchers;
• Actors in occupational diseases recognition and statistical data collection
(e.g. national social security organisations);
• Actors at enterprise level (e.g. health and safety manager, health and
safety representative, trades union representative) and intermediaries
involved in setting up company policies;
• Sectoral organisations;
• Policy makers in other, related areas, for example at the sectoral level, or
regarding employment, public health and environmental policies.
 Intermediaries
• Intermediaries involved in setting up company policies;
• Sectoral organisations
• Policy makers at national and EU level, incl. social partners
• Researchers
©INSHT
7
https://osha.europa.eu
Project overview: structure
 Task-specific objectives:
• Task 1: provide overview of types of biological
factors and health problems relevant to
workplaces (emphasis on unintentional
exposures)
• Task 2: provide information on examples of
policies regarding work-related diseases due
to biological agents, their success factors and
obstacles and their transferability
• Task 3: learn from the experience of
intermediaries to identify specific upcoming
risks and lack of measures regarding work-
related diseases due to biological agents
• Task 4: Stakeholder workshop to present and
discuss findings
• Task 5: Final report summarizing results
8
https://osha.europa.eu
Results
 Workers exposed in many professions, but little
information on prevalence or incidence of exposure or diseases
 High risk sectors: healthcare, agriculture (arable farming and
livestock farming), waste and wastewater treatment, occupations
that involve travelling and contact with travellers.
 Other professions: wood working, metal work, restauration (of
artworks), archives, etc..
© EU-OSHA, Verislav Stanchev
 Overall lack of awareness of the risks from biological agents in all sectors, except healthcare
and laboratories
 Exposure to mixtures:
• organic dust in agriculture and other professions, causing infections and allergies
• surgical smoke
 Allergenic agents, sectors and occupations at clear risk:
• agricultural and fisheries sector, food industry, wood-working and metal industry and the waste
treatment sector
• well known allergenic occupational diseases are asthma in farmers and farmer's lung
(hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
9
https://osha.europa.eu
Emerging biological risks
 Climate change --> newly occurring microorganisms that
have spread to other regions (e.g. via ticks and mosquitoes)
 Environmental legislation leading to changing patterns in waste
management
 Waste treatment and composting - specific allergens
 Changing travelling patterns and volunteer schemes in third
world countries (chikungunya, Crimean-Congo fever)
©EU-OSHA, Audrius Bagdonas
 Migration flow to Europe – transfer of biological agents from the Middle East and Africa
 Multi-resistant bacteria and epidemics (e.g. of zoonoses), risk to health professions and agriculture
 Expected increase in green jobs - increased sensitisation to biomass-related allergens
 Potential re-emerging diseases, e.g. Q-fever, tuberculosis and influenza
No system in place to respond quickly to emerging risks
10
https://osha.europa.eu
Vulnerable groups
 For most occupations, no specific information
 Critical doses and circumstances of exposure may be different for these groups
 Trainees and new professionals, young workers  lack of experience & knowledge
 Pregnant women
 People with pre-existing diseases, like lung diseases, allergies and asthma, chronic
diseases
 People treated with immunosuppressants, especially fungal diseases
 Cleaning and maintenance workers, working at different workplaces and for different
employers
 Temporary and undocumented workers
 Foreign workers
 Healthcare:
• Workers in home care (not always well informed)
• Health workers who travel for work
Courtesy of AUVA
11
https://osha.europa.eu
Monitoring of diseases (1)
 A selection of monitoring systems analysed and described (DE,
DK, FI, FR, NL, UK)
 Wide range of types of monitoring systems for diseases
 Diseases due to biological agents reported in generic registration
systems  no specific focus on biological agents
• Exceptions in healthcare and systems for compulsory reporting (e.g.
for hepatitis or tuberculosis)
 Proportion of diseases due to biological agents relatively low,
except allergic diseases
 Unequal coverage of zoonoses
 Coverage of sectors and occupations unequal
• e.g. agriculture, self-employed
‼ Underreporting of diseases (including those related to biological
agents)
©EU-OSHA, Dominic Wigley
12
https://osha.europa.eu
Monitoring of diseases (2)
 Systems used for monitoring diseases / exposures vary widely:
• Differences in what is monitored, how frequently and level of detail
• Under-reporting
• Little information on exposure to biological agents at the workplace
 Unclear how data from monitoring systems is linked to
prevention at the workplace
 Data from national registration systems on occupational diseases
and causes can be a valuable source of information
• Data often not publicly available
• Available in NL and UK
• Difficult for companies or branch organisations to access information
relevant for their sector
 Risk of biological agents often not a high priority on the national
political agenda due to lack of clear evidence, occupational
exposure limit (OEL) values and evaluation methods
© CRISTINA VATIELLI
13
https://osha.europa.eu
Monitoring of exposures to biological agents
 Information on exposure to biological agents limited
Monitoring systems do not exist in all countries
• Of evaluated countries, only in Germany, France and Finland occupational exposures monitored
and registered on regular basis.
 Exposures not measured frequently
 Possible to derive occupational exposure limits (OELs) for biological agents that have toxic
or allergenic effects as for chemicals (e.g. endotoxins) BUT
• Lack of data on exposure and effects (exposure-effect relationships)
• Lack of knowledge on exposure and pathogenicity
© Fotolyse - Fotolia
 Innovative measurement methods for identification and
exposure easurement
 FINJEM, MEGA database, COLCHIC database
 French TOE as a basis for categories of exposure
14
https://osha.europa.eu
Challenges for measurement of biological agents
 Exposure depends on growth conditions, availability of water and other substrates
 Dependent on temperature/season of the year.
! A measurement can only be regarded as a snapshot of the concentration in the air.
 Measurement methods record concentrations in air, but not from contaminated surfaces or
instruments and through skin
 Cultivation and colony counting does not capture substances generated by the organisms,
or toxic/allergenic compounds. Some cannot be measured through cultivation
©EU OSHA/Jim Holmes
 Alternative methods
 (electron)microscope counting
 DNA sequencing or staining
 Focus on more general markers for exposure (like endotoxins,
glucans, peptidoglycans)
 Stimulate development of standardised measurement methods
and OELs for these markers
15
https://osha.europa.eu
Monitoring systems - recommendations
 To achieve comparability
• Make information available to all stakeholders
• Use a standard set of key parameters
• Agree on the level of detail.
• Consider providing information in English
 Output from the systems in each
country should be published according to
• Causative agents (exposures)
• Industries/sectors
• Jobs/occupations
• Age
• Gender
 All sectors and occupations and all groups of workers to be covered by disease monitoring,
recording and recognition
 Good examples: Classification systems in France (TOE) or in Germany (TRBAs, GESTIS)
©EU-OSHA, Sandra Milosevic
16
https://osha.europa.eu
Monitoring systems – recommendations (2)
 Regular revision and update of the lists of occupational diseases
 Emphasis on respiratory diseases and skin diseases and on
exposures to service workers
 Better use of the information in existing databases
 ‘ODIT’ instrument (Spreeuwers et al. 2009) - tool to assess quality
of registration systems for occupational disease and ability to provide
information for prevention
 Defined indicators for high and low quality
 Detection of new and/or emerging risks requires a different
strategy / instruments than current risks
• Training and commitment from (occupational) physicians
• FR, BE/NL: examples of detection systems (RNV3P, Signaal) ©PIXELTASTER, Arpad Pinter
17
https://osha.europa.eu
Better prevention needed
 Respecting the hierarchy of prevention measures
• Most measures identified in the review related to PPE and other
individual measures
• Awareness-raising needed about the existing legal framework
• Applying collective rather than personal measures
 Lack of access to appropriate PPE or lack of appropriate storage
areas for PPE
 Plans to deal with accidental exposure
 Measures for safe waste collection and handling and transport of
biological agents
 OSH services needed for workers in exposed sectors
 Right to appropriate health surveillance
• needs to lead to prevention measures
• right for other workers when a health problem is identified
• prescreening for allergy vs. prevention measures ©Stoyko Sabotanov
©Dries Vanderschaeghe
18
https://osha.europa.eu
Better prevention (2)
 Hygiene measures
• separation of break and changing rooms
• appropriate washing and toilet facilities
• separation of work and other clothing
 Differentiation between ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ areas (black-white areas)
• especially in waste management and farming
• avoiding contamination
 Vaccination
• right for workers to be informed about advantages/disadvantages
• information in annexes to biological agents Directive (label)
• reasons for low vaccination rates?
 Protection from accidental exposure
• needlestick injuries, cuts, bites
• diseases transmitted by vectors (e.g. Ticks)
©EU OSHA/Jim Holmes
©Manuel Alejandro Ortega Gálvez
©EU OSHA/Jim Holmes
19
https://osha.europa.eu
Importance of allergens
 Multifactorial - exact cause of the allergy cannot easily be
identified
 Causes: organic dust, moulds in buildings, flour dust,
industrial enzymes, specific bacteria occurring for
example in waste management, wood processing and
metalwork
 Sectors at risk: waste and wastewater treatment,
construction, fisheries, food industry, textile industry,
wood-working, metal industry
! Allergies most recognised diseases, e.g. farmers lung
 Prevention:
• Dust- and aerosol-avoiding measures
• Ventilation
• Closed systems
• Hygiene measures
• PPE
• Black-white areas
©Audrius Bagdonas
©INSHT
20
https://osha.europa.eu
Conclusions
 Classification of biological agents according to level of risk requires a
risk assessment for every biological agent at a workplace
• often not feasible due to the large variation of biological agents at
workplaces
• for many biological agents no data available
 Huge variation in conditions of workplaces means a uniform
preventive approach is difficult to realise.
 Policies mentioned by experts for all sectors successful
• Facilitated by:
− good national visibility and approachability of experts,
− availability of research results and reports,
− lobbying groups, media attention and public awareness.
• Obstacles:
− a lack of effective methods to collect quantified data,
− lack of a clear reporting system for emerging diseases and risky
situations from local to national level
− lack of collaboration between ministries, expert organisations and
other relevant stakeholders.
©EU-OSHA, Raymond Widawski
21
https://osha.europa.eu
Good practice examples
 OSH services for farming sector – Finland
• Consultation and health checks for farmers
 Technical rules for biological agents, GESTIS database –
Germany
• Guidance for different sectors and biological agents
 Cooperation of committees for hazardous substances
and for biological agents - Germany
• Guidance for protection of workers from sensitisers
 Prevention in animal laboratories – Netherlands
• Mixture of organisational, technical and personal measures
to protect workers from allergies
• Apply to workers, clients and providers
 Sentinel and alert systems
• RNV3P – France
• THOR – UK
• SIGNAAL – Belgium and Netherlands
©Timurs Subhankulovs
22
https://osha.europa.eu
Synergies with public health needed!
 Compulsory reporting in public health for some diseases and
exposures:
• Pandemics such as avian influenza
• Tuberculosis
• Brucellosis, etc…
 Monitor spread and outbreaks of diseases
 Sentinel approach as in public health notification systems
could be followed
 Expert networks in public health and occupational hygiene, e.g.
regarding antibiotics and multiple resistance
 General practitioners can act as mediators for the prevention
message and are important carriers of information
 Clear intervention plan when a new risk is identified – from first
signs to alert for prevention
©EU-OSHA, Zijl Reinier
23
https://osha.europa.eu
Recommendations – awareness-raising and communication
 Better link between research community, authorities and the OSH
experts at workplaces
 Information exchange needed between countries
• filling the gaps by additional research
• existing data, knowledge, experiences and best practices in different
sectors
• more systematic assessments of specific exposures or specific
occupations
• communication to benefit policy makers and workers/employers ©David Tijero Osorio
 Raising more awareness:
• among occupational physicians - observing an increase in incidence of known diseases in novel
occupational settings
• among general practitioners - possible link between observed health effects and (previous) work
environment of a patient
• among new / young workers in relevant sectors and
occupations, through e.g. vocational education
• among employers on their legal obligations
24
https://osha.europa.eu
Recommendations – European level
 Consider wider definition of biological agents:
• In addition to living (micro)organisms, substances or structures
from living or dead organisms (such as exotoxins), allergens and
mixtures of biological agents (bioaerosols or organic dust)
• Broader definition of biological agents already applied in various
Member States
• Synergy of requirements for chemical agents and biological agents
 A wider range of occupations considered to be ‘at risk’ should
be taken into account in the Directive or guidance
• Take into account unintentional exposure situations
• Take into account “risky” jobs (e.g. maintenance workers, cleaners)
 Include reference to vulnerable groups
 Emerging risks:
• European (or even global) (warning) system would make it possible
to respond to emerging risks more quickly and in a more structured
way
• Alert function in existing or new systems
©David Tijero Osorio
25
https://osha.europa.eu
Thank you for your attention
Visit our webpages
https://osha.europa.eu/en/themes/work-related-diseases/biological-agents
26
https://osha.europa.eu
Copyright
©European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2019
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
For reproduction or use of any photo under any other copyright than EU-OSHA,
permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder.

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Biological agents and prevention of work-related diseases: a review for experts

  • 1. Safety and health at work is everyone’s concern. It’s good for you. It’s good for business. Biological agents and prevention of work-related diseases: a review © EU-OSHA, Matej Kastelic
  • 2. 2 https://osha.europa.eu Background of the project  EU OSH Strategic Framework 2014-2020 • One of the 3 major challenges: to improve the prevention of work-related diseases  Background • 230,000 workers died worldwide in 2014 due to communicable diseases caused by biological agents – around 7,000 in Europe (GLOBAL ESTIMATES 2017) • About 15% of cancers attributed to carcinogenic infections, (Helicobacter pylori, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B, C, Epstein-Barr, etc.) (WHO) • FR (2010): 4,7 million workers (22%) exposed to biological agents −healthcare/social work (74.9%), agriculture (38.8 %), Horeca (44.7 %), personal services (58.8 %), green jobs (46.4%) (SUMER 2010) • Waste management and healthcare are growing sectors
  • 3. 3 https://osha.europa.eu Part of OSH overview on work-related diseases  2015-2019 − Desk research, expert interviews and focus groups − Description of policies or monitoring systems and data analysis − Workshops with experts and EU-OSHA stakeholders  Outputs: − Seminar online summaries, literature reviews, reports, articles and recommendations, ppts for policy makers and for experts − Translations – portfolio approach: articles, report summaries, − National workshops under FAST 2019  Building on previous EU-OSHA work − Dangerous substances incl. biological agents, etc. ©EU-OSHA, Roberta Pizzigoni
  • 4. 4 https://osha.europa.eu Objectives of the review  Raise awareness on exposure to biological agents in exposed professions, especially those with unintentional use of biological agents;  Increase information on health problems related to exposure to biological agents;  Support efforts to prioritise and structure the prevention of work-related health problems linked to biological agents. ©Shutterstock/DariaCherry  Overview on the current knowledge on relevant exposures and on recognised diseases;  Particular focus on emerging issues and new professions, e.g. green jobs;  Link to biological agents directive – unintentional exposures;  Collect information from recording and compensation systems;  Identify gaps in data/knowledge.
  • 5. 5 https://osha.europa.eu Complementary to previous and ongoing work EU-OSHA campaigns European Week 2003 and HWC 2018-19 Expert Forecast: Main emerging biological risks  Global epidemics (avian flu, HIV, etc.) • Workers at the frontline of contamination  Drug-resistant micro-organisms (MRSA, tuberculosis, etc.)  Poor Indoor Air Quality: Indoor mould • Poor maintenance of air-conditioning, construction & insulation technics  Waste treatment: micro-organisms, mould, endotoxins, etc.  Poor risk assessment: little information on dose-effect relationship; measurement is challenging; low awareness level Selected reviews:  Legionella and Legionnaires’ disease: a policy overview  Biological agents and pandemics: review of the literature and national policies
  • 6. 6 https://osha.europa.eu Beneficiaries & intermediaries  Beneficiaries • Policy makers at national and EU level, including social partners; • Legislators; • Researchers; • Actors in occupational diseases recognition and statistical data collection (e.g. national social security organisations); • Actors at enterprise level (e.g. health and safety manager, health and safety representative, trades union representative) and intermediaries involved in setting up company policies; • Sectoral organisations; • Policy makers in other, related areas, for example at the sectoral level, or regarding employment, public health and environmental policies.  Intermediaries • Intermediaries involved in setting up company policies; • Sectoral organisations • Policy makers at national and EU level, incl. social partners • Researchers ©INSHT
  • 7. 7 https://osha.europa.eu Project overview: structure  Task-specific objectives: • Task 1: provide overview of types of biological factors and health problems relevant to workplaces (emphasis on unintentional exposures) • Task 2: provide information on examples of policies regarding work-related diseases due to biological agents, their success factors and obstacles and their transferability • Task 3: learn from the experience of intermediaries to identify specific upcoming risks and lack of measures regarding work- related diseases due to biological agents • Task 4: Stakeholder workshop to present and discuss findings • Task 5: Final report summarizing results
  • 8. 8 https://osha.europa.eu Results  Workers exposed in many professions, but little information on prevalence or incidence of exposure or diseases  High risk sectors: healthcare, agriculture (arable farming and livestock farming), waste and wastewater treatment, occupations that involve travelling and contact with travellers.  Other professions: wood working, metal work, restauration (of artworks), archives, etc.. © EU-OSHA, Verislav Stanchev  Overall lack of awareness of the risks from biological agents in all sectors, except healthcare and laboratories  Exposure to mixtures: • organic dust in agriculture and other professions, causing infections and allergies • surgical smoke  Allergenic agents, sectors and occupations at clear risk: • agricultural and fisheries sector, food industry, wood-working and metal industry and the waste treatment sector • well known allergenic occupational diseases are asthma in farmers and farmer's lung (hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
  • 9. 9 https://osha.europa.eu Emerging biological risks  Climate change --> newly occurring microorganisms that have spread to other regions (e.g. via ticks and mosquitoes)  Environmental legislation leading to changing patterns in waste management  Waste treatment and composting - specific allergens  Changing travelling patterns and volunteer schemes in third world countries (chikungunya, Crimean-Congo fever) ©EU-OSHA, Audrius Bagdonas  Migration flow to Europe – transfer of biological agents from the Middle East and Africa  Multi-resistant bacteria and epidemics (e.g. of zoonoses), risk to health professions and agriculture  Expected increase in green jobs - increased sensitisation to biomass-related allergens  Potential re-emerging diseases, e.g. Q-fever, tuberculosis and influenza No system in place to respond quickly to emerging risks
  • 10. 10 https://osha.europa.eu Vulnerable groups  For most occupations, no specific information  Critical doses and circumstances of exposure may be different for these groups  Trainees and new professionals, young workers  lack of experience & knowledge  Pregnant women  People with pre-existing diseases, like lung diseases, allergies and asthma, chronic diseases  People treated with immunosuppressants, especially fungal diseases  Cleaning and maintenance workers, working at different workplaces and for different employers  Temporary and undocumented workers  Foreign workers  Healthcare: • Workers in home care (not always well informed) • Health workers who travel for work Courtesy of AUVA
  • 11. 11 https://osha.europa.eu Monitoring of diseases (1)  A selection of monitoring systems analysed and described (DE, DK, FI, FR, NL, UK)  Wide range of types of monitoring systems for diseases  Diseases due to biological agents reported in generic registration systems  no specific focus on biological agents • Exceptions in healthcare and systems for compulsory reporting (e.g. for hepatitis or tuberculosis)  Proportion of diseases due to biological agents relatively low, except allergic diseases  Unequal coverage of zoonoses  Coverage of sectors and occupations unequal • e.g. agriculture, self-employed ‼ Underreporting of diseases (including those related to biological agents) ©EU-OSHA, Dominic Wigley
  • 12. 12 https://osha.europa.eu Monitoring of diseases (2)  Systems used for monitoring diseases / exposures vary widely: • Differences in what is monitored, how frequently and level of detail • Under-reporting • Little information on exposure to biological agents at the workplace  Unclear how data from monitoring systems is linked to prevention at the workplace  Data from national registration systems on occupational diseases and causes can be a valuable source of information • Data often not publicly available • Available in NL and UK • Difficult for companies or branch organisations to access information relevant for their sector  Risk of biological agents often not a high priority on the national political agenda due to lack of clear evidence, occupational exposure limit (OEL) values and evaluation methods © CRISTINA VATIELLI
  • 13. 13 https://osha.europa.eu Monitoring of exposures to biological agents  Information on exposure to biological agents limited Monitoring systems do not exist in all countries • Of evaluated countries, only in Germany, France and Finland occupational exposures monitored and registered on regular basis.  Exposures not measured frequently  Possible to derive occupational exposure limits (OELs) for biological agents that have toxic or allergenic effects as for chemicals (e.g. endotoxins) BUT • Lack of data on exposure and effects (exposure-effect relationships) • Lack of knowledge on exposure and pathogenicity © Fotolyse - Fotolia  Innovative measurement methods for identification and exposure easurement  FINJEM, MEGA database, COLCHIC database  French TOE as a basis for categories of exposure
  • 14. 14 https://osha.europa.eu Challenges for measurement of biological agents  Exposure depends on growth conditions, availability of water and other substrates  Dependent on temperature/season of the year. ! A measurement can only be regarded as a snapshot of the concentration in the air.  Measurement methods record concentrations in air, but not from contaminated surfaces or instruments and through skin  Cultivation and colony counting does not capture substances generated by the organisms, or toxic/allergenic compounds. Some cannot be measured through cultivation ©EU OSHA/Jim Holmes  Alternative methods  (electron)microscope counting  DNA sequencing or staining  Focus on more general markers for exposure (like endotoxins, glucans, peptidoglycans)  Stimulate development of standardised measurement methods and OELs for these markers
  • 15. 15 https://osha.europa.eu Monitoring systems - recommendations  To achieve comparability • Make information available to all stakeholders • Use a standard set of key parameters • Agree on the level of detail. • Consider providing information in English  Output from the systems in each country should be published according to • Causative agents (exposures) • Industries/sectors • Jobs/occupations • Age • Gender  All sectors and occupations and all groups of workers to be covered by disease monitoring, recording and recognition  Good examples: Classification systems in France (TOE) or in Germany (TRBAs, GESTIS) ©EU-OSHA, Sandra Milosevic
  • 16. 16 https://osha.europa.eu Monitoring systems – recommendations (2)  Regular revision and update of the lists of occupational diseases  Emphasis on respiratory diseases and skin diseases and on exposures to service workers  Better use of the information in existing databases  ‘ODIT’ instrument (Spreeuwers et al. 2009) - tool to assess quality of registration systems for occupational disease and ability to provide information for prevention  Defined indicators for high and low quality  Detection of new and/or emerging risks requires a different strategy / instruments than current risks • Training and commitment from (occupational) physicians • FR, BE/NL: examples of detection systems (RNV3P, Signaal) ©PIXELTASTER, Arpad Pinter
  • 17. 17 https://osha.europa.eu Better prevention needed  Respecting the hierarchy of prevention measures • Most measures identified in the review related to PPE and other individual measures • Awareness-raising needed about the existing legal framework • Applying collective rather than personal measures  Lack of access to appropriate PPE or lack of appropriate storage areas for PPE  Plans to deal with accidental exposure  Measures for safe waste collection and handling and transport of biological agents  OSH services needed for workers in exposed sectors  Right to appropriate health surveillance • needs to lead to prevention measures • right for other workers when a health problem is identified • prescreening for allergy vs. prevention measures ©Stoyko Sabotanov ©Dries Vanderschaeghe
  • 18. 18 https://osha.europa.eu Better prevention (2)  Hygiene measures • separation of break and changing rooms • appropriate washing and toilet facilities • separation of work and other clothing  Differentiation between ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ areas (black-white areas) • especially in waste management and farming • avoiding contamination  Vaccination • right for workers to be informed about advantages/disadvantages • information in annexes to biological agents Directive (label) • reasons for low vaccination rates?  Protection from accidental exposure • needlestick injuries, cuts, bites • diseases transmitted by vectors (e.g. Ticks) ©EU OSHA/Jim Holmes ©Manuel Alejandro Ortega Gálvez ©EU OSHA/Jim Holmes
  • 19. 19 https://osha.europa.eu Importance of allergens  Multifactorial - exact cause of the allergy cannot easily be identified  Causes: organic dust, moulds in buildings, flour dust, industrial enzymes, specific bacteria occurring for example in waste management, wood processing and metalwork  Sectors at risk: waste and wastewater treatment, construction, fisheries, food industry, textile industry, wood-working, metal industry ! Allergies most recognised diseases, e.g. farmers lung  Prevention: • Dust- and aerosol-avoiding measures • Ventilation • Closed systems • Hygiene measures • PPE • Black-white areas ©Audrius Bagdonas ©INSHT
  • 20. 20 https://osha.europa.eu Conclusions  Classification of biological agents according to level of risk requires a risk assessment for every biological agent at a workplace • often not feasible due to the large variation of biological agents at workplaces • for many biological agents no data available  Huge variation in conditions of workplaces means a uniform preventive approach is difficult to realise.  Policies mentioned by experts for all sectors successful • Facilitated by: − good national visibility and approachability of experts, − availability of research results and reports, − lobbying groups, media attention and public awareness. • Obstacles: − a lack of effective methods to collect quantified data, − lack of a clear reporting system for emerging diseases and risky situations from local to national level − lack of collaboration between ministries, expert organisations and other relevant stakeholders. ©EU-OSHA, Raymond Widawski
  • 21. 21 https://osha.europa.eu Good practice examples  OSH services for farming sector – Finland • Consultation and health checks for farmers  Technical rules for biological agents, GESTIS database – Germany • Guidance for different sectors and biological agents  Cooperation of committees for hazardous substances and for biological agents - Germany • Guidance for protection of workers from sensitisers  Prevention in animal laboratories – Netherlands • Mixture of organisational, technical and personal measures to protect workers from allergies • Apply to workers, clients and providers  Sentinel and alert systems • RNV3P – France • THOR – UK • SIGNAAL – Belgium and Netherlands ©Timurs Subhankulovs
  • 22. 22 https://osha.europa.eu Synergies with public health needed!  Compulsory reporting in public health for some diseases and exposures: • Pandemics such as avian influenza • Tuberculosis • Brucellosis, etc…  Monitor spread and outbreaks of diseases  Sentinel approach as in public health notification systems could be followed  Expert networks in public health and occupational hygiene, e.g. regarding antibiotics and multiple resistance  General practitioners can act as mediators for the prevention message and are important carriers of information  Clear intervention plan when a new risk is identified – from first signs to alert for prevention ©EU-OSHA, Zijl Reinier
  • 23. 23 https://osha.europa.eu Recommendations – awareness-raising and communication  Better link between research community, authorities and the OSH experts at workplaces  Information exchange needed between countries • filling the gaps by additional research • existing data, knowledge, experiences and best practices in different sectors • more systematic assessments of specific exposures or specific occupations • communication to benefit policy makers and workers/employers ©David Tijero Osorio  Raising more awareness: • among occupational physicians - observing an increase in incidence of known diseases in novel occupational settings • among general practitioners - possible link between observed health effects and (previous) work environment of a patient • among new / young workers in relevant sectors and occupations, through e.g. vocational education • among employers on their legal obligations
  • 24. 24 https://osha.europa.eu Recommendations – European level  Consider wider definition of biological agents: • In addition to living (micro)organisms, substances or structures from living or dead organisms (such as exotoxins), allergens and mixtures of biological agents (bioaerosols or organic dust) • Broader definition of biological agents already applied in various Member States • Synergy of requirements for chemical agents and biological agents  A wider range of occupations considered to be ‘at risk’ should be taken into account in the Directive or guidance • Take into account unintentional exposure situations • Take into account “risky” jobs (e.g. maintenance workers, cleaners)  Include reference to vulnerable groups  Emerging risks: • European (or even global) (warning) system would make it possible to respond to emerging risks more quickly and in a more structured way • Alert function in existing or new systems ©David Tijero Osorio
  • 25. 25 https://osha.europa.eu Thank you for your attention Visit our webpages https://osha.europa.eu/en/themes/work-related-diseases/biological-agents
  • 26. 26 https://osha.europa.eu Copyright ©European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2019 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. For reproduction or use of any photo under any other copyright than EU-OSHA, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder.