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Drones At Work ::
Capturing Data, Generating Insights,
Solving Real Problems
Ong Jiin Joo
CTO, Garuda Robotics
jiinjoo@garuda.io
DSSG - 23/9/2015
Drones at work gathering useful data
	
  
(1)  Not	
  flying	
  for	
  fun	
  
(2)  Not	
  flying	
  and	
  shoo5ng	
  for	
  aesthe5cs	
  
	
  
Drones	
  at	
  work:	
  
	
  
(1)  Solve	
  Customer’s	
  Problems	
  
(2)  Gather	
  Useful	
  Data:	
  
Can	
  be	
  analyzed	
  to	
  produce	
  intelligence	
  /	
  insights	
  
	
  
In the next 45 minutes
•  Share our experience
–  Behind the scenes
–  Technology and processes
•  Data capture workflow
•  Data analysis workflow
•  Precision agriculture case
study: Tree counting
Case Study Background
Running	
  example	
  in	
  this	
  presenta1on:	
  Precision	
  Agriculture	
  for	
  Palm	
  Oil	
  Planta5ons	
  
	
  
Planta1on	
  customers	
  want	
  to	
  know:	
  How	
  many	
  trees	
  are	
  there	
  in	
  my	
  planta5on?	
  
This	
  affects:	
  
(i)	
  Manpower	
  &	
  equipment	
  planning,	
  (ii)	
  fer1lizer	
  purchase	
  and	
  dissemina1on	
  
	
  
In case you haven’t heard of Drones /
UAVs …
Our Workflow
Data	
  Acquisi5on	
  /	
  
Genera5on	
  
Data	
  Storage	
  /	
  
Transporta5on	
  
Data	
  Analy5cs	
  /	
  
Presenta5on	
  
1	
   2	
   3	
  
Data Acquisition :: Planning
Project	
  Planner	
  
-­‐	
  Define	
  objec1ves,	
  targets,	
  obstacles,	
  deliverables	
  	
  
Data Acquisition :: Before Flight
Prepara5on	
  for	
  deployment	
   On-­‐site	
  equipment	
  prepara5on	
  	
  
Data Acquisition :: Before Flight
Onsite	
  systems	
  prepara5ons	
   Mission	
  planning	
  and	
  briefing	
  
Data Acquisition :: During Flight
•  Autonomous Flight
–  Monitor telemetry, video feed
.	
  
HUD	
  (head	
  up	
  display)	
  
Antenna	
  
Data Acquisition :: After Flight
1.	
  Check	
  Data	
  Integrity	
  
•  Is	
  the	
  picture	
  clear,	
  
focused?	
  
2.	
  Quick	
  Process	
  
•  Low	
  res	
  img	
  
processing	
  
Data Generation :: Comparing pictures
taken over a period of time
Data Generation :: Combining various
electromagnetic spectrum
Data Transportation :: Live
Urgency of analysis
•  When do we need the deliverable
–  Real Time or within minutes / hours
–  Non Real Time (days / weeks)
•  Some analysis require huge amount of
compute – such as image recognition
Tradeoff between using more bandwidth to
transport data elsewhere vs. shipping more
compute power on site
In-­‐country	
  Telco	
  
Ground	
  Sta1on	
  
Drone	
   Cloud	
  Services	
  
Wi-­‐Fi	
  
3G	
  Dongle	
  
Internet	
  
backbone	
  
Fallback plan – transport the old way
Data Storage Size
Photogrammetry Example
(simplified)
•  Fly at 100m, Camera FOV 90° both
sides, 1 picture covers 200x200m = 4 ha
•  Suppose plantation 10,000 ha square (or
10km by 10km)
•  80% overlap required ~= shooting 5
times same area
•  Total size: (10,000/4) * 5MB * 5 = 62.5GB
– fits one 64GB SD card.
Data Analytics
•  More on this on part 2 of the presentation
Data Presentation :: Image Stitching
•  Combine	
  
everything	
  
or	
  by	
  blocks	
  
•  Highly	
  
repe11ve	
  
•  Lack	
  control	
  
points	
  
Data Presentation :: Orthomosaics
•  Geometrically	
  corrected	
  
•  Can	
  be	
  placed	
  on	
  map	
  
Used	
  by	
  surveyors	
  to	
  measure	
  true	
  distance	
  
Data Presentation :: 3D Reconstruction
•  Photogrammetry	
  methods	
  
Similarly,	
  used	
  by	
  
surveyors	
  to	
  measure	
  
length,	
  area	
  and	
  volume	
  of	
  
interest	
  in	
  3D	
  space	
  
DRONE DATA

 
ANALYTICS
Data Analytics Framework
Descrip1ve	
  
Analy1cs	
  
Predic1ve	
  
Analy1cs	
  
Prescrip1ve	
  
Analy1cs	
  
+	
   +	
  
Descriptive Analytics
Example:	
  Telco	
  Tower	
  Inspec5on	
  
	
  
•  Is	
  the	
  antenna	
  s1ll	
  slanted	
  at	
  2.8	
  degrees	
  
from	
  ver1cal?	
  
•  Any	
  disconnected	
  wires,	
  bird	
  nest,	
  damage	
  
from	
  harsh	
  weather?	
  
Example:	
  Flare	
  Stack	
  Inspec5on	
  
	
  
•  Is	
  the	
  structural	
  integrity	
  of	
  the	
  flare	
  stack	
  
holding	
  up?	
  	
  
•  Is	
  the	
  flare	
  stack	
  opera1ng	
  at	
  normal	
  
temperature?	
  
Predictive Analytics
What will happen next?

Example: Solar Panel 
•  What is wrong?
•  How many times
observed
•  Correlate with
electricity yield curve
Back to our case study ::
Plantation Management
Dry	
  leaves,	
  but	
  
next	
  to	
  river.	
  
Why?	
  
Empty	
  space,	
  
but	
  no	
  palm	
  
planted.	
  Why?	
  
Winding	
  road,	
  difficult	
  to	
  bring	
  
harvested	
  palm	
  out.	
  Redo?	
  
Palm	
  of	
  mixed	
  age:	
  high	
  
maintenance	
  cost.	
  Is	
  it	
  
1me	
  to	
  replant	
  the	
  en1re	
  
area?	
  
	
  
If	
  so,	
  should	
  the	
  river	
  be	
  
shi]ed	
  for	
  water	
  to	
  drain	
  
be^er?	
  
Case Study :: Plantation Management
Great!	
  Now	
  I	
  just	
  have	
  to	
  
keep	
  it	
  going	
  for	
  25	
  years	
  
How	
  much	
  fer1lizers	
  
do	
  I	
  need	
  to	
  get?	
  	
  
How	
  should	
  I	
  distribute	
  them	
  so	
  that	
  my	
  
workers	
  don’t	
  just	
  throw	
  excess	
  away?	
  
How	
  many	
  trees	
  
do	
  I	
  have!?	
  
Tree Counting
•  Conventional way(s)
–  Ground staff count them one by one!
–  Guesstimate (e.g. 143 trees / ha)
Tree Counting
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x
still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
•  More advanced
ways
1.  Satellite imagery
2.  Drone imagery
3.  Apply Computer vision
Tree Counting
Posi1ve	
  Features	
  
Histogram	
  of	
  	
  
•  Colour	
  
•  Intensity	
  
•  Mean	
  
•  Standard	
  
Devia1on	
  
Nega1ve	
  
Features	
  
(random	
  
sampling)	
  
Our	
  naïve	
  model!	
  RFC	
  
Tree Counting
•  Didn’t work so well…
How	
  can	
  we	
  do	
  beZer?	
  
Ways to improve tree counting
•  Non-CV techniques
–  Operations: capture trees at same size and
light intensity (vary altitude, time of flight etc.)
–  Domain info: planting patterns, tree distance,
max tree per block
–  Past data: information from previous flights,
manual count, last count
•  How about CV techniques?
Ways to improve tree counting
Source:	
   	
  Oil	
  Palm	
  Tree	
  Detec2on	
  with	
  High	
  Resolu2on	
  Mul2-­‐Spectral	
  Satellite	
  Imagery	
  
	
   	
  h?p://www.mdpi.com/2072-­‐4292/6/10/9749?trendmd-­‐shared=0	
  	
  
	
   	
  13	
  April	
  2014	
  
Ways to improve tree counting
Active research area
•  Some new proposals
•  Undergoing R&D and
trials with our corpus
•  Trials with customer
with existing data
about their tree count
Tree Counting :: Next Steps
•  Impact from good tree count
–  Yield prediction and correction
–  Plantation ops
–  Prescriptive Analytics together with Arborists
•  Next things to classify
–  Healthy trees vs. sick trees 
–  Other trees / crops
–  Heterogeneous plantations
Summary
•  Drones are already at work
delivering actionable insights
•  We can capture the data with
our drones, but the challenge is
to go beyond the descriptive
into the predictive and
prescriptive analytics
•  Lots of opportunities coming
soon
Thank You

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Garuda Robotics x DataScience SG Meetup (Sep 2015)

  • 1. Drones At Work :: Capturing Data, Generating Insights, Solving Real Problems Ong Jiin Joo CTO, Garuda Robotics jiinjoo@garuda.io DSSG - 23/9/2015
  • 2. Drones at work gathering useful data   (1)  Not  flying  for  fun   (2)  Not  flying  and  shoo5ng  for  aesthe5cs     Drones  at  work:     (1)  Solve  Customer’s  Problems   (2)  Gather  Useful  Data:   Can  be  analyzed  to  produce  intelligence  /  insights    
  • 3. In the next 45 minutes •  Share our experience –  Behind the scenes –  Technology and processes •  Data capture workflow •  Data analysis workflow •  Precision agriculture case study: Tree counting
  • 4. Case Study Background Running  example  in  this  presenta1on:  Precision  Agriculture  for  Palm  Oil  Planta5ons     Planta1on  customers  want  to  know:  How  many  trees  are  there  in  my  planta5on?   This  affects:   (i)  Manpower  &  equipment  planning,  (ii)  fer1lizer  purchase  and  dissemina1on    
  • 5. In case you haven’t heard of Drones / UAVs …
  • 6. Our Workflow Data  Acquisi5on  /   Genera5on   Data  Storage  /   Transporta5on   Data  Analy5cs  /   Presenta5on   1   2   3  
  • 7. Data Acquisition :: Planning Project  Planner   -­‐  Define  objec1ves,  targets,  obstacles,  deliverables    
  • 8. Data Acquisition :: Before Flight Prepara5on  for  deployment   On-­‐site  equipment  prepara5on    
  • 9. Data Acquisition :: Before Flight Onsite  systems  prepara5ons   Mission  planning  and  briefing  
  • 10. Data Acquisition :: During Flight •  Autonomous Flight –  Monitor telemetry, video feed .   HUD  (head  up  display)   Antenna  
  • 11. Data Acquisition :: After Flight 1.  Check  Data  Integrity   •  Is  the  picture  clear,   focused?   2.  Quick  Process   •  Low  res  img   processing  
  • 12. Data Generation :: Comparing pictures taken over a period of time
  • 13. Data Generation :: Combining various electromagnetic spectrum
  • 15. Urgency of analysis •  When do we need the deliverable –  Real Time or within minutes / hours –  Non Real Time (days / weeks) •  Some analysis require huge amount of compute – such as image recognition
  • 16. Tradeoff between using more bandwidth to transport data elsewhere vs. shipping more compute power on site In-­‐country  Telco   Ground  Sta1on   Drone   Cloud  Services   Wi-­‐Fi   3G  Dongle   Internet   backbone  
  • 17. Fallback plan – transport the old way
  • 18. Data Storage Size Photogrammetry Example (simplified) •  Fly at 100m, Camera FOV 90° both sides, 1 picture covers 200x200m = 4 ha •  Suppose plantation 10,000 ha square (or 10km by 10km) •  80% overlap required ~= shooting 5 times same area •  Total size: (10,000/4) * 5MB * 5 = 62.5GB – fits one 64GB SD card.
  • 19. Data Analytics •  More on this on part 2 of the presentation
  • 20. Data Presentation :: Image Stitching •  Combine   everything   or  by  blocks   •  Highly   repe11ve   •  Lack  control   points  
  • 21. Data Presentation :: Orthomosaics •  Geometrically  corrected   •  Can  be  placed  on  map   Used  by  surveyors  to  measure  true  distance  
  • 22. Data Presentation :: 3D Reconstruction •  Photogrammetry  methods   Similarly,  used  by   surveyors  to  measure   length,  area  and  volume  of   interest  in  3D  space  
  • 24. Data Analytics Framework Descrip1ve   Analy1cs   Predic1ve   Analy1cs   Prescrip1ve   Analy1cs   +   +  
  • 25. Descriptive Analytics Example:  Telco  Tower  Inspec5on     •  Is  the  antenna  s1ll  slanted  at  2.8  degrees   from  ver1cal?   •  Any  disconnected  wires,  bird  nest,  damage   from  harsh  weather?   Example:  Flare  Stack  Inspec5on     •  Is  the  structural  integrity  of  the  flare  stack   holding  up?     •  Is  the  flare  stack  opera1ng  at  normal   temperature?  
  • 26. Predictive Analytics What will happen next? Example: Solar Panel •  What is wrong? •  How many times observed •  Correlate with electricity yield curve
  • 27. Back to our case study :: Plantation Management Dry  leaves,  but   next  to  river.   Why?   Empty  space,   but  no  palm   planted.  Why?   Winding  road,  difficult  to  bring   harvested  palm  out.  Redo?   Palm  of  mixed  age:  high   maintenance  cost.  Is  it   1me  to  replant  the  en1re   area?     If  so,  should  the  river  be   shi]ed  for  water  to  drain   be^er?  
  • 28. Case Study :: Plantation Management Great!  Now  I  just  have  to   keep  it  going  for  25  years   How  much  fer1lizers   do  I  need  to  get?     How  should  I  distribute  them  so  that  my   workers  don’t  just  throw  excess  away?   How  many  trees   do  I  have!?  
  • 29. Tree Counting •  Conventional way(s) –  Ground staff count them one by one! –  Guesstimate (e.g. 143 trees / ha)
  • 30. Tree Counting The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. •  More advanced ways 1.  Satellite imagery 2.  Drone imagery 3.  Apply Computer vision
  • 31. Tree Counting Posi1ve  Features   Histogram  of     •  Colour   •  Intensity   •  Mean   •  Standard   Devia1on   Nega1ve   Features   (random   sampling)   Our  naïve  model!  RFC  
  • 32. Tree Counting •  Didn’t work so well… How  can  we  do  beZer?  
  • 33. Ways to improve tree counting •  Non-CV techniques –  Operations: capture trees at same size and light intensity (vary altitude, time of flight etc.) –  Domain info: planting patterns, tree distance, max tree per block –  Past data: information from previous flights, manual count, last count •  How about CV techniques?
  • 34. Ways to improve tree counting Source:    Oil  Palm  Tree  Detec2on  with  High  Resolu2on  Mul2-­‐Spectral  Satellite  Imagery      h?p://www.mdpi.com/2072-­‐4292/6/10/9749?trendmd-­‐shared=0        13  April  2014  
  • 35. Ways to improve tree counting Active research area •  Some new proposals •  Undergoing R&D and trials with our corpus •  Trials with customer with existing data about their tree count
  • 36. Tree Counting :: Next Steps •  Impact from good tree count –  Yield prediction and correction –  Plantation ops –  Prescriptive Analytics together with Arborists •  Next things to classify –  Healthy trees vs. sick trees –  Other trees / crops –  Heterogeneous plantations
  • 37. Summary •  Drones are already at work delivering actionable insights •  We can capture the data with our drones, but the challenge is to go beyond the descriptive into the predictive and prescriptive analytics •  Lots of opportunities coming soon