A multi-stakeholder workshop on Responsible Tourism and Human Rights in Myanmar was held in Naypyidaw from 30 September to 2 October by the Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business and the Hanns Seidel Foundation.

1. SRI KSETRA and
PYU ANCIENT CITIES
Myanmar’s First World Heritage Sites
U Win Kyaing, Principal
Field School of Archaeology,
Dept. of Archaeology and National Museum

2. Proposed property boundaries
include entirety of the three
ancient brick walled cities and
peri-urban areas and ancient
landscape engineering features.
Buffer zones follow natural
features such as mountains and
streams, local administrative
boundaries and land ownership
and protect the environmental
context of the ancient cities and
associated features such as
natural resource extraction sites.
THE SERIAL NOMINATION
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3. HALIN
Sagaing Region,
Shwebo District
E 95° 49’ 7”
N 22° 28’ 12”
NOMINATED PROPERTY
(HA) 1,243
BUFFER ZONE 2,198
TOTAL AREA 3,441
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4. BEIKTHANO
Magwe Region,
Taungdwingyi
District
E 95° 22’ 46”
N 20° 0’ 14”
NOMINATED PROPERTY (HA)
1,188
BUFFER ZONE 2,879
TOTAL AREA 4,067
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5. SRI KSETRA
Bago Region,
Pyay District
E 95° 17’ 24”
N 18° 47’ 54”
NOMINATED
PROPERTY (HA) 3,378
BUFFER ZONE 1,713
TOTALAREA 5,091

6. Serial Lists in Pyu Ancient Cities

7. TRANSMISSION OF BUDDHISM ACROSS
SOUTHEAST ASIA
• (Criterion ii): Over a prolonged period of interaction between
indigenous societies with Indic cultures to the west starting after the
2nd century BCE, Buddhism achieved its first permanent foothold in
Southeast Asia among the Pyu cities, where it was embraced by all
classes of society.

8. The structural activities can be differentiated
the city’s architectural development and
chronology

10. FIRST LITERATE URBAN CIVILIZATION
IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
• (Criterion iii): The Pyu Ancient Cities marked the emergence of
the first historically-documented Buddhist urban civilization in
Southeast Asia. The establishment of literate Buddhist
monastic communities arose in tandem with the re-
organization of agricultural production, the specialized
production of manufactured goods, the construction of
religious monuments in brick, and the development of unique
mortuary practices.
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13. INNOVATIVE URBAN PROTOTYPES
• (Criterion iv): Technological innovations in resource
management, hydraulic engineering, agriculture and
manufacturing of brick and iron at the Pyu Ancient Cities created
the preconditions leading to significant advances in city planning
and building construction, resulting in the creation of urban
prototypes which proved critically influential for later city
formation in Southeast Asia.
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16. Outline History of Sri Ksetra
Traditional chronicles preserved many accounts of Sri Ksetra and
founders are said “the descendants of Tagaung” . The city was marked
the beginning of Buddhism, 25 kings ruled and their patrons in
establishing religious buildings. The decline of the city was attributed
city-chaos by the invasion and tribal conflict.

17. The Life Span of Sri Ksetra City on Scientific View
A sample of iron production site in the centre of the city gives a scientific
dating_Radio Carbon 14 test in Iron Production site_ 90_ 150 A.D

18. The Life Span of Sri Ksetra City
An example of statuary remains dated 2nd_3rd century A.D

21. SUSTAINABILITY OF THE CITY
UNDER THE MANAGEMENT ISSUES
1. Planning, Management and Policy
2. Conservation
3. Maintenance
4. Scientific Research
5. Ownership
6. Use of the Site
7. Interpretation
8. Visitor Access
9. Risks

22. Planning, management and Policy
National Laws and Regulation
zoning, monument conservation, site management, public
education
Customary Protection
venerated and sacred place, traditional nat spirit
Existing Structures and Local Development Plans
railway, Khittaya new expansion
Financial Resources
increased annual budget, Trustee fund, international
funding
Human Resources
increase set of staff

23. Conservation
living monuments
excavated structures
in-situ and sensitive remains
different phases presentation
later structure

24. Maintenance
traditional and cultural priority of present society
implementation by the community and institution

25. Scientific Research
national and international scholar
Italy Lerici Foundation
Department and Field School of Archaeology
joint with Cambridge and Sydney University

26. Ownership
categories of ownership
current status

27. Use of the Site
religious function 20. 62 Ha.
agricultural practices 3741. 98 Ha.
residential function 216. 81 Ha.
institutional function 76. 58 Ha.
transportation and
utility of infrastructure
tourism and pilgrimage 756. 48 Ha.
Total 5091. 00 Ha.

28. Interpretation
museum
information panel
heritage information and guided tour

29. Visitor Access
departmental
local

30. Risk
earthquake
flood
fire
theft and vandalism

31. FIELD SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY
For the new staffs and graduated who intended professional archaeologists
Teachings such as:
Field Archaeology Archaeological sciences
Prehistoric Archaeology Protohistoric Archaeology
Historic Archaeology Ancient architecture
Epigraphy and Numismatology Art and Iconography
Museology Structural conservation
Chemical Conservation Cultural Heritage Protection

32. FSA relevance to the protection management of heritage
professional specialization such as:
international heritage law
management of heritage
landscape conservation and management
conservation of vernacular architecture and artifact

33. Sri Ksetra Heritage Trust
Established on September 4th, 2012
Executive Committee_ 15 with total 1200 members

34. Practice_ registration
organize, talk, meeting
tour, gift, case,
publicity signboard, workshop
heritage knowledge distribution to schools
celebrity activities, advice and suggestion to institutions
collaboration with FSA, MoC, SK Office, Hmawza Library
meeting with ICOMOS
attempt extended trip to Sri Ksetra
author’s talk in Hmawza
Photo Exhibition
Discussion on Pyu Epigraphy
upgrade display Shwephone-pwint Museum

35. Sri Ksetra Heritage Trust
Aim wish to follow rules and regulations of UNESCO and participated in
safeguarding of Cultural Heritage by the collaboration of any NGO,
Organization and Institution
to protect any action of cultural heritage loss and decay
preparing a memorial publication about World Heritage Nomination Process on
Pyu Ancient Cities of Myanmar

36. Conclusion
International known level “World Heritage Listed”
OUV criteria,
integrity, authenticity
Protection and management
Institutional and communal participation
Appropriate development plan
face challenges
Transitional condition

37. Thank You!

40. Protection
Boundary demarcation, current status of ownership and land use
Zoning
monument conservation
site management
pubic education
Security

41. Factors affecting the properties
(i) Development pressures
(mechanized agriculture,
non traditional crops,
transportation infrastructure,
encroachment and non-traditional human settlements,
garbage dumping,
mining and gravel extraction,
looting and gold sieving
Utilities infrastructure
(ii) Environmental pressures pollution, climate changes not felt at all
plants, growth of trees penetration and making cracking structures
(iii) Natural disaster and risk preparedness (earthquake, flood, fire)
(iv) Responsible visitation
(v) Number of inhabitants within the property and the buffer zone

42. State of Conservation
plan
OUV and others
monitoring
Management
operated guidelines for implementation of WHC convention

43. MANAGEMENT VISION
A Heritage Site with a balance between antiquity and livingness, where
its potential Outstanding Universal Value is safeguarded, promoted and
communicated to contemporary life and to bring these values into play to
contribute to local community economic, social, and cultural development,
by integrating heritage preservation into environmental conservation and
sustainable development through a participatory approach to the property’s
management, undertaken in cooperation with other stakeholders including the
sangha (monk body) and the local community.
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44. PYUCOM
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