The document discusses various types and concepts related to tourism. It begins by defining tourism and a tourist. It then outlines different types of tourism such as honeypot tourism, MICE tourism, medical tourism, and religious tourism. It also discusses factors that influence the growth of global tourism like increasing disposable income and leisure time as well as investments in destination infrastructure. The document notes some impacts of tourism including positive economic benefits but also potential negative socio-cultural and environmental impacts. It identifies key stakeholders involved in tourism development and discusses the importance of sustainable tourism.

1. Tourism
• Tourism refers to the temporary movement
of people primarily for leisure and
recreational purposes
• It is characterised by the interaction(s)
between tourists and tourism destinations

2. Tourist
• A tourist is defined as a person who travels
and stays away from his/her normal place
of residence for more than 24 hours but
less than a year, regardless of travel
purpose

3. Tourism Types
• Tourism is place-specific, tourists travel to
a specific physical location
• Different spaces/environments (both
physical and human) in tourism
destinations create diverse tourism
activities
• There are therefore the presence of
different tourism types

4. Honeypot Tourism
Eiffel Tower, Paris, France Taj Mahal, Agra, India
• Tourism honeypots refers to particularly
popular visitor attractions which attract
tourists in large numbers

5. MICE
• Requisite: Destinations which provide
good amenities for meetings, incentives,
conferences and exhibitions
Melbourne Convention Hall, Australia Yeosu Expo, S. Korea

6. Medical/ Health Tourism
• Requisites: Places with good medical
facilities or health facilities such as spas
and hot springs
• Rise in medical tourism, especially in
cosmetic procedures (S. Korea estimates
300 thousand medical tourists by 2015)

7. Film-induced Tourism
• Tourism to destinations featured on
television, video, or cinema screen
• Requisites: Physical or human landscape
which appears on television, video, or
cinema screen (More prominent in
popular/cult movies)

8. Heritage Tourism
Travelling to experience the authentic
culture and history offered by a particular
place and/or activity
The Ghats in Varanasi, India
Kayan Culture, Burma

9. Religious Tourism
• Travelling for religious purposes (e.g. pilgrimage,
missions, religious gatherings)
• Requisite: Places with religious/holy sites
The Kaaba, Mecca, Saudi Arabia Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, Israel

10. Dark Tourism
Requisite: Places with history of conflicts or
history of mass deaths/ places which uses
death as a theme of attraction
Catacombs of the Capuchins, Palermo, Italy- Over 8000 bodies
hung on the walls like paintings!

11. New Types of Tourism
• There are new types of tourism which are
constantly evolving or becoming more
popular
• E.g. Adventure tourism /sustainable/space
Bungee Jumping, Queenstown, New Zealand

12. Learning Points
• Tourism is place-specific
• Different environments (both physical and
human) in tourism destinations create
diverse opportunities for tourist activities
• Presence of requisites for each type of
tourism

13. Definition
• International
tourism refers to
tourism outside of a
tourist's own
country
13
• Domestic tourism refers
to tourism within a
tourist's own country

14. International Tourism trends
• Increasingly diverse
in origins and
destinations
• Asia pacific
destinations
becoming more
popular

15. Domestic Tourism Trends
• Grows along with international tourism
• Especially in big countries like China and
Philippines

16. Changing Nature of Tourism
Evolution of mass tourism to niche tourism
• Mass tourism- act of visiting a destination
with large amounts of people at one time
• Dominated by Tour Operators offering low
cost, standardised package tours

17. • Niche tourism targets a specific market
segment, usually with a well-defined
product that can be tailored to meet the
interests of the tourists
Tomatina, Bunyol, Spain Monkey Buffet, Lopburi, Thailand

18. Changing Nature of Tourism
From tour groups to independent travellers
• Tourism moving towards independent
travel (e.g. backpacking)
• Independent travel allows for more
flexibility in travel itinerary
• Tourists are not bounded by restrictions
laid out by following tour groups

19. Changing Nature of Tourism
Growth of long haul destinations
• No standard definition of what is
considered long or short haul destinations
• Some consider long haul destinations to
be more than 5 hours away by flight
• Tourists moving away from regional
destinations to those which are further
away (e.g. Singapore to Brazil/ USA)

20. Changing Nature of Tourism
Development of package holidays
Tour packages moving towards adopting
niche tourism types (e.g. food and wine
tourism)

21. Changing Nature of Tourism
Development of short haul destinations
• Short haul destinations have also tried to market
themselves to niche markets
• For Singapore, rise in ecotourism and community-
based tourism in short haul destinations
• E.g. Komodo national park, Orang Asli experience

22. Learning Points
• The trend of global tourism is positive
seen from both rising tourist arrivals and
tourism receipts
• Niche tourism types and independent
travelling have become popular
• Package tours are adopting elements of
niche tourism to attract the diverse market
• Tourism is the way to go because of the
economic benefits it brings

23. Factors Causing Global Tourism Growth
Demand Factors Destination Factors
1. Increase in
Disposable
Income
2. Increase in
leisure time
3. Changing
Lifestyles
1. Attractions
2. Investment in
Infrastructure and
Services
3. Access to Information/
Marketing
4. Political Stability
Technology

24. Demand Factors
Factors that influence
people’s desire and
capability to travel and
purchase tourism
related goods and
services

25. Demand Factors
Disposable Income
• Refers to the amount
of money left for an
individual to spend, or
to be set aside as
savings, after taxes

26. Demand Factors
Disposable Income
• Increase in disposable income enables
people to spend more on goods and
activities which would improve their
quality of life
• Accounts for growth in tourism as people
can afford to travel more frequently and to
more expensive destinations

27. Demand Factors
Leisure Time
• Refers to time available outside of the
demands of work or duty
• Increasing trend where people enjoy a
minimum of three weeks of paid annual
leave
• Increase in leisure time allows people to
travel more

28. Demand Factors
Changing Lifestyles
• Refers to the way a person lives which
includes patterns of social relations,
consumption and entertainment
• Higher education levels propels people
to travel to know more about the world
• Education has also developed varied
interests in people resulting in people
attracted to various tourist destinations
(e.g. nature lovers to ecotourism)

29. Demand Factors
Changing Lifestyles
• Travelling also acts as a stress-reliever
for people who want respite from urban/
working life
• Longer life expectancy and increasing
affluence results in more people
travelling the world after retirement

30. Destination Factors
Destination Factors
• Related to the infrastructure and services
offered in tourism destinations that allow
for more convenient and comfortable stay
for tourists
Burj Al Arab , Dubai, UAE

31. Destination Factors
Attractions
• Refers to the range of attractions in a
tourist location
• Presence of attractions which are varied
in type would encourage tourists to visit
the destination
• Has Singapore been successful in this
area?

32. Destination Factors
Investment in Infrastructure and Services
• Refers to the presence of a range of
large-scale public systems, services, and
facilities
• Includes tourist accommodation, medical
facilities, transport infrastructure,
recreational and entertainment facilities
• Destination with more investments in
infrastructure and services likely to attract
more tourists

33. Destination Factors
Access to Information
• Refers to the ease in which tourists are
able to obtain information of the
destination
• This could be in the form of internet or
print sources (e.g. Lonely Planet
Guidebooks)
• Tourists more inclined to visit destinations
that has more information available

34. Destination Factors
Marketing
• Potential visitors get access to information
through the marketing of the destination
by their respective countries
• Prevalent use of the mass media to
advertise on certain marketable traits of
destinations
• Destination more likely to attract visitors if
marketing is done well

35. Destination Factors
Political Stability
• Countries which are in the midst of
conflicts or wars are deemed to be unsafe
for tourists
• E.g. Syria and Iraq are not visited currently
despite having attractions
Ruins of Palmyra, Syria Great Ziggurat of Ur, Iraq

36. Technology
• The advent of technology and various Web
tools makes travelling to another country
much easier
• Can you think of technology available now
which aids in increasing tourism that was
not available in the past?

37. Learning Points
• The growth of tourism is due to a
combination of demand and destination
factors
• The growth of tourism is also propelled by
the rise of technology which allows
tourists to access information, plan their
travel itinerary and book for
accommodation and transport

38. Fluctuations in Tourism
Tourism numbers decline because
of ....
- Terrorism
- Recession
- Diseases
- Disasters

39. Hong Kong (2003) SARS Epidemic
• Tourist arrivals fell 63% (850,000) from
March to April 2003
• Outbound bookings for the Easter
holiday period fell by 80%.

40. Iceland (2010) Eyjafjallajökull eruption
• 107,000 flights cancelled during 8 day
period- 48% of total air traffic (10 million
passengers)
• Airlines collectively losing £130m per day in
lost revenues
• Tourism industry will lose money from
tourists unable to make the trip

41. Recession -Global Financial Crisis(2007-2008)
• Consumer spending lowered due to rising
unemployment (5.4 million jobs lost in USA
in 2008)
• Assets have lowered due to the collapse of
the stock and property markets
• There is less disposable income that can
be used to finance holidays

42. Thailand (2008) Political Crisis
Violent clashes day-long leave 2 dead and over
300 injured, including 20 policemen
Blockage of Suvarnabhumi International
Airports, leaving thousands of tourists stranded
and cutting off most of Thailand's international
air connections. Several explosions and clashes
occur in the following day.

43. Tourism impacts
Developing tourism at what cost?

44. 44

45. Positive :) Negative :(
Socio-
cultural
impacts
- Preserve culture and
local customs
- Dilution of culture and local
customs
- Increased crime
- False representation of local
culture
Environmen
tal
impacts
- Conservation of natural
environments
- Increased carbon footprints
- Destruction of natural habitats
- Pollution and littering
- Vandalism
- Increased congestion
Economic
impacts
- Growth in income
- Employment
opportunities
- Increase in foreign
exchange
- Infrastructure
development
- Seasonal unemployment
- Underuse of facilities
- Shortage of services
- Leakage of tourism revenue

46. Economic Impact (+)
1.Tourism is an important source of revenue
for many countries
• Accounts for 9.2% of global GDP
• Many LDCs such as Thailand are reliant
on their tourism industry

47. Economic Impact (+)
2. Tourism creates more employment
opportunities for the locals
• The unskilled local population can also
hone a skill in the service sector
• E.g. 56.7% of Maldives’ population
involved in tourism industry

48. Economic Impact (+)
3.Propel development of Infrastructure
• Tourists expect a certain level of
infrastructural standards in a destination
• Governments would invest in upgrading
infrastructure to attract tourists
• E.g. $42 billion invested for infrastructure
prior to Beijing Olympics

49. Economic Impact (+)
• Money earned from other countries in
exchange for goods and services
• Tourism also receive business
investments from other countries eg hotel
chains
• Tourism brings in revenue for government
eg taxes/visa
4. Increase in foreign exchange

50. Economic Impact (-)
1. Leakage of Tourism Revenue
• Thailand -70% of all money spent by
tourists ended up with foreign-owned tour
operators, airlines, hotels, imported
drinks and food, etc.
• Estimates for other Third World
countries range from 80% in the
Caribbean to 40% in India.
• Host country may be exploited for its
natural/ human resources but getting
marginally in return

51. Economic Impact (-)
2. Price Inflation for Locals
• Tourism can lead to an increase in the
prices of goods and services, causing
inflation in the host country
• Local residents would then experience a
higher cost of living and a decreasing real
income

52. Economic Impact (-)
3.Over-reliance on Tourism Revenue
• Tourism suffers from both regional
fluctuations and seasonal fluctuations
• Seasonal fluctuation refers that there are
peak and non-peak seasons within a year
for tourism
• Revenues may be affected due to such
fluctuations leading to livelihood problems

53. Socio-Cultural Impact (+)
1. Preservation and
Promotion of Local
Culture and Heritage
• Important sites of
heritage and culture
are also preserved
and restored to their
former glory due to
tourism
• E.g. Korean palaces
(e.g. Gyeongbokgung)

54. Socio-Cultural Impact (+)
2. Positive Exchanges and Interaction
• Tourism increases the interaction between
local residents and tourists
• Increasing number of volunteer tourism
where tourists help to improve
infrastructure or social well-being of local
residents

55. Socio-Cultural Impact (-)
1. Dilution/ False Representation of Local
Culture
• Tourism may dilute or misrepresent local
culture through focusing on visual
spectacles to attract tourists
• Culture is being manipulated by tour
operators to maximise economic benefits

56. Socio-Cultural Impact (-)
2. Disrespect of local cultures
and customs
• “Zooification” of local tribes
where they are treated and
looked upon as “savages”
and “exhibits”
• E.g. Padaung women of
Burma and Mursi women
of Ethiopia often objectified
because of their unique
accessories

57. Socio-Cultural Impact (-)
3. Increased Crime and Social Problems
• The influx of wealthy travelers may
increase instances of petty crime
• Criminals often see tourists as an easy
target because they:
– typically carry large sums of money and other
valuables
– Are more likely to be relaxed and off guard while
on vacation
– Are less likely to report crimes or to testify against
suspects, wishing to avoid problems

58. Environmental Impact (+)
1. Increased Awareness on Environmental
Protection
• More emphasis has been put into
conserving natural areas and lowering
carbon footprint
• Carbon footprint refers to the total
Greenhouse Gas emissions caused by an
organization, event, product or person

59. Environmental Impact (-)
1. Destruction of Natural Habitat
• Pristine environments are destroyed by
human development to build tourism
facilities
• E.g. Tourists visiting the Galapagos
Islands have unknowingly brought with
them invasive species which threaten to
destroy native species

60. Environmental
Impact (-)
2. Pollution
• Water pollution when
resorts dump untreated
waste into water bodies
• Land pollution when
tourists dispose their
litter in pristine
environments
• E.g. Trekkers in
Himalayas leave
behind their gas
cylinders and plastic
bottles during their trek,
polluting the
environment
Land Pollution in the Himalayas

61. Stakeholders
• Individuals or groups with multiple stakes
or interests in an organisation or decision
• Any group or individual who can affect or is
affected by the achievement of an
organisation’s objectives

62. Stakeholders in Tourism

63. Which group should be responsibility for tourism developments?
Strengths Weakness
Local
communities
-Involves locals in decision-
making
-Increase tourism jobs for locals
-Difficulty in obtaining funding
-Shortage of skilled labour
Visitors/
tourists
-Provide funds through
spendings
-Share experience and raise
awareness
-Damage tourist attractions
-Dilute local culture and customs
Tour
operators
-Provide feedback about
attractions
-Regulate tourist behaviour
-Need to generate profits
Non
governmental
organisations
-Facilitate communication
between various stakeholders
-Support with manpower or
campaigns
-Difficulty in obtaining external
funding
Planning
authorities
-Develop and maintain
infrastructure and attractions
-Draft laws and policies
-Work I it's other agencies
-Opposing stakeholders

64. Local communities
• Definition: Group of people living in the same
territory
• Community based tourism- benefits local
communities Examples: home stays,local
handicrafts

65. Visitors
• Tourists should visit without damage or offence
• Respect the environment and local population
• Conservation efforts eg reduce carbon foot print

66. Tour operators
• To conserve and protect environments so that tourists
would return
• Operate in an environmental sustainable way
• Enhance the natural environment
• Create awareness of environmental conservation

67. Non governmental organizations
• Non profit organizations that operates without
the governor meant
• Concern with tourism impact on natural and
human environment
• Creates guidelines , trainings, research papers

68. Planning authorities
• Singapore tourism board: attract tourist and also
conserve national heritage eg Chinatown, kampong
glam and little India
• Enforce rules, regulations, values and principles for
sustainable tourism

69. Sustainable Tourism
• It refers to :
– Tourism that respects both local people and
the traveller, cultural heritage and the
environment. (UNESCO)
– tourism activity that can be maintained over
the long term because it results in a net
benefit for the social, economic, natural and
cultural environments of the area in which it
takes place.

70. Establish Laws and Regulations
• Refers to the setting up of guidelines or
restrictions by planning authorities
• This is to deter tourists from irresponsible
behaviour
• Environmental damage would be
minimised and local cultures and traditions
would be respected through such law
enforcements

71. Establish Laws and Regulations
• Law of wildlife conservation in
Costa Rica
• Tourists prohibited from taking
plants and flowers
• Tourists also prohibited from
feeding wild animals to
prevent them from being
dependent on humans for
food

72. Establish Laws and Regulations
Problems
• Not all tourists conform to the
environmentally-friendly guidelines as
many feel the use or overuse of resources
is justifiable with payment
• Tourists may also feel self-important and
show little respect for local cultures and
traditions, hence creating disharmony
among the local society

73. Promoting Ecotourism
• Ecotourism refers to environmentally
responsible travel to relatively undisturbed
natural areas that promotes conservation
and improves the well-being of locals
• Practicing ecotourism will allow tourists to
enjoy the experience of being in natural
environments, promote conservation and
ensure that the locals benefit economically

74. Promoting Ecotourism
• Sea-Canoe eco-
tourism Company
(Phuket) limits tourist
numbers to 64 per day
in consideration of the
carrying capacity of
the ecologically
sensitive region

75. Promoting Ecotourism
Problems
•Tour operators driven by profits may fail to
conduct tourist activities following
ecotourism guidelines hence end up
degrading the environment

76. Promoting Community Based Tourism
• Refers to the development and management
of tourism that includes, consults and benefits
the local community, especially in the context
of rural villages and indigenous people
• Giving the locals control over tourist activities
will allow the local community to contribute
their intimate knowledge of the local
environment to tourism projects and help
manage the negative impact of tourism

77. Promoting Community Based Tourism
• National Tourism
Authority of Laos
consults the
communities of the
Phou Khao Khouay
nature reserves in
Laos before making
decisions on various
tourist projects

78. Promoting Community Based Tourism
Problems
• Many community-based tourism projects
have also failed due to improper
management and poor accessibility.
• A survey of 200 CBT projects in Latin
America reflected only 5% occupancy for
most accommodations.