Shuswap Lake Integrated Planning Process: meeting of the Steering Committee, Technical Teams, and Public Advisory Committee on Education, Compliance and Enforcement in June 2010 at Quaaout Lodge. Meeting features presentation by Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd. on their report, Review of Greywater Management Strategies for Shuswap Lake.

1. SLIPP
Shuswap Lake
Integrated Planning
Process (SLIPP)
Public Advisory Committee,
Steering Committee and Technical
Team Meeting
June 16, 2010

2. Presentation Outline
Welcome and Update
Shuswap Lakes Greywater Report
presented by Northwest Hydraulic Consultants
Part 1: Greywater Report
Part 2: What is Greywater?
Part 3: Greywater Dispersion Modeling
Part 4: Greywater Report Recommendations
-2-

3. PART 1: Shuswap Lakes Greywater Report
June 16, 2010: Quaaout Lodge
Ken Ashley, Ph.D. and Barry Chilibeck, P. Eng, nhc
Ken Hall, Ph.D., UBC
Greg Lawrence, Ph.D., P. Eng., UBC
Don Mavinic, Ph.D., P. Eng., UBC
Tony Priestley, Ph.D., CSIRO, Australia

4. Part 1: Greywater Report Presentation Outline
• SLIPP Vision, Goal and Strategies for water quality
• Shuswap Lakes greywater report
• Water quality in the Shuswap lakes
• Greywater characterization - Dr. Ken Hall
• Greywater treatment technology - Dr. Don Mavinic
• Greywater dispersion modeling - Dr. Greg Lawrence
• Greywater report conclusions and recommendations
• Questions

5. SLIPP Vision:
Vision Working together to sustain the health and prosperity of the Shu swap and
Mara lakes
Development that respects Water quality that supports Desirable recreational
Goals environmental, economic and experiences that are safe and
public and environmental health
social interests sustainable
Strategies Strategies Strategies
• Create a comprehensive foreshore • Develop an inter -agency water quality • Develop a recreation management
and upland area site sensitivity map monitoring program plan for the Shuswap and Mara lakes
for Shuswap and Mara lakes
• Eliminate boat discharge on the lakes • Develop a recreation use monitoring
• Form the Inter -Agency Technical program
Committee to manage cross -agency
development applications and lake
issues
• Improve the development application
review process
• Create a model for assessing
cumulative impact
Cross -Cutting Strategies
• Create the Professional and • Establish a coordinated annual • Create the Shuswap Lake • Engage stakeholders in
Scientific Advisory Group education, compliance and integrated response process education, compliance and
enforcement planning process enforcement initiatives

6. SLIPP Goal: Water quality that supports public
and environmental health
• Good water quality is critical to public and environmental
well being
• As human density in Shuswap and Mara lakes increases, so
too have demands on water for people, fish and wildlife
• The ability of the lakes to provide high quality water is
threatened by discharges from numerous sources, and
increasing lake shore and upland development

7. The following positive changes will occur as a result of
achieving SLIPP water quality goals on the Shuswap lakes:
• Protection and improvement of water quality by eliminating the
discharge of black and greywater
• Improvement in public health by reducing transmission of water borne
diseases and exposure to known and emerging wastewater contaminants
• Increased public awareness and engagement in water quality and liquid
waste management issues
• Increased coordination in the prohibition of black and greywater
disposal
• Provision of additional discharge facilities

8. Implementation steps for eliminating vessel discharges
Projected
Implementation Step
Completion
Conduct coordinated education, compliance and enforcement Ongoing,
activities starting in
Summer 2008
Undertake compliance survey Summer 2008
Research study on future demand for discharge facilities Summer 2008
Voluntary compliance program for discharge seals Summer 2009
Increase private provision of discharge facilities Ongoing
Implement capital infrastructure incentive program 2008/09 (tba)
Research study on best practices for implementing discharge Spring 2010
prohibitions
Full compliance with BC and Canadian discharge regulations 2010

9. Shuswap Lake Greywater Report
Our review of the private and commercial watercraft greywater
discharge issue followed a logical path that asked three core questions:
1. Are there any contaminants in greywater that could be deleterious to
public health and/or the environment? Dr. Ken Hall
2. If greywater is a contaminant, is there a process for treating greywater
on-board private and commercial watercraft in order to minimize risk to
public health and water quality? Dr. Don Mavinic
3. If greywater can be deleterious to public health and water quality, and
there is no suitable commercially available technology at present for on-
board treatment, what are the implications of releasing greywater into the
environment? Dr. Greg Lawrence
…………then reviewed by Dr. Tony Priestley, CSIRO, Australia

10. Water quality in the Shuswap lakes

11. Morphometric features of the Shuswap lakes
Shuswap Little Adams
Mara Lake
Lake Shuswap Lake
Surface area (ha) 30,960 1,813 13,760 1,942.6
Drainage basin area (km2) 15,354 Incl. 4,144 9,065
Drainage basin/surface area
49.7 n/a 30.1 466.6
ration
Maximum depth (m) 161.5 59.4 397 45.7
Mean depth (m) 61.6 14.3 169 18.3
Elevation (m) 347 347 407 347
Volume (m3) 19.13 x 109 260.66 x 106 23.19 x 109 357.75 x 106
Thermocline depth (m) 10 n/a 7.5 n/a
Residence time (years) 2.1 0.03 10 0.13
Shoreline length (km) 1,430 21.2 149.5 42.3
50o 56’ 51o 15’
Location 00 00 N; 000 00 W
119o 17’ 119o 30’

12. Major arms and tributaries of Shuswap Lake
Shuswap Lake basin Major tributaries
Salmon Arm Salmon River, Tappen Creek,
White Creek, Canoe Creek
Sicamous Arm Shuswap River, Eagle River
Anstey Arm Anstey River, Four Mile Creek,
Queest Creek, Hunakwa Creek
Seymour Arm Seymour Creek, Two Mile Creek,
Five Mile Creek, Blueberry
Creek, Celista Creek
West Arm Adams River, Scotch Creek, Ross
Creek

13. Lake Trophic States
Trophic state Attributes Aquatic life
TSI
Clear water
Trout possible in deep
< 30 Oligotrophic Low production
lakes
Oxygenated hypolimnion
Moderately clear water
30 – 50 Mesotrophic Warm water fishery
Possible anoxia in summer
Low transparency
50 – 70 Eutrophic Anoxic hypolimnion in Warm water fishery
summer
Dense algae and macrophytes
> 70 Hypereutrophic Noticeable odor
Fish kills possible

14. Shuswap and Mara lakes deep
water stations
Lake Area Deep water trophic status Trend direction
Anstey Arm Oligotrophic Increasing total nitrogen and
total phosphorus
Salmon Arm/Tappen Bay Mesotrophic to eutrophic Slightly increasing total
nitrogen and total
phosphorus
Seymour Arm Oligotrophic Increasing total nitrogen and
total phosphorus
Sicamous Arm Oligotrophic Increasing total nitrogen and
total phosphorus
West Arm Oligotrophic Slightly increasing total
nitrogen, total phosphorus
constant or increasing
slightly over time
Mara Lake Oligotrophic Increasing total nitrogen and
total phosphorus in some
areas

15. 35
Total Phosphorus Main Arm Shuswap Lake 1970 to 2005
30
Eutrophic
Armstrong Point epi
25 Armstrong Point hypo
West of Sorrento epi
West of Sorrento hypo
20 McBride Point epi
McBride Point hypo
15 Salmonids
10
Total Phosphorus (ug/L)
Oligotrophic
5
0
Jan-70
Jan-72
Jan-74
Jan-76
Jan-78
Jan-80
Jan-82
Jan-84
Jan-86
Jan-88
Jan-90
Jan-92
Jan-94
Jan-96
Jan-98
Jan-00
Jan-02
Jan-04
Jan-06

16. 35
Total Phosphorus Salmon Arm Shuswap Lake 1986 to 2005
Eutrophic
30
Sandy Point epi
Sandy Point hypo
25 Fraser's Beach epi
Fraser's Beach hypo
Canoe Wharf epi
20 Canoe Wharf hypo
15 Salmonids
10 Oligotrophic
Total Phosphorus (ug/L)
5
0
Jan-80
Jan-82
Jan-84
Jan-86
Jan-88
Jan-90
Jan-92
Jan-94
Jan-96
Jan-98
Jan-00
Jan-02
Jan-04
Jan-06

17. In summary, most deep water stations in Shuswap Lake remain
oligotrophic, with the exception of Salmon Arm/Tappen Bay, which has
been mesotrophic/eutrophic since at least the 1970s.
However, the trend analysis indicates the concentration of limiting
nutrients is increasing lake-wide, even in the deep water stations, which
have previously been unaffected.
This finding is disturbing given the large volume and rapid flushing rate
in Shuswap Lake and Mara Lake, and indicative of the requirement to
protect the water quality of these important lakes

18. Shuswap Lake algal bloom – June, 2008

19. Mara Lake algal bloom – May, 2010

20. Lake Winnipeg…

23. PART 2:
What is Greywater?
Ken Hall, Professor Emeritus, UBC
June 16, 2010

24. Contents of Greywater Presentation
• What is greywater, sources?
• Water use in households
• Contaminants in greywater
• Toxic contaminants
• Environmental occurrence of contaminants
• Greywater relative contributions
• Trace metals in greywater
• Organic contaminants in greywater
• Shuswap houseboat greywater
• Loadings to Shuswap Lake
• Conclusions

25. What is Greywater?
• The terms greywater and blackwater
originate from the separation of the toilet
waste (blackwater) from the rest of our
wastewater discharges (greywater)
Blackwater
Greywater

26. Sources of Greywater &
Contaminants
• Kitchen sink Compostable household waste (kitchen garberator), fats, oils, salt,
flavours, preservatives, nutrients, soil, food particles, biocide residues, detergents,
soaps, other cleaning agents
• Dishwasher Fats, oils, flavours, preservatives, detergents, soaps, salt, nutrients, food
particles, oils and grease, cleaning agents.
• Laundry/Washing machine Hair, soil & sediment, detergents, washing powders,
soap, salt, softeners, bleach, dyes, cleaning agents, fabric whiteners, preservatives, oil
and grease, personal care products, perfumes, fecal/urine contamination, clothing
materials and fibers.
• Hand basin Soap, shampoo, detergents, preservatives, hair dyes, toothpaste, other
personal care products, hair, soil, sediment, organic matter, fecal/urine contamination,
cleaning agents.
• Shower Soap, shampoo, hair dyes, toothpaste, other personal care products,
preservatives, soil, sediment, organic matter, fecal/urine contamination, cleaning agents.
• Bathtub Soap, shampoo, hair dyes, other personal care products, preservatives,
soil, sediment, organic matter, hair, fecal/urine contamination, cleaning agents.

27. Compounds in Household Chemicals &
Personal Care Products
• Compound Category Number of Compounds
• Surfactants 53
• Emulsifiers 26
• Fragrances & Flavours 48
• Preservatives 20
• Softeners & Plasticizers 3
• UV Filters 4
• Solvents 10
• Dyes 11
• Miscellaneous 62

28. Water Use in Households
Water Use Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Personal 35-37% 25% ND
Hygiene
Kitchen 17-25% 8% ND
Laundry 13-15% 8% ND
Mixed ND ND 53-81%
Greywater
Toilet 20-27% 40% 19-47%
Flushing
Other 5-7% 7% ND

29. Contaminants in Greywater
• Nutrients- Nitrogen and Phosphorus
• Pathogens
• Degradable Organic Matter (BOD)
• Toxic Substances
• (1) Trace Metals
• (2) Organic Contaminants

30. Toxic Contaminants
• Trace Metals – essential metals (copper, zinc) non-
essential metals (cadmium, mercury, arsenic)
• Organic Contaminants:
• - POP (Persistant Organic Pollutants) PCBs, PBDEs
(flame retardants), some pesticides.
• -PCPs (Personal Care Products), fragrances, soaps,
detergents, tooth paste, deodorants, antibiotics etc.
• - EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Compounds) steroid,
birth control medication, hormone mimics.

31. Contaminants
found in 139 U.S.
streams.
Surveyed for 95
different
chemicals.
50% of streams
had 7 or more
chemicals

32. Data Sources on Greywater
• Houseboats
• Cruise Ships
• Condos (with wastewater separation)

33. Greywater Contaminant
Contributions to Wastewaters
Contaminant Study 1 Study 2
BOD 63% 51-80%
Nitrogen 8% ND
Phosphorus 37% ND
Lead 59% ND
Cadmium 38% ND
Mercury 15% ND
Suspended ND 23-64%
solids

34. Characteristics of Greywater from
Houseboat Sources (mg/L)-1
Quality Shower Laundry Kitchen Dishwasher
Parameter Sink
BOD 320 340 230 1000
Suspended 60 180 140 260
Solids
Oil & 45 14 140 210
Grease
Phosphorus 16 82 21 71

35. Characteristics of Greywater from
Houseboat Sources (mg/L)-2
Quality Shower Laundry Kitchen Dishwasher Domestic
Parameter sink Wastewater
(medium)
BOD
320 340 230 1000 190
Suspended
solids
60 180 140 260 210
Oil &
Grease
45 14 140 210 90
Phosphorus
16 82 21 71 7

36. Trace Metals in Cruise Ship
Greywater (ug/L)- Averages
Ship Copper Lead Zinc
Large ship 103 4 179
(n=15)
Large ships 97 2 291
(n=16)
Small ships 146 3.7 442
(n=8)
Freshwater 2-4 1-7 30
Guideline

37. Selected Organic Contaminants in
Greywater (ug/L)
Contaminant Use Mixed Ship Guideline
Greywater Greywater
Acetone Solvent ND <3-400 none
Benzoic Preservative ND <0.5-740 none
Acid
Chloroform DBPs 250 0.1-170 1.8 (HH)
DEHP Plasticizer 8.4-160 5.6-183 16 (FAL)
Nonylphenol Detergent 0.4-6 ND 1.0 (FAL)
Triclosan Antibacterial .56-5.9 ND none

38. Parabens
Esters of parahydroxy benzoic acid
Used as preservatives in cosmetics and
pharmaceutical products- deodorants,
shampoos, moisturizers, shaving gels,
toothpaste etc.
In 215 products found in 99% of leave-on
products & 77% of rinse-off products.
High levels detected in breast tumors.
Found up to 40 ug/L in Greywater

39. Greywater Quality on Shuswap
Houseboats
Characteristic Minimum Maximum S. Australia
(mg/L) (mg/L) Regulation
BOD 2090 4120 No Reg.
Suspended 98 1300 <50
Solids
Nitrogen 6.4 111 <10
Phosphorus 3.6 105 <1.0
E. coli <1 100,000 <40
Oil/Grease ND ND <25

40. Loadings of Contaminants to Shuswap Lake
in Summer (June 14 - Sept 14)
Contaminant BOD Nitrogen Phosphorus
Source
Salmon 1212 6811 407
Arm
STP
Houseboats 4224 211 352
(Greywater)
Values expressed as kg/period when houseboats on water

41. Conclusions: 1
• Greywater is an important source of a variety of
environmental contaminants
• Greywater can contribute contaminants at
concentrations equal to or higher than black
water.
• Greywater is an important source of the
traditional water contaminants including BOD,
phosphorus, oil & grease, pathogen indicators.
• Both trace metals & organic contaminants are
present in greywater and may exceed
regulations.

42. Conclusions: 2
• Personal Care Products from kitchen and
bathroom activities have been identified in
household greywater- most of them have no
discharge regulations.
• Summer discharges of degradable organic
matter (BOD) and phosphorus in greywater from
houseboats in Shuswap Lake are comparable to
Salmon Arm STP loadings & could have impacts
in enclosed bays with poor circulation.

43. PART 3: Greywater Dispersion
Modeling
Dr. Greg Lawrence

45. =6>.)*>%)?@%(9A*=$BC!""*9D*E*)%FG
!"#"""
!""#"""
!""
!#"""
!
!"
$%&'(
%)*!
$%&'(
%)*+
$%&'(
%)*,
*-%.'
*!
-%.'*+
*-%.'
*,
*-%.'
*/
*-%.'
*0
*-%.'
*1
*-%.'
*2
*-%.'
*3
*-%.'
*4
*-%.'
*!"
*-%.'
*!!
*-%.'
*!+
$%&'(
%)*/
$%&'(
%)*0
!"# $%"&'$"()*(+*, -. / 0*. (0"+(%1# */ . %(# # *2"-0# - )*3 -/ . 45**6 '7 *8 9$45*8 :: 9
$%&'(
!9* :6;'<
%)*0
+"9* :6;'<
$%&'(
%)*1
$%&'(
%)*2
5(678
.'6(*+

47. NEAR-FIELD MIXING

48. PREDICTED NEAR-FIELD FECAL
COLIFORM COUNTS WITH SOURCE
CONCENTRATION AND DISTANCE
100,000,000
10,000,000
Fecal coliforms in lake (cfu/100 ml)
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance from source (m)

49. FAR-FIELD DISPERSION STUDY

51. PREDICTED FAR-FIELD FECAL
COLIFORMS COUNTS
1200
1000
800
FC/100 mL
600
400
200
0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance along shoreline (m)
10 20 30 40 50 70 100

53. PART 4: Greywater report conclusions
1. Are there any contaminants in greywater that could be deleterious to
public health and/or the environment?
The answer to this question was clear: greywater is often
indistinguishable from blackwater; hence greywater releases pose a
risk to public health and water quality.
This report clearly demonstrates not only the great variability in quality
of greywater, but also the significant amounts of pathogens, organic
matter, nutrients and heavy metals contained in it.
This information is in line with limited Australian data and confirms the
potential for greywater discharge to pose significant risks to both
public health and receiving water quality;

54. 2. Since greywater is a contaminant, is there a process for treating
greywater on-board private and commercial watercraft in order to
minimize risk to public health and water quality?
A detailed review of the literature, plus consideration of the sanitary
engineering requirements to design, manufacture and reliably operate
such a mechanism, indicate there is no commercially available
technology in Canada, or elsewhere, at this time that could provide
suitable on-board treatment of greywater.
The operational aspects of small scale on-board treatment systems is
their ‘Achilles heel’. While Australian examples can be shown of
well designed and well operated treatment systems which meet their
performance goals, the logistical and regulatory efforts required to
ensure effective long term operation of the many small scale treatment
systems installed in a large variety of leisure and commercial craft are
overwhelming.

55. 3. Since greywater can be deleterious to public health and water quality,
and there is no suitable commercially available technology at present for
on-board treatment, what are the implications of releasing greywater into
the environment?
The answer to this question revealed a wide array of regulated and non-
regulated contaminants would be released into the environment, some of
which would exceed of the Canada Shipping Act regulations for
Designated Waters and BC Water Quality Criteria for primary contact
recreation, in addition to a wide array of emerging contaminants which
would often include suspected and known endocrine disruptors and
potentially carcinogenic compounds.

56. The logical conclusion is that greywater discharges from private and
commercial watercraft pose an unacceptable risk to public health and
water quality in Shuswap and Mara lakes.
We found that similar conclusions have been reached in California and
South Australia, and their responses are applicable to the Shuswap lakes,
in addition to adhering to existing Canada Shipping Act Regulations for
Designated Waters and BC Water Quality Criteria for Microbial
Indicators.

57. We believe that effective, on-board treatment of greywater on Shuswap
Lake houseboats and other recreational craft, followed by direct
discharge, may eventually be possible, but the issue of “practicality”
cannot be ignored (based on the Australian experience, to date) – when
one considers ALL aspects of what may be required (including legal
issues) to “make it work”, over what is essentially a 3-4 month boating
season.

58. Greywater report recommendations
1. Mandatory greywater storage and pump-out, is the most “realistic”
option for the Shuswap Lake System, although, it, too, has it’s own
issues and controversies.
None-the-least of these is a “fail-safe” system installed on board,
preventing (and making it a chargeable offence under the EMA and
Canada Shipping Act) deliberate discharge into the local water body
directly from any size greywater holding tank.

59. 2. A phase-in period is called for, requiring newer vessels to design
“appropriate sized” holding tanks into the basic structure. Older vessels
could be “grandfathered” as they are phased out of usage during a
defined period established by the Ministry Environment, Interior Health,
Shuswap First Nations and the Regional Governments (i.e. TNRD and
CSRD) via SLIPP.
This would be concurrent with additional actions such as an increase in
the number of pump-out stations (strategically located around Shuswap
Lake), flow restriction devices on-board (e.g. low volume shower heads
and toilets), new limited size fresh water holding tanks (per person ,
daily limitations based), on-board grey water hookup to toilet facilities
for black water usage requirements, and others.

61. 3. During the phase-in period, a temporary system of “floating barge”,
pump-out stations could be put in place in various bays and arms.
This interim system, along with the expansion of the on-shore pump-out
stations, could be financed by a local, environmental levy (or something
akin to a Shuswap watershed levy) and a greywater user fee on the
commercial houseboat industry.

62. 4. For enforcement and compliance, on the water, “spot inspections” of
private and commercial watercraft, by Provincial, Federal and First
Nations authorities, would be a logical expectation, to ensure compliance
uptake with this entire procedure.
Taken in its entirety, this option may be the most “feasible” for
permanent adoption on the Shuswap Lake system, especially in
consideration of “stakeholder buy-in”.

63. 5. An intensive education program should become an important part of
managing contaminants from greywater.
To effectively manage greywater, one core objective is to reduce the
volume of any one of these uses and to reduce the variability with which
this volume enters a treatment system.

64. While onboard retention of greywater appears to be the safest option at
the present time, it does lead to the obvious problem of the need to store
large volumes of heavy water with significant implications for vessel
design and stability.
Consequently, minimisation of greywater volume becomes of great
importance.
Removing automatic dish washers and laundry facilities from houseboats
would reduce the greywater volume significantly and would reduce some
of the detergent components (phosphates, nonylphenols etc.) in
greywater that create some of the environmental concerns with discharge
to the aquatic environment.

65. SLIPP:Water quality that supports public and
environmental health
Questions?

66. Terms of Reference: NHC contract with Fraser Basin
Council to conduct greywater management review
Project Scope: An assessment of the potential impacts to Shuswap
and Mara Lakes that may result from discharged greywater treated to
the proposed South Australia EPA standard or a suitable alternative.
It is anticipated that in order to more fully address this question, the
following elements will be included in the analysis:
1. An overview of the unique value of the Shuswap system, a review of
the present circumstances including existing legislation and the
potential impact to both drinking water and environmental water
quality from raw grey water discharge.
Compare the current practices and plans for sewage and greywater
management on land and water;

67. 2. Review the proposed South Australia greywater standards for possible
application to BC inland waters in general and the Shuswap system
specifically.
Provide a professional opinion of whether these standards are
sufficiently protective of public health or the environment, along with
qualitative (e.g. relative risk) and quantitative (e.g. other
guidelines/standards) considerations for this opinion.
3. Consider how the magnitude of potential water quality impacts
compare to similar regulated discharges to surface water bodies and non-
point source impacts from land based discharges.

68. 4. If the South Australia standards are not sufficiently protective,
recommend discharge requirements that would be appropriate.
Standards and requirements applied must consider the added
complexities of a moving point of discharge and the broad range of
potential contaminants associated with domestic greywater.
Recognizing that conventional standards for BOD, TSS, fecal coli. etc.
are for parameters that are only indicators of sewage treatment,
determine if there are other specific standards that should be applied.

69. 5. Evaluate the potential treatment technologies and whether or not these
are feasible for effective on- board treatment of greywater to be
discharged to Shuswap Lake.
Evaluate whether on-board treatment systems are effective to treat all
identified hazards associated with domestic greywater discharges.
These would include bacteriological and chemical contaminants and
physical characteristics.
6. Assess how discharge practices such as the location (near beach or
open water) and conditions for discharge might affect the potential
impacts, with recommendations for best practices to be considered for
the Shuswap system.