The document analyzes car sharing options and their viability in four cities. It examines the percentage of drivers in different categories based on miles and time spent driving. It then studies the four cities - Poughkeepsie, NY; Richmond, VA; Riverside, CA; Knoxville, TN - ranking their crime rates and determining which car sharing model each city is best suited for, such as round trip, one-way stations, or fractional ownership. Advances in self-driving cars and renewable energy are predicted to increase car sharing participation and lower crime rates through new technology.

1. 1 Team #7425
Share and (Car) Share Alike
Modeling new approaches to mobility
Team #7425
February 27, 2016

2. 2 Team #7425
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 4
1.1 Background……………………………………………………………… 4
1.2 Restatement of Problem…………………………………………………. 4
2 Who is Driving? 5
2.1 Percentage of Drivers……………………………………………………. 5
2.2 Percent of Drivers in Each Category……………………………………. 7
2.3 Assumptions/Justifications………………………………………………. 7
3 Zippity Do or Do Not 10
3.1 Studying the Cities………………………………………………………. 10
3.1.2 Crime Rates…………………………………………………………. 10
3.1.3 Rankings of The Cities and Their Crime Rates…………………... 12
3.2 Population of The Four Cities…………………………………………… 12
4 Road Map to The Future 14
4.1 The New Model For Crime Rates………………………………………. 14

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4.2 The Effect of Self-Driving Technology………………………………... 14
4.3 The Effect of Alternative Fuel, Renewable Energy, and Environmental
Improvements………………………………………………………………… 15
5 Conclusion 16
6 Bibliography 17

4. 4 Team #7425
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Engines rumbling, wheels screeching, honks sounding through the air over massive roads, cars
have become the standard for transportation in developed countries for private consumers. The
plethora of automobiles on the road has offered many boons and expedited the process of
society's advancement in the past several decades since the 20th century. This excess of cars,
however, has brought on certain difficulties: traffic, oil dependence, and pollution. In lieu of
owning a private car and to allay the prevalence of these difficulties, some individuals have
resorted to a new practice referred to as car-sharing, in which members of a community gain
access to a vehicle to use, without directly purchasing the vehicle itself. This practice has been
steadily gaining popularity, and auto-makers have been keen on investing millions of dollars to
the new car-sharing scene. We expect that car-sharing will gain popularity in the future and the
research we have done supports, in our opinion, this assertion.
1.2 Restatement of the Problem
With the introduction of car-sharing into the arena of transportation comes a myriad of questions
regarding its intricacies and its future. We will endeavor to make a mathematical model, delving
into these areas and outlining the following:
1. The percentage of drivers driving for different amounts of time and miles per day,
which influences drivers' decisions about car-sharing. These categories will be separated
into low, medium, and high for all combinations of the two factors.
2. The different car-sharing business options available besides the pay-by-the-hour option
debuted by zipcar:
• Round trip car sharing: vehicles are rented by the day, hour, or mile, or some
combination of the three, and are picked up from and returned to the same point.
• One-way car sharing floating model: cars are rented on demand and are returned to
defined areas. Usually requires a “jockey” to manually reposition vehicles.
• One-way car sharing station model: customers pick up and drop off cars at existing
stations.
• Fractional ownership: multiple owners jointly purchase a private car.

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We will determine which of these options work best for these four cities:
• Poughkeepsie, NY; Richmond, VA; Riverside, CA; Knoxville, TN.
3. The impact of evolving technologies on car-sharing. Reports indicate that self-driving
cars and vehicles using alternative fuel or renewable energy are close to entering the
mainstream. This will alter the participation in car-sharing as environmentally friendly
vehicles can be delivered to individuals on demand. The model will be altered with this
new information.
2 Who is Driving?
In the population of the United States of America, there are 318.9 million people according to the
United States Census Bureau. Two-thirds of this population partakes in the act of driving, which
translates to approximately 212 million people. These drivers travel for different amounts of time
per day and for different lengths per day. This can influence the decisions they make about car-
sharing.
2.1 Percentage of Drivers
To separate the drivers into different categories of low, medium, or high use of cars, we found a
graph from the National Household Travel Survey displaying the percentage of drivers who
travel certain distances, and separated them into the categories of low, medium, and high.
Less than 1 mile and 1 to 9 miles constituted the category of drivers driving low distances per
day, and this made up 23.4% of the drivers. 10 to 19 miles combined with 20 to 49 miles
constituted 46% of the drivers. Greater than 50% constituted 31%. We took the percentage of
drivers in each category, and found the correlating number over the total rounded number of

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drivers in the USA. We used the formula below to find this. “X” is the number of drivers in the
category, and Y is the percent of drivers in the category.
𝑋
212,000,000
=
𝑌
100
We then got the average duration that drivers drove in the different categories.
We organized it into the nine categories consisting of a pair from low, medium, or high miles
and times. The category combining high travel distance and high travel duration was found by
getting the values from the first four rows of the graph above, getting the average, and converting
it to percentages. The same was done for High travel distance, and medium travel duration with
the next four rows. High travel distance and low travel duration followed next. Then medium
travel distance and high travel duration also followed the same scheme. This was done for the
other categories as well. The results are shown in section 2.2.

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2.2 Percent of Drivers in Each Category.
The driving habits of these different drivers can influence the choices they make
regarding car-sharing. If one travels fewer miles for a shorter duration, then they may be more
inclined to use the car-sharing service instead of wasting money on buying a new car. Those who
will use the car more may be more inclined to buy a car as the savings are negligible. By
gathering this data, a clearer image has been gained on the types of drivers who may be
interested in participating in the car-sharing system.
2.3 Assumptions/Justifications
In order to clarify our findings with
 Assumption: The youth demand for automobiles is greater when there are major social
gatherings.
Justification: Years ago, people were excited to get a car then start driving. When they
found out the factors that are required to own a car, they changed their minds. The major reason
why teens do not drive at their age is because there is no need to. With all the cheap public
transportation, teenagers are able to travel to their destinations quickly and cheaply. In addition,
many teens do not have the disposable income to obtain a car. Or they do not have the time to
pursue a license to drive a car and eventually pay the car off.

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 Assumption: The average age of people obtaining a driver’s license is 22.
Justification: People in their early 20’s are common to graduate college and move on
into the future. People who are in college and live off campus are required to travel back and
forth. Depending on how far away they live from the campus, they may not be able to use
necessary means of transportation. For graduating students, they may have recently attained a job
that is a great distance away from home. With this new job, they are able to keep up with the
payment plan to own a car. At this age, it is much easier and necessary to drive.

9. 9 Team #7425
 Assumption: People who use cars less on a daily basis may be more inclined to use the
car sharing system.
Justification: Instead of wasting money on buying a new or used car, they can rent a car
at a cheaper rate temporarily using car sharing services. With a cheaper price, the demand for
cars using car sharing services would increase because people want to buy goods at the lowest
possible cost.
 Assumption: Approximately two thirds of the population drives cars.
Justification: Today, getting a driver’s license is easily accessible. The minimum age to
get a license in New York is 16 years old. In other states, it is different, such as in Alaska it is 14
years of age. You start out with a permit and are allowed to drive with the company with an adult
until the driver turns 18.

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3 Zippity Do or Do Not
The new practice of car-sharing emerged with Zipcar and the pay-by-the-hour model that they
implemented and proffered up to the consumer. As the industry expanded, and the business
matured, different options came up for the individual to consider when choosing to use a car-
sharing service. Four different models came up for scrutiny:
• Round trip car sharing: vehicles are rented by the day, hour, or mile, or some combination of
the three, and are picked up from and returned to the same point.
• One-way car sharing floating model: cars are rented on demand and are returned to defined
areas. Usually requires a “jockey” to manually reposition vehicles.
• One-way car sharing station model: customers pick up and drop off cars at existing stations.
• Fractional ownership: multiple owners jointly purchase a private car.
We studied four different cities and determined which of the four options they would each be
more inclined to support and use. The four cities were Poughkeepsie, NY; Richmond, Virginia;
Riverside, California; and Knoxville, Tennessee.
3.1 Studying the Cities
Different factors were observed in the four cities which may affect the consumers desires
and habits in relation to the car-sharing system. The crime rate, property value, economy,
and income.
3.1.2 Crime Rates
Crime Rate (Total) = (Violent Crimes) + (Property Crimes)
We used the above equation to calculate the average crime rate of the four
individual cities. Using http://www.neighborhoodscout.com, we found the values
for the variables and applied them to the equation for the four different cities.

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For Richmond, Virginia:
Crime Rate = 1275 + 9069 = 10244
For Riverside, California:
Crime Rate = 1392+10,185 = 11,557
For Knoxville, Tennessee
Crime Rate = 1621 + 12,301 = 13922
Poughkeepsie, New York
Crime Rate = 290 +724 + 1040
The total crime rates can be seen in the following graphs:

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And the crime rate per square mile is shown here:
3.1.3 Rankings of The Cities and Their Crime Rates
Using these findings, we came up with a way to rank these cities in an order signifying
the Crime rates and the corresponding prevalence of Zipcars in the communities. Cities with a
higher crime rate would be less likely to contain Zipcar stations, as seen in the list below:
1. Riverside, California: 18 Zipcar stations
2. Poughkeepsie, New York: 5 Zipcar stations
3. Knoxville, Tennessee: 1 Zipcar Station, 4 cars
4. Richmond, Virginia: 3 Zipcar Stations
3.2 Population of the Four Cities
• Because Riverside has the most zipcar stations or neighborhoods, we can ascertain that
within Riverside, there are realms of fractional ownership. In factional ownership there
are multiple owners that jointly purchased a private car. This shows that there are many
stations for zipcars, which means that people can rent them for the day.

13. 13 Team #7425
• Knoxville has round trip car sharing, whereby, "vehicles that are rented by the day,
hour, or mile, or some combination of the three, and they are picked up from and returned
to the same point." Meaning, cars would have to be returned once used at the same exact
location. This is because Knoxville has superb geography allowing for easy
transportation.
• Poughkeepsie belongs in the category of, "one way car sharing station model, wherein,
customers pick up and drop off cars at existing stations," because of the connection
Poughkeepsie has with New York, many individuals would take Zipcars to travel. There
are many chains of Zipcars in New York as well, creating a notable coexistence.
•Richmond belongs in the category of one-way car sharing floating model. The city of
Richmond, Virginia would be more inclined to use this model due to the low number of
Zipcar stations. People can demand a vehicle and get it delivered, then have a jockey pick
up the car which would mitigate the need for excess stations.

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4 Road Map to The Future
The impact of evolving technologies on car-sharing. Reports indicate that self-driving cars and
vehicles using alternative fuel or renewable energy are close to entering the mainstream. This
will alter the participation in car-sharing as environmentally friendly vehicles can be delivered to
individuals on demand. The model will be altered with this new information.
4.1 The New Model For Crime Rates
Crime Rate (Total) = ((Violent Crimes) + (Property Crimes)) - (Technological Improvements)
With the various technological advancements arising in the field of automobiles, changes
will occur to some of the models we have created. The increase in technology will lower
the crime rates of the various cities, and of most of the nation. Security will increase, and
car-sharing rates will also increase. The advent of bullet proof cars, for example, provides
consumers with a safer option when sharing a car, which instills a sense of security
making the car-sharing services more attractive.
4.2 The effect of self-driving technology
With the continual development of self-driving technology, the car-sharing services will
be compelled to adapt to attract customers with the new found ease brought by this
technological advancement. Cars will be driven by computers to the customers area of

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choice, and possibly driven back to the locations where the cars will be stationed. This
will attract individuals to make use of the service due to the budding convenience.
4.3 The Effect of Alternative Fuel, Renewable Energy, and
Environmental Improvements
In the past decade, the environmental concern of the nation has manifested itself in
various aspects of society. The automobile industry has also been impacted, and tighter
regulations are in place to lower the impact of the vehicles on the environment. The
emissions standards, for example, have improved over the years for the benefit of the
environment. This will attract individuals who are concerned with the environment, and if
the car-sharing services adapt, which they will probably do, they will invest into this car-
sharing technology. As shown in the graph below, emissions have decreased. As more
people invest in car-sharing, the technology will improve and will attract more customers
interested in being more environmental friendly.

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5 Conclusion
The development of the car-sharing services, starting with Zipcar, has introduced an
alternative mode of transportation for the communities we live in. Owning a car can cause much
strain on one's finances; however, for those who plan to use the cars intermittently, the car-
sharing services are a better, cheaper option. With multiple options of servicing emerging, their
comes greater appeal to a larger span of people in varying cities and areas. The betterment of the
technology also increases the desire of environmentally concerned individuals to take part in the
car-sharing services if the companies adapt and advance along with technology in a respectable
and quick manner. The car-sharing services show signs of popularity and use; it is a prominent
service which has proven to be useful for many individuals, and with the progression of time and
the natural advancement human ingenuity, the service will not go away and will hold prevalence
in this society for years to come.

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6 Bibliography
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