Project report on IR based vehicle with automatic braking and driver awakening system

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
IR BASED VEHICLE WITH AUTOMATIC
BRAKING AND DRIVER AWAKENING SYSTEM
Submitted in Partial fulfilment of the
Requirements for Award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted By
MUKUL SHARMA NEERAJ KHATRI PARDEEP BUDHWAR
3411916 3411921 3411887
Under the guidance of
Dr. TAJENDER MALIK
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
MATU RAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT
ROHTAK, HARYANA – 124001
(Affiliated to Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India)

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
We, Mukul Sharma, Neeraj Khatri, Pardeep Budhwar bearing roll no. 3411916 , 3411921 ,
3411887, students of B.Tech of Electronics and communication Engineering department
hereby declare that we own the full responsibility for the information, results etc. provided in
this PROJECT titled “ IR BASED VEHICLE WITH AUTOMATIC BRAKING AND
DRIVER AWAKENING SYSTEM ” submitted to M.D. University. Rohtak for the award
of B.Tech (ECE) degree. We have taken care in all respect to honour the intellectual property
right and have acknowledged the contribution of others for using them in academic purpose
and further declare that in case of any violation of intellectual property right or copyright we ,
as a candidate, will be fully responsible for the same. Our supervisor should not be held
responsible for full or partial violation of copyright or intellectual property right.
Mukul Sharma Neeraj Khatri Pardeep Budhwar
3411916 3411921 3411887
DATE : 17th
May,2014
PLACE: ROHTAK
(i)

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the PROJECT entitled “ IR based vehicle with automatic braking and driver
awakening system ” submitted by Mukul Sharma, Neeraj Khatri, Pardeep Budhwar bearing
roll no. 3411916 , 3411921 , 3411887 , in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award
of the degree of Bachelor of technology (Electronics and communication) of M.D.U. Rohtak,
is a record of the student’s own work carried out under my supervision and guidance. To the
best of our knowledge, this project has not been submitted to M.D.U. or any other university
or institute for award of a degree. It is further understood that by his/her certificate the
undersigned does not endorse or approve of any statement made, opinion expressed or
conclusion drawn therein but approve the dissertation only for the purpose for which it is
submitted.
DR. TAJENDER MALIK
Project guide
Head of dept.
Director
(ii)

ABSTRACT
Our endeavour behind this project is to analyse present day condition of Indian automobile
industry and its standard and by keeping the current information in mind introduce a concept
vehicle that can not only enhance the present standard of safety and comfort in Indian
automobiles but also tackle the nightmare of pollution and shortage of fuel as well . The
Anti–Collision device is a detection device meant to be incorporated into vehicles for the
purpose of safety. As opposed to the anti–collision devices present in the market today, this
system is not designed to control the vehicle. Instead, it serves as an alert in the face of
imminent collision. The device is made up of an infrared transmitter and receiver . The
device works by sending out streams of infrared radiation and alerts when any obstacle is
present within specific range or safe distance , to take the necessary precaution to avert a
collision. The device would still alert once by an alarm even though it is not receiving
infrared beams from the oncoming vehicle. This is due to reflection of its own infrared
beams. At the end of the design and testing process, overall system was implemented with a
constructed work, tested working and perfectly functional. The anti collision and driver
awakening system is based on INFRA RED sensors . The entire system is developed by keep
in mind of Indian automobile industry and their customers. Our endeavour behind this project
is to develop and demonstrate a state of the art project that reduces the chance of collision by
providing early warning through sensing and inbuilt circuitry.
When any vehicle comes in the periphery of improvised vehicle then the sensors senses its
position with respect to the distance and activate the ciruit and inverter circuit for awakening
of the driver . Furthermore the automatic braking makes the vehicle to stop before collision.
In case collision occurs the a piezo crystal creates waves and forwards them to cell phone
through headphones which make a call to the last dialled number in that cell phone .
(iii)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost we bow to the almighty for giving us the opportunity to undertake the
writing of this project and the strength and capacity to complete it. Then we take this
opportunity to express our sincere and deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Subhash Dahiya
(Director) and Mr. Tajender Malik (H.O.D.) . Our humble and heartfelt acknowledgements
are also to our esteemed teacher guide Dr. Tajender Malik (H.O.D.) for his guidance and
support without which this task would not have been accomplished. We would like to thank
our co-guide Mr. Yogesh Gaur for his constant and timely help, moral support and valuable
suggestions. We also thank my friends, who have helped us during this study. In addition we
thank one and all who have been instrumental in helping us complete this project. We are
extremely grateful and indebted to our parents and our siblings for being pillars of strength,
for their unfailing moral support, and encouragement. We treasure their blessings and good
wishes and dedicate this study to them .
Mukul Sharma Neeraj Khatri Pardeep Budhwar
3411916 3411921 3411887
(iv)

CONTENTS
1. Chapter-1 - Introduction
1.1 - Anti Collision System
1.2 - Unique Design
1.2.1- Ground Clearence
1.2.2 - Differential less vehicle base
1.3 - Eco Friendly Concept
1.3.1 Automobile Sector : Triple production
1.4 - Chesses Design
1.4.1 - Advantage of Carbon fibre part
1.5 - Automatic Call Alert System
2. Chapter-2 - Concept and theory of project
2.1- Theoretical Background
2.1.1 - Transistor as a switch and as an amplifier
2.1.2 - Infra Red Obstacle Detection Circuit
2.1.3 - DC Battery Power Supply
2.1.4 - Shocking Circuit (Inverter Circuit)
2.1.5 - Piezocrystal Electric Switch
3. Chapter-3 - Project Work details
3.1- Infrared Detection System
3.1.1. Block Diagram Of IR Circuit
3.2 - Shocking Circuit And Alarm Alert System
3.3 - Main And Secondary Power Supply
3.4 - Joystick For Controlling The Vehicle
3.5 - Piezocrystal Circuit For Automatic Call Alert
4. Chapter-4 - Results and Discussion
4.1 - System Testing, Results And Discussions
5. Chapter-5 - Conclusions and Future scope
6. References and Bibliography
(v)

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Safety is a necessary part of man’s life. Due to the accident cases reported daily on the major
roads in all parts of the developed and developing countries, more attention is needed for
research in the designing an efficient car driving aiding system. It is expected that if such a
device is designed and incorporated into our cars as a road safety device, it will reduce the
incidence of accidents on our roads and various premises, with subsequent reduction in loss
of life and property. However, a major area of concern of an engineer should be safety, as it
concerns the use of his/her inventions and the accompanying dangers due to human
limitations. When it comes to the use of a motor vehicle, accidents that have occurred over
the years tell us that something needs to be done about them from an engineering point of
view. According to the 2007 edition of the Small-M report on the road accident statistic in
Malaysia, a total of 6,035 people were killed in 2000 and the fatality spring up to 6,287 in
2006 from accident cases reported in 250,429 and 341,252 cases of accident for 2000 and
2006 respectively. The obtained results show that, high rate of accident is reported each year.
Now it is suffice to say that the implementation of certain highway safety means such as
speed restrictions, among others, has done a lot in reducing the rates of these accidents. The
issue here is that policies of safe driving alone would not eradicate this, the engineer has a
role to play, after all the main issue is an engineering product (the motor vehicle). Many
motorists have had 2 to travel through areas with little light under much fatigue, yet
compelled to undertake the journey out of necessity. It is not always irresponsible to do this.
A lot of cases reported is as a result of drivers sleeping off while driving, and when he/she
eventually woke up, a head-on collision might have taken place. Not many have had the
fortune to quickly avert this. It is therefore imperative to consider the advantages of an early
warning system where the driver is alerted of a possible collision with some considerable
amount of time before it occurs.

The idea of incorporating radar systems into vehicles to improve road traffic safety dates
back to the 1970s. Such systems are now reaching the market as recent advances in
technology have allowed the signal processing requirements and the high angular resolution
requirements from physically small antennas to be realized. Automotive radar systems have
the potential for a number of different applications including adaptive cruise control (ACC)
and anti-collision devices. The problem with this brand of cars is that they are expensive.
This becomes an even bigger challenge when you consider a developing country like India.
The Infrared Anti-Collision Device are expected to be made of relatively inexpensive
components for easy purchase and incorporation. This research aims at the design of a
prototype showing how this could function. The main objective is to find a way to implement
a minimum spacing for cars in traffic in an affordable way, alongside to achieve safety for
passengers of a moving car. The anti-collision device, when wired into the circuitry of a
vehicle would help in the reduction of road mishaps. Though not every kind of collision can
be helped by this, and it must be stated here that no allusion is being made that technology is
the best line of action to take. It should be further noted that some already existing laws made
use of technologies like the street lights and traffic lights. This would be a supplementation
and not a replacement. Now we will study the main specifications of this project .

1.1 ANTI COLLISION SYSTEM
The Anti–Collision device is a detection device meant to be incorporated into cars for the
purpose of safety. As opposed to the anti–collision devices present in the market today, this
system is not designed to control the vehicle. Instead, it serves as an alert in the face of
imminent collision. The device is intended to find a way to implement a minimum spacing
for cars in traffic in an affordable way. It would also achieve safety for the passengers of a
moving car. The device is made up of an infrared transmitter and receiver
Fig 1.: How IR sensor sense the things ? i.e. the grid formation by transmitted rays of IR sensor
Also incorporated into it is an audio visual alarm to work in with the receiver and effectively
alert the driver and/or the passengers.
The device works by sending out streams of infrared radiation and when these rays are seen
by the other equipped vehicle, both are meant to take the necessary precaution to avert a
collision. The device would still sound an alarm even though it is not receiving infrared
beams from the oncoming vehicle .
This is due to reflection of its own infrared beams. At the end of the design and testing
process, overall system was implemented with a constructed work, tested working and
perfectly functional.

Fig 2 : transmission and reception of the waves by IR sensors

1.2 UNIQUE DESIGN
1.2.1 GROUND CLEARANCE
Whenever we buy cars we often discuss the fuel economy, style, features, colour, price and
all that. But unless widely publicized, people hardly care to look at the physical specs of the
car - in particular the ground clearance.
Ground clearance is a factor mostly discussed when someone is buying low level cars.
Indeed Luxury cars are known for their low stance and low ground clearance. Now, anyone
or any website will tell you that ground clearance is the "minimum distance between the
ground/road and the lowest part of the car". And then manufacturers publish the
ground clearance figures such as 160 mm or 170 mm or 180 mm.
Fig 3 : Demonstration of ground clearance of suspension car.
In our concept car the suspension of the car allow minimum of 600 mm ground clearance or
even beyond that becomes a major success factor of the model.
In the case of Indian roads the vehicles which have more than 200 mm of ground clearance is
appropriate for ride in urban as well as in rural areas. More than 60% of rural roads in India
are unpaved or what we say “ kacchi sadak ” which pose many challenges in front of low

ground clearance containing cars, take this fact into consideration the auto suspension car is
the best solution.
For armored fighting vehicles (AFV), ground clearance presents an additional factor in a
vehicle's overall performance: a lower ground clearance means that the vehicle minus
the chassis is lower to the ground and thus harder to spot and harder to hit. The final design of
any AFV reflects a compromise between being a smaller target on one hand, and having
greater battlefield mobility on the other. Very few AFVs have top speeds at which car-like
handling becomes an issue, though rollovers can and do occur. By contrast, an AFV is far
more likely to need high ground clearance than a road vehicle. Our concept car can tackle all
miss features and can produce a masterpiece in the field of AFV.
Fig 4 : An petrol based US ARMY multi taker small combat vehicle which can be applied to our chassis.
When our concept car comes to Indian roads, high ground clearance will provide desirable
efficiency and it does not take rocket science to figure that out. But what should be the ideal
ground clearance. Some people will tell you that 175 mm is the minimum that you should opt
for. But that is just half the truth. Consider this:
- The many luxury cars in India has a ground clearance of 170 mm.
- The small sedan cars also has a ground clearance of 170 mm.
- The Maruti-Suzuki Alto also has a ground clearance of 160 mm .

But the fact is that many of the cars which have this level of ground clearance proved to be
underachiever in the case of fulfilment of desired performance.
1.2.2. DIFFERENTIAL LESS WHEEL BASE
One of the most important car parts, yet very less known, is the rear differential. It plays a big
role in the functioning of the automobile. Understanding any car problem requires you to
know the working of a car and know about its basic mechanism. One of the most
fundamental function of the differential is the distribution of torque in all cars and SUVs and
due to this very function it face so many problems like Noise, Leakage of Differential
assembly oil, made you to go service centre again and again.
Fig 5 : Differencial less wheel base
So we adopt differential less rear wheel assembly by allowing suspension mounted
individual power units along with each rear wheel that make each wheel individual in
torque generation and movement.
This type of arrangement in rear wheel made this vehicle automatically effeicient as
compared to four wheel drive SUVs .
As we all know the Wheelbase, that is measured as the distance between two wheels at the
centre of each wheel. Because most of the existing cars and even SUVs have a much lesser
wheelbase as compared to our concept car, the former cars are able to coast over the high
speed breakers / rumbles with no issues but in case of multitasking vehicle these above
vehicle seems to be ineffective if compared to our concept car.

Fig 6: Demonstration of differential less wheel base concept.
The Auto suspension E- car is totally differential less that enhance its capacity to roam
around any surface and even in desert or hilly areas. Differential less wheel base is the
exclusively new concept and specially developed for combat vehicles.

1.3 ECO FRIENDLY CONCEPT
Developing electric vehicles is important in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
American vehicles are responsible for almost half of the GHGs emitted by vehicles globally,
but make up 30 percent of cars in use, according to a 2006 report by Environmental Defence.
Transportation accounts for 30 percent of U.S. GHG emissions and five percent of global
emissions, according to a 2010 report by the U.S.
According to the estimated records maintained by department of transportation, In 2006,
GHG emissions from on-road vehicles accounted for 79 percent of transportation emissions,
and 59 percent were from light-duty vehicles, which include passenger cars and pick-up
trucks. Increasing fuel economy is suggested in the report as one way to reduce GHG
emissions from transportation. Completely electric vehicles such as the Electric Car go one
step further: they eliminate the need for fossil fuels.
1.3.1 AUTOMOBILE SECTOR : TRIPLING PRODUCTION
The World’s Motor Companies are tripling production of electric vehicles in world through
2013. They will build 100,000,000 electric vehicles by 2013, 145,000 more than it currently
manufactures.
One of the electric vehicles is the folding E car concept. According to the title it is describes
as fuel-free, rechargeable multi terrain car for multipurpose use. It is an advanced power train
which deliver significant energy efficiency advantages and zero CO2 emissions without
compromising driving enjoyment. And its suite of every surface area
“Customers have come to expect fuel efficiency with every new vehicle Ford delivers today,
and now we are further differentiating our electrified vehicle line-up with something else
people truly value – choice,” said Jim Farley, Ford’s group vice president of Marketing, Sales
and Service.
Our car is based on electronic gear motors and can be operated via electrical powered engine
if developed and would be most reliable as well as zero carbon emitting.

1.4 CHESSES DESIGN:
The chasses is designed according to Indian automobile standard. The main demand occurred
from the side of rural car buyers due to worst conditions of roads their side. The Indian car
market is flourished by foreign SUVs because of this demand. Indian buyers’ needs a car that
can go anywhere and can also cat as a multi terrain car to tackle Indian customer’s demands.
That is why we introduced our concept with a chasses designed according to the needs of
Indian customer’s desire. The chasses of our car is heavy duty and can also be built by carbon
fibre when developed for industrial production.
1.4.1. THE ADVANTAGE OF CARBON FIBRE PARTS:
For more than forty years since its introduction, carbon fiber composites have remained an
elusive material in the automotive industry. Proven in jet fighters and high-end race cars for
over 20 years, there is little doubt about its ability to build lighter, more durable vehicles.
Offering a weight savings of 75 percent over steel, carbon fiber gives sports cars a real
advantage in acceleration and top speed, and enables all automobiles to achieve improved
fuel economy.
Commercialization continues to be hindered by high material and processing costs and slow
production rates. In spite of these obstacles, more than 25 series production vehicles will
feature carbon fiber composites in 2004, fueled by advances in manufacturing technology,
new material forms and steadily declining material costs. This paper presents the current state
of carbon fiber use in automobiles in Europe, North America and Japan, ranging from the
exotic “supercars” to niche producers and the major automobile manufacturers. Carbon fiber
application include body panels, structure and functional components. Advances in
processing techniques will be reviewed, with a focus on what is being done today and what
still needs to occur to economically move beyond volumes of a few thousand parts per year
and into more mainstream vehicles.
The chasses is designed according to the Indian standard as there is a demand of all terrain
heavy loading chasses that capable to deliver tasks in rural India as well.

Fig 7 : Heavy duty chesses design for rough and tough use

1.5 Automatic Call Alert System
In case the accident occurs then the piezocrystal switch is activated i.e. it creates electric
waves with the help of trigger inside it . After that , the wave is passed through the
headphones connected to an Android Operating System based cell phone . There , in cell
phone , an application programme is made run which has only one specific function i.e. to
make a call on receiving signal through the headphones . Hence when here the signal through
crystal is sent to the cell phone , the cell phone makes call to the LAST DIALLED no. in
the dialled list . Hence afterwards the call alert , the position of the accidented vehicle can
easily be traced with the help of Global Positioning System i.e. GPS . An alternate for
detecting position is to trace the signals passing sent by the cell phone during call . Hence in
this way , the system here is much efficient for life saving , emergency purpose also .

CHAPTER 2
CONCEPT AND THEORY OF PROJECT
The idea of using infrared signals to establish routes in communication networks between
receivers and transmitters for the purpose of convenience, safety and guarantee of service is
not new, but the application, cost, design method and reliability of the system varies. Besides,
much were treated in papers by Zungeru et al. In their papers, the use of infrared rays was
studied and utilized to count the number of passengers in a car and also remotely control
home appliances via short message services. Generally, the anti–collision device prototype
designed here is a detection device, sensitive to solid objects in its pathway.
2.1 Theoretical Background
A basic makeup of the device is an infrared transmitter/receiver and an audio alarm ,
shocking circuit . Each was duplicated for better demonstration. The system was designed
around these below basic modules:-
(1) Transistor as a switch and as an amplifier
(2) An Infra Red obstacle detection Circuit
(3) D.C. Battery power supply.
(4) Shocking Circuit i.e. Inverter circuit
(5) Trigger based Piezocrystal Electric switch
These different modules are discussed below in detail in the subsequent sub-sections.

2.1.1 TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH AND AS AN AMPLIFIER
Hence here we can see that how a transistor acts as a switch and as an amplifier .
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals
and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals
for connection to an external circuit.
Fig 8 : transistor symbol drawn in University of Aveiro
A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current
through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than
the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.
2.1.1.1. TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, both for high-power applications such
as switched-mode power supplies and for low-power applications such as logic gates.
In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base
voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops
because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the
collector and emitter were zero (or near zero), the collector current would be limited only by
the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage. This is called saturation because
current is flowing from collector to emitter freely. When saturated, the switch is said to be on.
Fig 9 : Transistor as a switch in grounded emitter configuration
Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as
switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the

collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these
currents varies depending on the type of transistor, and even for a particular type, varies
depending on the collector current. In the example light-switch circuit shown, the resistor is
chosen to provide enough base current to ensure the transistor will be saturated.
In any switching circuit, values of input voltage would be chosen such that the output is
either completely off, or completely on. The transistor is acting as a switch, and this type of
operation is common in digital circuits where only "on" and "off" values are relevant.
2.1.1.2. TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER
The common-emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage (Vin) changes the
small current through the base of the transistor; the transistor's current amplification
combined with the properties of the circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large
changes in Vout.
Fig10 : Transistor as an amplifier in common emitter configuration
Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some providing
current gain, some voltage gain, and some both.
From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for sound
reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete-transistor audio
amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually
increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved.
Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively
inexpensive.

2.1.2 INFRA RED OBSTACLE DETECTION CIRCUIT
In the system we are using 5mm IR SENSORS as a early warning system that also made it
economic in design and simple in implementation. Infrared radiation is the portion of
electromagnetic spectrum having wavelengths longer than visible light wavelengths, but
smaller than microwaves, i.e., the region
Fig11 . An IR sensor
roughly from 0.75µm to 1000 µm is the infrared region. Infrared waves are invisible to
human eyes. The wavelength region of 0.75µm to 3 µm is called near infrared, the region
from 3 µm to 6 µm is called mid infrared and the region higher than 6 µm is called far
infrared. (The demarcations are not rigid; regions are defined differently by many).
Fig 12 : Detailed diagram showing wavelengths and frequencies of all type of waves
There are different types of IR sensors working in various regions of the IR spectrum but the
physics behind "IR sensors" is governed by three laws:

2.1.2.1. PLANCK’S RADIATION LAW
Every object at a temperature T not equal to 0 K emits radiation. Infrared radiant energy is
determined by the temperature and surface condition of an object. Human eyes cannot detect
differences in infrared energy because they are primarily sensitive to visible light energy
from 400 to 700 nm. Our eyes are not sensitive to the infrared energy.
2.1.2.2. STEPHAN BOLTZMANN LAW
The total energy emitted at all wavelengths by a black body is related to the absolute
temperature as
Equation 1. Abovw here the equation showing relation between total energy emitted and absolute temp.
2.1.2.3. WEIN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW
Wein’s Law tells that objects of different temperature emit spectra that peak at different
wavelengths. It provides the wavelength for maximum spectral radiant emittance for a given
temperature.
The relationship between the true temperature of the black body and its peak spectral exitance
or dominant wavelength is described by this law :-
Equation 2 : Relationship between true temperature and speak spectral wavelength
The world is not full of black bodies; rather it comprises of selectively radiating bodies like
rocks, water, etc. and the relationship between the two is given by emissivity (E).

Equation 3 : Emmessivity of any object
Emissivity depends on object color, surface roughness, moisture content, degree of
compaction , field of view, viewing angle & wavelength.

2.1.3 D.C. BATTERY POWER SUPPLY
An AC powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage
from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower, voltage. If it is used to
produce DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage to a pulsating direct voltage,
followed by a filter, comprising one or more capacitors, resistors, and sometimes inductors,
to filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation. A small remaining unwanted alternating voltage
component at mains or twice mains power frequency (depending upon whether half- or full-
wave rectification is used)—ripple—is unavoidably superimposed on the direct output
voltage.
Fig 13 : A Linera D.C. power supply
For purposes such as charging batteries the ripple is not a problem, and the simplest
unregulated mains-powered DC power supply circuit consists of a transformer driving a
single diode in series with a resistor.
Before the introduction of solid-state electronics, equipment used valves (vacuum tubes)
which required high voltages; power supplies used step-up transformers, rectifiers, and filters
to generate one or more direct voltages of some hundreds of volts, and a low alternating
voltage for filaments. Only the most advanced equipment used expensive and bulky regulated
power supplies.

2.1.4. SHOCKING CIRUIT OR INVERTER CIRCUIT
The inverter circuit which act as a current inducer is explained in detail as follows . A power
inverter, or inverter, is an electrical power converter that changes direct current (DC)
to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency
with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.
Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from
small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct
current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC
power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier. The electrical inverter is a high-
power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC
converters were made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to AC
Fig 14 : Circuit diagram for Shocking circuit
2.1.4.1. BASIC DESIGNS
In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the centre tap
of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow
back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding

and then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the
transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary circuit.
The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts and a
spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one of the
stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the opposite stationary
contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the
switch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of electromechanical inverter
switch, called a vibrator or buzzer, was once used in vacuum tube automobile radios. A
similar mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers and tattoo guns.
As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and various other types
of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs. Certain
ratings, especially for large systems (many kilowatts) use thyristors (SCR). SCRs provide
large power handling capability in a semiconductor device, and can readily be controlled over
a variable firing range.
2.1.4.2. OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
The switch in the simple inverter described above, when not coupled to an output
transformer, produces a square voltage waveform due to its simple off and on nature as
opposed to the sinusoidal waveform that is the usual waveform of an AC power supply.
Using Fourier analysis,periodic waveforms are represented as the sum of an infinite series of
sine waves. The sine wave that has the same frequency as the original waveform is called the
fundamental component. The other sine waves, called harmonics, that are included in the
series have frequencies that are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency.
The quality of the inverter output waveform can be expressed by using the Fourier analysis
data to calculate the total harmonic distortion (THD). The total harmonic distortion (THD) is
the square root of the sum of the squares of the harmonic voltages divided by the fundamental
voltage:
Equation 4 : Total dynamic harmotion

The quality of output waveform that is needed from an inverter depends on the characteristics
of the connected load. Some loads need a nearly perfect sine wave voltage supply to work
properly. Other loads may work quite well with a square wave voltage.
2.1.4.3. ADVANCED DESIGNS
H bridge inverter circuit with transistor switches and antiparallel diodes
There are many different power circuit topologies and control strategies used in inverter
designs. Different design approaches address various issues that may be more or less
important depending on the way that the inverter is intended to be used.
The issue of waveform quality can be addressed in many ways. Capacitors and inductors can
be used to filter the waveform. If the design includes a transformer, filtering can be applied to
the primary or the secondary side of the transformer or to both sides. Low-pass filters are
applied to allow the fundamental component of the waveform to pass to the output while
limiting the passage of the harmonic components. If the inverter is designed to provide power
at a fixed frequency, a resonant filter can be used. For an adjustable frequency inverter, the
filter must be tuned to a frequency that is above the maximum fundamental frequency.
Since most loads contain inductance, feedback rectifiers or antiparallel diodes are often
connected across each semiconductor switch to provide a path for the peak inductive load
current when the switch is turned off. The antiparallel diodes are somewhat similar to
the freewheeling diodes used in AC/DC converter circuits.
waveform
signal
transitions
per period
harmonics
eliminated
harmonics
amplified
System
Description
THD
2 - -
2-level
square
wave
~45%[4]
4 3, 9, 27,... -
3-level
"modified
square
wave"
>
23.8%[4]

8
5-level
"modified
square
wave"
>
6.5%[4]
10 3, 5, 9, 27 7, 11,...
2-level
very slow
PWM
12 3, 5, 9, 27 7, 11,...
3-level
very slow
PWM
Fourier analysis reveals that a waveform, like a square wave, that is anti-symmetrical about
the 180 degree point contains only odd harmonics, the 3rd, 5th, 7th, etc. Waveforms that have
steps of certain widths and heights can attenuate certain lower harmonics at the expense of
amplifying higher harmonics. For example, by inserting a zero-voltage step between the
positive and negative sections of the square-wave, all of the harmonics that are divisible by
three (3rd and 9th, etc.) can be eliminated. That leaves only the 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th etc. The
required width of the steps is one third of the period for each of the positive and negative
steps and one sixth of the period for each of the zero-voltage steps.
Changing the square wave as described above is an example of pulse-width
modulation (PWM).. When voltage control is not required, a fixed pulse width can be
selected to reduce or eliminate selected harmonics. Harmonic elimination techniques are
generally applied to the lowest harmonics because filtering is much more practical at high
frequencies, where the filter components can be much smaller and less expensive.
Multilevel inverters provide another approach to harmonic cancellation. Multilevel inverters
provide an output waveform that exhibits multiple steps at several voltage levels. For
example, it is possible to produce a more sinusoidal wave by having split-rail direct
current inputs at two voltages, or positive and negative inputs with a central ground. By
connecting the inverter output terminals in sequence between the positive rail and ground, the
positive rail and the negative rail, the ground rail and the negative rail, then both to the

ground rail, a stepped waveform is generated at the inverter output. This is an example of a
three level inverter: the two voltages and ground.
2.1.5. TRIGGER BASED PIEZOCRYSTAL ELECTRIC SWITCH
A Piezo switch is a solid-state switching technology based on the functional
principle of the piezoelectric crystal that utilizes the direct piezoelectric effect.
Piezo switch elements typically have a piezoelectric component physically mounted
on the back of a thin metal surface, the size of which is based on desired force
requirements of the user. The characteristics behind this component are such that
when an action force is applied to the piezoelectric element there is a small
displacement and subsequent strain on the dielectric material. This strain causes a
build up of an electric field that causes a voltage to be induced due to a charge
transfer. The voltage generated is converted by the electronic connection into a
polarity-neutral, electronic switch contact.
One of the main advantages of the Piezo switch is that there are no moving parts
such as contacts, springs or actuator systems, resulting in fewer failures, reduced
wear, and extending the life cycle. The flat actuation surface is completely sealed,
preventing the intrusion of liquids or other contaminants.

CHAPTER 3
PROJECT WORK DETAILS : IR BASED
VEHICLE WITH ABS AND DRIVER
AWAKENING SYSTEM
Here in this project basically as we have declared that our main motive is to protect the driver
and the vehicle from collision and to alert him before the collision occurs . Hence for
fulfilling all these requirements a combination on circuits is used so that all the required
objectives could be completed . Hence below is the list of circuits used in our project :
1. IR detection system/circuit
2. Shocking Circuit and Alarm Alert system
3. Main and Secondary power supply
4. Joystick for controlling the vehicle
5. Piezocrystal Circuit For Automatic Call Alert

3.1 INFRARED DETECTION SYSTEM
Here we can see that whenever any obstacle comes ahead of the IR sensors then the IR
circuit is activated and hence the further actions are performed . Here in below diagrams we
will see the components of the IR circuit .We have mounted following components in this
circuit
- Transmitter and Receiver IR sensors
- LED and secondary power supply (for whole of the ckt. )
- Two 22 ohm and two 1 kilo ohm resistors
- Two BC548 n-p-n transistors
- Relay
Here as we can see that the figure consists of two sensors i.e. one is of white colour and other
is of black colour . The sensor looking white , in left hand side is transmitter . The other one ,
of black colour , is the receiver for the I.R. circuit .
Fig 15 : White colour is for transmitter and Black for receiver
There are two main situations i.e. in one there is no any obstacle and in other one , there is
an obstacle . Hence both are depicted below :-
(i)When any obstacle is NOT present , then in this case LED is lightened and it indicates that
the way is clear , no obstacle present .

Fig 16 : LED is on i.e. no any obstacle is present .
(ii) When an obstacle is present in the way of vehicle then in this case the Receiver receives
the signal and sends it to the circuit mounted on vehicle , which makes the LED OFF on the
detection of the obstacle which can be seen below as :-
Fig 17 : LED is OFF i.e the obstacle is present before the vehicle or sensor , can say.

3.1.1. Block Diagram of IR circuit
A typical system for detecting infrared radiation is given in the following block diagram :
3.1.1.1 INFRARED SOURCE
All objects above 0 K radiate infrared energy and hence are infrared sources. Infrared sources
also include blackbody radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon carbide, and various others. For
active IR sensors, infrared Lasers and LEDs of specific IR wavelengths are used as IR
sources.
3.1.1.2 TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
Three main types of transmission medium used for Infrared transmission are vacuum, the
atmosphere, and optical fibers. The transmission of IR – radiation is affected by presence of
CO2, water vapour and other elements in the atmosphere. Due to absorption by molecules of
water carbon dioxide, ozone, etc. the atmosphere highly attenuates most IR wavelengths
leaving some important IR windows in the electromagnetic spectrum; these are primarily
utilized by thermal imaging/ remote sensing applications.
• Medium wave IR (MWIR:3-5 µm)
• Long wave IR (LWIR:8-14 µm)
Choice of IR band or a specific wavelength is dictated by the technical requirements of a
specific application.
3.1.1.3 OPTICAL COMPONENTS
Often optical components are required to converge or focus infrared radiations, to limit
spectral response, etc. To converge/focus radiations, optical lenses made of quartz, CaF2, Ge
and Si, polyethylene Fresnel lenses, and mirrors made of Al, Au or a similar material are
used. For limiting spectral responses, band pass filters are used. Choppers are used to pass/
interrupt the IR beams.

3.1.1.4 INFRARED DETECTORS
Various types of detectors are used in IR sensors. Important specifications of detectors are
• Photosensitivity or Responsivity
Responsivity is the Output Voltage/Current per watt of incident energy. Higher the better.
• Noise Equivalent Power (NEP)
NEP represents detection ability of a detector and is the amount of incident light equal to
intrinsic noise level of a detector.
• Detectivity(D*: D-star)
D* is the photosensitivity per unit area of a detector. It is a measure of S/N ratio of a detector.
D* is inversely proportional to NEP. Larger D* indicates better sensing element.
In addition, wavelength region or temperature to be measured, response time, cooling
mechanism, active area, no of elements, package, linearity, stability, temperature
characteristics, etc. are important parameters which need attention while selecting IR
detectors.
3.1.1.5 SIGNAL PROCESSING
Since detector outputs are typically very small, preamplifiers with associated circuitry are
used to further process the received signals. We used these sensors as a detector which
provides early detection .

3.2 SHOCKING CIRCUIT AND ALARM ALERT SYSTEM
Shocking system or circuit in this vehicle is initiated whenever it gets a positive signal from
the IR circuit i.e. the IR circuit on receiving the signal from the receiver processes it with the
help of transistors and the signal coming outside activates the relay and then relay works as a
switch and activates the invertor circuit . shocking circuit . For providing a shock to the driver
to awaken him is based upon a high watt inverter circuit that provide ten time enhanced
current as compared to the input provides to it. In our project we are providing 40 watt
current wave that specifically awaken the driver when it is on the confluence of neap. This is
a simple 120 V 24 V , centre - tapped (CT) control transformer and four additional
components can do the operation. This circuit outputs a clean about 120 volt - 200 volt at 60
Hz and can supply up to 20 Watt. The circuit is self starting andfree running. See this
simple inverter circuit below :
Transistor Q1 and Q2 use 2N5877 or similarity .If Q1 is faster and higher gain than Q2 , it
will turn on first when aplly the input power and will hold Q2. Load current and the
transformer magnetizing current the flows in the upper half of primary coil, and auto
transformer supplies the base drive (two transistor) until the transformer saturates. The
transformer can use the 3A CT transformer an use the secondary coil for input and primary
coil use to output, And input use the 12 volt secondary coil. Use 12 battery to power input ,
such as 12 V accurate.
In this circuit we have mounted :
- Electrolytic Capacitor
- Primary MOSFET
- Secondary MOSFET
- Ceramic Capacitor
- Heat Sink Coil
- Step Up transformer
- IN4007 Diode
- 33 ohm Resistance
- Shocking current wires mounted on the steering
It all can be seen with the help of below diagrams :

Fig 18 : Inverter or shocking circuit
The other alarm alert circuit consists of
- An alarm
- A relay
The diagram for above ckt.is as :
Fig 19 : Alarm alert Circuit

3.3 MAIN AND SECONDARY POWER SUPPLY
Main power supply is for complete circuit and the secondary power supply is only for the Led
and Ir ciruit activation . Specification of both the supplies are –
- Main power supply – 2 Batteries i.e. 8 V and 1.5 ampere
Fig 20 : Main Power Supply Batteries
- Secondary Power Supply – 9V battery
Fig : 21 Secondary Power Supply

3.4 JOYSTICK FOR CONTROLLING THE VEHICLE
The below diagram shows the joystick and its designing , wiring done in respect of the
vehicle .
Fig 22 : Joystick for the vehicle
Fig 23 : Joysticko working i.e. pairs of tyres , the tyres in right hand side and in left hand side are controlled by the joystick’s two
sticks .

3.5 PIEZOCRYSTAL CIRCUIT FOR AUTOMATIC CALL
ALERT
Here this circuit consists of
- A Piezocrystal switch
- A headphone connected to the switch
- An Android operating system based cell phone equipped with an special headphone
button controller application
This all is depicted in the below diagram :
Fig 24 : piezocrystal switch and headphones

CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 SYSTEM TESTING, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Tests were carried out on the prototype device to see its effectiveness as to what degree it
meets its expected performance. The construction of the system is in 2 stages, the soldering
of the components and the coupling of the entire system to the casing. The outlet was wires
intended to be connected to sensors mounted on each car, though a prototype of it was used
instead. The power supply stage was first soldered, and then the transmitter and receiver stage
and all the other stages were soldered. The circuit was soldered in a number of patterns that
is, stage by stage. Each stage was tested using the multi-meter to make sure it is working
properly before the next stage is done. This helps to detect mistakes and faults easily. The
soldering of the circuit was done on a 10cm by 24cm Vero-board. The second stage of the
system construction is the casing of the soldered circuit. This system was cased in a
transparent plastic glass, this makes the system look attractive, and it helps in marketing the
system because the circuit has to be attractive before someone would want to know what it
does. The casing has special perforation and vent to ensure the system is not overheating, and
this will aid in the life span of the circuit.
At first both devices are made to face each other to see if they would respond to the
closeness. Then the distance between them was further increased to see the minimum within
which it would still be effective as an anti–collision device. The physical realization of the
system is very vital. After carrying out all the paper design and analysis, the system was
implemented and tested to ensure its working ability, and was finally constructed to meet
desired specifications. The process of testing and implementation involved the use of some
equipment such as digital Multi meter, signal generators and Oscilloscope and finally the
physical testing for the device facing themselves to the transmitting and receiving ability.

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
The hybrid car concept designed and developed by us is a state of the art concept and behind
this our endeavour is to project a fully indigenous hybrid car concept in Indian car market so
that the entire India in general and economic and rural community in India in particular can
be benefited.
This concept is a single lined solutions of so many existing socio economic problems like
pollution, energy shortage and parking shortage. The concepts which are presented in this car
like wind energy device, solar energy device, active suspension device and folding car
concept are made this car concept unique and also sate of the art in particular.
The system which is the design and construction of an anti-collision system for vehicles was
designed considering some factors such as economy, availability of components and research
materials, efficiency, compatibility, portability and also durability. The performance of the
system after test met design specifications. The general operation of the system and
performance is dependent on the presence of two moving cars as they get closer to each
other.
However, it should be stated here that the system was aimed at fabricating prototype, a
replica of the actual thing. It is economically viable to undertake certain system this way
since testing would not cost so much. Any desire to implement this design into a vehicle
would require a laser detector. The problem of power supply would not arise due to the
amount of battery power from the car battery. Also the operation of the system is dependent
on how well the soldering is done, and the positioning of the components on the Vero board.
The IC’s were soldered away from the power supply stage to prevent heat radiation which,
might occur and affect the performance of the entire system.

The construction was done in such a way that it makes maintenance and repairs an easy task
and affordable for the user should there be any system breakdown. All components were
soldered on one Vero-board which makes troubleshooting easier. In general, the system was
designed, and the real time implementation done with a photo-type of the model.

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