3. Global warming is due to strengthened greenhouse effect Greenhouse effect The Earth has a natural temperature control system. Certain atmospheric gases are critical to this system and are known as greenhouse gases. On average, about one third of the solar radiation that hits the earth is reflected back to space. The Earth's surface becomes warm and as a result emits infrared radiation. The greenhouse gases trap the infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases create a natural greenhouse effect. However, human activities are causing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere to increase. Source: National Geographic
15. Change in volume of glaciers Cumulative Change in Volume of Arctic Glaciers since 1960
16. The average temperature is rising but our choices make a difference Multi-model averages and assessed ranges for surface warming Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
86. Emission trading and Kyoton mechanisms ” Additional” emission allowances through Kyoto mechanisms by the state (JI, CDM, Global ETS) Installations in EU ETS ca. 55 % of emissions CO2 emissions from other sectors and other GHG ca. 45 % of emissions Additional emission allowances through EU ETS Additional emission allowances through Kyoto mechanisms Finland’s emission ceiling 2008-2012 (ca. 71 MtCO2-ekv/a without Kyoto mechanisms and EU ETS)
96. Target of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is stabilize greenhouse gas emissions to safety level 5 10 15 20 25 Source: UK DEFRA CO 2 -emissions (GtC) Basic Scenario Developed countries Undeveloped countries 550 ppm stabilization 0 30 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 450 ppm stabilization
The reconstructions used, in order from oldest to most recent publication are: ( dark blue 1000-1991): P.D. Jones, K.R. Briffa, T.P. Barnett, and S.F.B. Tett (1998). High-resolution Palaeoclimatic Records for the last Millennium: Interpretation, Integration and Comparison with General Circulation Model Control-run Temperatures, The Holocene , 8: 455-471. ( blue 1000-1980): M.E. Mann, R.S. Bradley, and M.K. Hughes (1999). Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations, Geophysical Research Letters , 26(6): 759-762. ( light blue 1000-1965): Crowley and Lowery (2000). Northern Hemisphere Temperature Reconstruction, Ambio , 29: 51-54. Modified as published in Crowley (2000). Causes of Climate Change Over the Past 1000 Years, Science , 289: 270-277. ( lightest blue 1402-1960): K.R. Briffa, T.J. Osborn, F.H. Schweingruber, I.C. Harris, P.D. Jones, S.G. Shiyatov, S.G. and E.A. Vaganov (2001). Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree-ring density network, J. Geophys. Res. , 106: 2929-2941. ( light green 831-1992): J. Esper, E.R. Cook, and F.H. Schweingruber (2002). Low-Frequency Signals in Long Tree-Ring Chronologies for Reconstructing Past Temperature Variability, Science , 295(5563): 2250-2253. ( yellow 200-1980): M.E. Mann and P.D. Jones (2003). Global Surface Temperatures over the Past Two Millennia, Geophysical Research Letters , 30(15): 1820. DOI : 10.1029/2003GL017814 . ( orange 200-1995): P.D. Jones and M.E. Mann (2004). Climate Over Past Millennia, Reviews of Geophysics , 42: RG2002. DOI : 10.1029/2003RG000143 ( red-orange 1500-1980): S. Huang (2004). Merging Information from Different Resources for New Insights into Climate Change in the Past and Future, Geophys. Res Lett. , 31: L13205. DOI : 10.1029/2004GL019781 ( red 1-1979): A. Moberg, D.M. Sonechkin, K. Holmgren, N.M. Datsenko and W. Karlén (2005). Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data, Nature , 443: 613-617. DOI : 10.1038/nature03265 ( dark red 1600-1990): J.H. Oerlemans (2005). Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records, Science , 308: 675-677. DOI : 10.1126/science.1107046 (black 1856-2004): Instrumental data was jointly compiled by the w:Climatic Research Unit and the UK Meteorological Office Hadley Centre . Global Annual Average data set TaveGL2v [2] was used. Documentation for the most recent update of the CRU/Hadley instrumental data set appears in: P.D. Jones and A. Moberg (2003). Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2001, Journal of Climate , 16: 206-223.
Annual averages of the global mean sea level (mm). The red curve shows reconstructed sea level fi elds since 1870 (updated from Church and White, 2006); the blue curve shows coastal tide gauge measurements since 1950 (from Holgate and Woodworth, 2004) and the black curve is based on satellite altimetry (Leuliette et al., 2004). The red and blue curves are deviations from their averages for 1961 to 1990, and the black curve is the deviation from the average of the red curve for the period 1993 to 2001. Error bars show 90% confi dence intervals.
For the Arctic as a whole, there was a substantial loss in glacial volume from 1961 to 1998. Glaciers in the North American Arctic lost the most mass (about 450 km3), with increased loss since the late 1980s. Glaciers in the Russian Arctic have also had large losses (about 100 km3). Glaciers in the European Arctic show an increase in volume because increased precipitation in Scandinavia and Iceland added more to glacial mass than melting removed over that period.
Solid lines are multi-model global averages of surface warming (relative to 1980-99) for the scenarios A2, A1B and B1, shown as continuations of the 20th century simulations. Shading denotes the plus/minus one standard deviation range of individual model annual averages. The orange line is for the experiment where concentrations were held constant at year 2000 values. The gray bars at right indicate the best estimate (solid line within each bar) and the likely range assessed for the six SRES marker scenarios. The assessment of the best estimate and likely ranges in the gray bars includes the AOGCMs in the left part of the figure, as well as results from a hierarchy of independent models and observational constraints.
Energian kulutus on kasvanut tasaisesti vuosi vuodelta. Keskeisimmät syyt kulutuksen voimakkaaseen laskuun vuonna 2005 olivat erittäin leuto talvi, metsäteollisuuden tuotannon lasku työselkkauksen vuoksi sekä tavanomaista huonompi suhdannetilanne terästeollisuudessa. Vuonna 2006 energiankulutus oli noin 35 Mtoe eli noin 1500 PJ.
Source: District Heating in Finland 2007
Source: District Heating in Finland 2007
Source: District Heating in Finland 2007
Source: Eurostat
Households, trades, services, etc. Transport Industry Source: Eurostat
Evolution from 1971 to 2005 of World Total Primary Energy Supply* by Region (Mtoe)
by Region (Mtoe) Regional Shares of Total Primary Energy Supply
Fuel Shares of Electricity Generation*
Evolution from 1971 to 2005 of World Electricity Generation* by Region (TWh)
**Asia excludes China. 2005 Regional Shares of Electricity Generation*
Pylväiden leveydet vastaavat ilmoitettuja vuosikulutuksia vuonna 2002, pinta-alat varojen suuruuksia ja korkeudet riittävyyksiä vuosissa nykykulutuksella. Vaikeasti ja erittäin vaikeasti hyödynnettävät öljyvarat ovat epäkonventionaalisia varoja. Uraanivarat koskevat käyttöä nykyisen tyyppisissä reaktoreissa. Hyötöreaktoreissa riittävyys on kymmeniätuhansia vuosia.
Source: Finnish Energy Industries, Energy Year 2007
Source: Statistics Finland
Source: EEA, Eurostat.
Source: Finnish Energy Industries
Source: Wikipedia
Source: Wikipedia
Source: IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage