Computer networks are a fundamental aspect of modern technology, enabling computers to communicate and share information with one another. This presentation will provide an overview of computer networks, covering topics such as network architecture, network topologies, network protocols, and network security. Participants will learn about different types of networks, such as LANs (Local Area Networks), WANs (Wide Area Networks), and the Internet. We will also discuss the different components of a network, including routers, switches, and servers, as well as the protocols used to transmit data across networks. Additionally, the presentation will cover topics related to network security, including firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention, and encryption. By the end of the presentation, participants will have a solid understanding of computer networks and the role they play in modern computing.

1. Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry Unievrsity
Computer Science 606.20E
Rasulzade Shams

2. What is IP?
IPv4 & IPv6
DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol)
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3. What is IP?
IP address stands for internet protocol address; it is an identifying number that is associated with
a specific computer or computer network. When connected to the internet, the IP address allows
the computers to send and receive information.
An IP address allows information to be sent and received by the correct parties, which means they
can also be used to track down a user's physical location.
*Most IP addresses are purely numerical, but as internet usage grows, letters have been added to
some addresses.
There are four different types of IP addresses: public, private, static, and dynamic.
While the public and private are indicative of the location of the network—private being used inside
a network while the public is used outside of a network—static and dynamic indicate permanency.
A static IP address is one that was manually created, as opposed to having been assigned. A static
address also does not change, whereas a dynamic IP address has been assigned by a Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) (which we will discuss later) server and is subject to change.
Dynamic IP addresses are the most common type of internet protocol addresses. Dynamic IP
addresses are only active for a certain amount of time, after which they expire. The computer will
either automatically request a new lease, or the computer may receive a new IP address.

4. IPv4 & IPv6
The short answer to the question, “What is IPv4?”, is that it’s the fourth version of the internet
protocol.
IP (version 4) addresses are 32-bit integers that can be expressed in hexadecimal notation.
The more common format, known as dotted quad or dotted decimal, is x.x.x.x, where each x
can be any value between 0 and 255.
IPv4 still routes most of today’s internet traffic. A 32-bit address space limits the number of
unique hosts to 232, which is nearly 4.3 billion IPv4 addresses for the world to use.
For example, 192.0.2.146 is a valid IPv4 address.

5. IPv4 & IPv6
Today, we’ve run out
Think about it: How many connected devices are in your household?
The median American household has five devices, including smartphones, computers and
laptops, tablets, and streaming media devices. That doesn’t even include the range of
devices that fall under the internet of things (IoT) category, such as connected thermostats,
smart speakers, and doorbell cameras.
So, in today’s world of ultra-connected computer networks, where every stationary and
mobile device now has an IP address, it turns out that 4.3 billion of them isn’t nearly enough.
In 2011, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), the global coordinator of IP
addressing, ran out of free IPv4 address space to allocate to regional registries. IANA then
recovered additional unused IPv4 address blocks from the regional registries and created a
recovered address pool. In 2014, IANA announced that it was redistributing the last
addresses in the recovered address pool.
When it’s tapped, there will be no more IPv4 addresses left.

6. IPv4 & IPv6
To address this problem, the internet is undergoing a gradual transition to IPv6. The latest
version of the internet protocol, IPv6 internet addressing, moves from 32 bits to a 128-bit
address space, with both letters and numbers in identifiers.
IPv6 has 2128 uniquely identifying addresses, which is about 340 undecillion or 340 billion
billion billion.
This version of IP has some obvious advantages,
the primary one being that it’s a lot more space.
With IPv6, a single network can have more IPv6
addresses than the entire IPv4 address space.
For example: 2002:db8::8a3f:362:7897

7. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
If Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) didn’t exist, network administrators would
have to manually parcel out IP addresses from the available pool, which would be
prohibitively time consuming, inefficient, and error prone. Fortunately, DHCP does exist.
DHCP is an under-the-covers mechanism that automates the assignment of IP addresses
to fixed and mobile hosts that are connected wired or wirelessly.
When a device wants access to a network that’s using DHCP, it sends a request for an IP
address that is picked up by a DHCP server. The server responds be delivering an IP
address to the device, then monitors the use of the address and takes it back after a
specified time or when the device shuts down. The IP address is then returned to the pool
of addresses managed by the DHCP server to be reassigned to another device as it seeks
access to the network.
Benefits of DHCP
• Reliable IP address configuration
• Reduced network administration
• Mobility
• IP address optimization
• Assigning IP addresses

8. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/ip-address.asp
https://bluecatnetworks.com/glossary/what-is-ipv4/
https://www.networkworld.com/article/3299438/dhcp-defined-and-how-it-works.html
Resources

9. Thank You For Attention