29. Occurs when a part of the intestine “telescopes” into an adjoining segment of bowel. Can drag mesentery in along with it, leading to venous obstruction, edema of the bowel. The edema can then eventually lead o arterial obstructionischemiaperforation
31. Presents with abd pain, vomiting and bloody stools; currant jelly stools can occur days after the initial abd pain; if an infant they may have episodes where they draw up the legs, scream, and then after awhile they go back to normal – this is b/c it can be episodic in nature but then eventually it gets constant
32. During an episide you might be able to feel the sausage shaped mass in the upper abd
33. Diagnostic and therapeutic test of choice is the air-contrast enema, it will actually reduce the intussusception 90% of the time without needing surgery; but don’t do it if they have peritonitis, instead they need surgery
35. Most commonly caused by nonrotation; in this case the cecum is on the left side and the small intestine is all on the right side of the superior mesenteric artery. Leads to a short mesentery and minimal fixation of the bowel to the posterior peritoneal cavity. The duodenum is small and it fuses with the colon via a common mesentery around the superior mesenteric artery. Adhesions known as Ladd bands fix the mesentery to the right abdominal wall.
36. 90% of cases present in the first year of life; often in the first month of life
37. Presents as an acute process with episode of bilious emesis due to an acute midgut volvulus; later signs include rectal bleeding, hematemesis, palpable bowel loops, and a distended abdomen with possible respiratory compromise and systemic shock
38. Radiographs will often show a gasless colon with the “double bubble” sign due to duodenal obstruction
55. Weiht loss, unexplained fevers, pain radiating to the back, bilious emesis, hematemesis, hematochezia/melena, chronic diarrhea, GI blood loss, oral ulcers, dysphagia, unexplained rashes, nocturnal sx, arthritis, anemia/pallor, delayed puberty, decel of linear growth velocity, family h/o inflammatory bowel dz
56. Any of these require further evaluation to look for an organic cause prior to a dx with a functional bowel disorder assocated with abdominal pain or discomfort
57. Know how to recognize and manage irritable bowel syndrome
58. IBS = abdominal pain or discomfort that is relieved with defecation and is associated with either a change in frequency or consistency of the stool
59. Management is initially addition of a fiber supplement, which can help in 50% of cases. Other txes are antispasmodics (hyoscyamine), antidiarrheals (loperamide), cholestyramine, probiotics. Second line therapies include psychotherapy, CBT, hypnosis
137. lack of lab or radiographic evidence to support an alternative dx
138. During an episode, to establish the dx must rule out other pathology. Need to check for intraabd pathology, CNS pathology
139. During an episode it is helpful to check lytes, and get some metabolic studies (ammonia, urine organic acids, acylcarnitine, plasma amino acids, pyruvate and lactate
140. TX: if older than age 5 often ppx with amitryptiline; if under age 5 cyproheptadine is of choice
151. GI sx can include dysphagia, excessive drooling, poor feeding, vomiting, gagging, retching, anorexia, neck or throat pain, sensation of foreign body in the throat, refusal to eat or drink
152. Respiratory sx can be caused due to the object compressing on the posterior tracheal wall or larynx. It could produce cough, stridor, wheezing, choking
162. If they have persistent reflux (more than 3 months) or complicated reflux (having hematemsis or respiratory sx) then they need more involved workup
163. Includes GI films to r/o malrotation and hiatal hernia; pH probe or esophageal impedance, gastric emptying scan, esophageal motility eval, upper endoscopy w or w/o bx
170. GER itself usually does not need direct tx since it is physiologic, parental reassurance is what AAP wants with otherwise healthy babies
171. Formula can be thickened as a means to address the vomiting; addition of 1-2 tbs of rice cereal per oz of formula is the recipe in medstudy; note that this can cause some other feeding probs
172. Don’t give meds if otherwise uncomplicated GER. If pharmacologic tx is done, start with an H2 blocker or a PPI. If there are more severe and persistent complications, especially respiratory, then apparently okay to start with PPI
173. Surgical tx is a final option (note that in this case the kis has GERD, not just GER)
181. Know the common etiologic agents of infectious diarrhea in children
182. Infants and ToddlersChildren age 5 to 12 yearsAdolscentsRotavirusNorwalk virusNorwalk and Norwalk-likeEnteric adenovirusGiardiaCampylobacterSalmonellaEPECETECShigellaEHECEHECCampylobacterETECSalmonellaYersiniaSalmonellaShigellaGiardiaCampylobacter
198. Important to know that the shiga-toxin producing e. coli (STEC, formerly known as EHEC) cannot ferment sorbitol and to culture it you have to use MacConkey agar; therefore know that a special test has to be ordered if this infection is suspected and then it has to be verified often by a state lab
199. Remember it causes HUS (TCP, hemolytic anemia, nephropathy) and therefore those lab problems
200. Illness often biphasic, starts off as a bad diarrhea and then the next phase is more systemic, possibly more severe diarrhea (this is when the HUS would be seen)
204. Recognize the sx, available tests and tx of milk protein intolerance
205. Recognize that colitis in a breastfed infant is a possible manifestation of food allergy secondary to allergens in the mother’s diet
206. Know the ddx of noninfectious intractable diarrhea in infancy
207. Enteric infection and associate compromise in food intake and absorption lead to a variable loss of digestive and absorptive capacity in infants; a milder form is transient lactose intolerance (post0infectious lactose intolerance)
212. Understand the dx and px of chronic nonspecific diarrhea of early childhood (toddler’s diarrhea)
213. Onset at age 6-18 months; have multiple (6-12/day) loose, explosive bowel movements containing food particles; growth is normal as long as not on a restricted diet
214. Tx = reassurance, lifestyle modifications (reducing intake of high carb load beverages) and avoidance of restrictive diets
215. Recognize that poor growth, fever, melena are incompatible with the dx of chronic nonspecific diarrhea
216. Understand that extremely low fat diets, sorbitol, fruit juices, and excessive water consumption may cause chronic nonspecific diarrhea
223. Enterocolitis; usually occurs at age 2-4 weeks and is characterized by explosive foul smelling stool with a fever, abd distentions; diarrhea may be bloody
225. Know how to distinguish between simple constipation and Hirschsprung dz in the newborn period
226. Simple constipation: child will have passed meconium as expected; normal caliber stools; frequent encopresis; usually no associated anomalies; abundant stool in the vaut
227. Hirschprung: failure to pass meconium in first 24 hours; “pencil thin” stools; no encopresis; associated with other anomalies (Down syndrome); absence of stool in rectal vault