2. Introduction 2000 species are venomous or poisoning to human Many can produce sever illness and fatilties Number of victims increase Most marine injure human with defence and food –procuring devices
3. VenoumsMarine Animals Three main classes according to mechanism of venom delivery; 1- Nematocysts 2- Bites 3- Stings
23. Symptoms tentacles which inject the poison become sticky and adhere tightly to the skin venom of box jellyfish has cardiotoxic, neurotoxic and highly dermatonecrotic components
24. In oman Batinah coast and far east like Sur Jun , July and August 75 cases were reported in koula hospital between 1991-1992 mild – moderate cases , no death
38. Sharks About 350 species of sharks, only 30 species could potentially be dangerous to humans and only 12 are reported potentially aggressive and dangerous Most dangerous to human; - Great white -Tiger shark -Bull shark
39. Symptoms & signs Severe bleeding, injury to or excision of muscle & bone
40. Treatment Control any visible bleeding by applying direct pressure. Keep the victim calm. Provide warmth, since the victim may be chilled from the water and may be suffering from hypothermia Transfer the pt. To the hospital
41.
42. Octopus - blue –ringed - bitten in upper extremities - modified salivary gland - venom into the wound - vasodilator and inhibitor of neuromuscular transmission
43. Symptoms initial bite is not painful weakness and numbness nausea and vomiting. Severe envenomations may progress rapidly to generalised flaccid paralysis and respiratory failure Death may occur in as little as thirty minutes.
44. Treatmnet Reassure the patient and encourage them to remain calm . Pressure-immobilisation first aid is recommended No antivenin supportive respiratory support is most important lifesaving intervention
61. treatment Most wounds heal in about one month. spines have penetrated a joint or nerve, see a doctor wound shows any sign of infection, such as redness, warmth, or pus formation. Victims with generalized weakness, shortness of breath, and/or nausea and vomiting after a puncture should go directly to an emergency facility
62. Cone shells Much more toxic than sea urchins Tubular gland connect to several teeth at the retractable proboscis venom conetinesevralprotiens ; - 3-indolyl derivatives which act on skeletal muscle & cause variably spastic and flaccid paralysis
73. Shallow, sandy areas to deep oceans Tail with poisonous barb near base of body. Sting are often broken or left in the wound
74. Symptoms Lacerations & severe pain. Punctures in abdomen or chest are very serious. Anorexia, Nausea and vomiting. Diarrhea, increase micturition & salivation. Muscle cramping, tremor & tonic paralysis. Convulsions. Cardiac abnormalities to include asystole. Hypotension. Respiratory depression. Ulceration and necrosis & Infection.
75.
76. First aid Lay the person down If the person is vomiting, position the person on the side so they do not inhale vomit. Stop the bleeding by applying direct pressure with a clean cloth or whatever is available such as a beach towel. You may attempt to remove the stinger with tweezers to decrease toxinexposure if doing so will not cause further injury. Be careful not to injure yourself with the stinger.
77. First aid If there is no pain, then treat as a puncture wound or laceration by cleaning and disinfecting with soap and water. faintness or sweating (which indicate that venom has been absorbed into the body), arrange for transportation to a medical facility
99. Stonefish Glands at the base of their needle-like dorsal fin spines Most venomous fish known Exactly like an encrusted rock Severity of the symptoms depends on the depth of penetration and the number of spines involved
100. Stonefish pain Tremendous swelling rapidly develops with death of tissues Muscle weakness Temporary paralysis Shock
101.
102. First AId Remove pieces of spines encouraging bleeding might remove some venom wash with water. Rest and elevate immerse wound in hot water (45 C or 113 F) for 30-90 minutes or until pain decreases elevate and dress with something clean.
103. Mangment Local analgsia IV narcotic analgesia, local anaesthetic infiltration or regional block may be required antivenom ; 1-the victim suffers from severe pain 2-systematic symptoms like weakness and paralysis are observed 3-there are multiple punctures, which indicate the discharge of several spines. This means that larger amount of venom has been injected.
104.
105. Important points Be prepared for cardiopulmonary collapse even in what appears to be a minor envenomation. Be prepared for anaphylactic reactions. When culturing wounds, inform the laboratory that the injury was in a marine environment. Factors, such as salt concentration of the media, incubation temperatures, and time, need to be adjusted.
