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Hysteroscopy indication
1.
INDICATIONS & CONTRAINDICATIONS OF HYSTEROSCOPY Prof. Aboubakr Elnashar Benha University Hospital ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR INTRODUCTION Hysteroscopy Visualization of the cavity of the uterus using a camera. Very useful tool for a variety of problems presenting to a gynecologist/infertility specialist Can be used both for diagnostic & curative purposes. Diagnostic hysteroscopy alone is not logical and should be followed by corrective procedures in the same sitting: saves time, cost, as well as exposure to repeated anesthesia Visualization is best in immediate post-menstrual period but can be performed in any phase of menstrual cycle ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
2.
Diagnostic Hysteroscopy It can be performed in two ways: 1. Conventional Inpatient Approach (classic technique) Done under anesthesia inserting a vaginal speculum to visualize the cervix, dilating the cervix with serial Hegar dilators, sounding the canal for uterocervical length, and then inserting the hysteroscope. Liquid distension medium: normal saline to distend cavity. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR 2. Modern Office Hysteroscopy (vaginocervico hysteroscopy or “no-touch” technique) uses mini hysteroscopes. speculum and dilators are not used. Hysteroscope is introduced in the vaginal introitus, and a low-viscosity liquid distension medium (normal saline) is allowed to distend the vagina. This facilitates the direct visualization of external cervical os and with a narrow diameter scope; uterine cavity can be entered without cervical dilatation. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
3.
requires skill and can be performed in majority of patients without any discomfort with a success rate of over 90%. However, presence of cervical stenosis is a contraindication Further advantage of office hysteroscopy is that the physical examination, TVS, and hysteroscopy can be combined in one outpatient sitting. Immediately after the hysteroscopy, a second TVS can be performed taking advantage of the intracavitary fluid for a contrast image of the uterus just like in sonohysterosalpingogram. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
4.
RCOG classification of operative hysteroscopy levels Level 1 •Diagnostic hysteroscopy with target biopsy •Removal of simple polyps •Removal of intrauterine contraceptive device Level 2 •Proximal fallopian tube cannulation •Minor Asherman's syndrome •Removal of pedunculated fibroid (type 0) or large polyp Level 3 •Division/resection of uterine septum •Major Asherman's syndrome •Endometrial resection or ablation •Resection of submucous fibroid (type 1 or type 2) •Repeat endometrial ablation or resection ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR Wide spread use of hysteroscopy 1. Increased clinician training 2. Smaller diameter hysteroscopes 3. Increased emphasis on office-based procedures ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
5.
ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR INDICATIONS FOR HYSTEROSCOPY Hysteroscopy is performed for evaluation or treatment of the endometrial cavity, tubal ostia, or endocervical canal in women with: 1. Space-Occupying Lesion (SOL) on US or Filling Defect on HSG Such a shadow can be due to either 1. endometrial polyp or 2. fibroid or 3. intrauterine synechiae. Hysteroscopy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of such problems with an added advantage that correction can be done in the same sitting. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
6.
1 Endometrial Polyp Seen as localized filling defect in the cavity on HSG and as SOL on US. Can be functional or nonfunctional Seen in patients receiving tamoxifen for breast cancer. On hysteroscopy Nonfunctional polyps: white protuberances with branching fine vessels on the surface Functional polyps: smaller and look similar to the surrounding endometrium. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
7.
Hysteroscopic removal of polyps Far superior compared to blind curettage as the latter can result in incomplete removal in many cases The most effective management for endometrial polyps Allows histologic assessment, whereas blind biopsy or curettage has low diagnostic accuracy and should not be performed pedunculated vascular endometrial polyp on hysteroscopy ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR 2 Myoma classified in various ways: 1. Sessile or pedunculated as per the absence or presence of stalk 2. According to the location with respect to cavity (European Society of Gynecological Endoscopy) Type 0 myomas entirely within the uterine cavity white spherical masses with a network of thin fragile vessels on surface can be dealt easily using a hysteroscopic scissors/resectoscope. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
8.
ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR Type 1 myomas ≥50% in the cavity and partially embedded in the myometrium The intracavitary part can be removed using loop on resectoscope or a hysteroscopic morcellator. For deep-seated big myomas requiring extensive resection, laparoscopic/USG guidance. Complete resection might require more than one procedure in large myomas. Nd:YAG (neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet) laser/radio frequency electrodesiccation may be needed for destroying the remaining portion of myoma. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
9.
Type 2 myomas deep-seated with <50% component in the cavity. removed through laparoscopy or laparotomy. Best results are seen in myomas which are 5 cm or less in diameter and entirely intracavitary (Type 0) ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
10.
3. Intrauterine Synechiae Most common causes: trauma or infection such as TB or an estrogen-deprived environment as in abortion/PPH TB affecting endometrium: varying degree of synechiae obliterating the uterine cavity. HSG: filling defects which may vary from minimal to severe and obliterate the endometrial cavity partially or completely Hysteroscopic resection of thick synechiae technically challenging surgery {multiple vascular channels are opened up on cutting the band}: increases the chances of IV absorption of distending medium which in case of glycine: life-threatening complications. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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Complete removal of extensive adhesions may require Repeated procedures Check hysteroscopy after an adhesiolysis procedure. Hysteroscopic adhesiolysis: conception rate of 44.3% live birthrate of 86.1% no conception in patients who needed repeat adhesiolysis. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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AAGL Guidelines, 2017 • Hysteroscopic guidance is the method of choice with any tool. Level B • No role of blind cervical probing or D/C. Level C • Laparoscopy may be combined in cases of dense and lateral adhesions. • Estrogens can be used to prevent recurrence. • Reassessment of cavity after 2 to 3 cycles with HSG or office hysteroscopy • For women with IUAs who do not wish any intervention but still want to conceive, expectant management may result in subsequent pregnancy; however, the time interval may be prolonged. Level C. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR 2. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) Indications: • Excessive amount or duration of bleeding, commonly in women of age 40 years or more • Excessive bleeding not responsive to medical therapy even in women of age <40 years • Intermenstrual bleeding with a normal cervical smear • Postcoital bleeding with a normal cervical smear • Postmenopausal bleeding or endometrial thickness of ≥4 mm in a postmenopausal lady • Oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea in reproductive age group ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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Hysteroscopy 1. helps in making a diagnosis as well as in taking a targeted biopsy from a suspicious area. 2. In cases of thick endometrium where malignancy has been ruled out, hysteroscopic endometrial resection (TCRE) can cure the problem: avoiding a potential hysterectomy. This procedure is not suitable for women desiring fertility in the future 3. For a woman in reproductive age group, oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea is usually due to IU synechiae or atrophic endometrium. These can be diagnosed as well as cured with hysteroscopy. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR 3. Congenital Uterine Anomalies The commonest: complete or partial uterine septum, bicornuate uterus, uterus didelphys, transverse vag septum Most of them can be picked up on an HSG but it is difficult to dd a septum from a bicornuate uterus on imaging. 3 DUS & MRI has a high accuracy These anomalies can cause recurrent pregnancy loss or preterm labor, whereas a transverse vaginal septum can cause infertility. Resection of uterine septum using scissors/resectoscope/Nd:YAG laser. The septum is cut from below and upward. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR Cochrane Review, 2017 • Most studies of metroplasty for a septate uterus combine women with recurrent miscarriage and infertility, and no study has been published that randomizes infertile women to treatment versus no treatment. For this reason controversy exists as to whether infertile women should undergo metroplasty Fig. 3.9 (a–d) Hysteroscopic resection of the septum from one end to the other using Collin’s knife Uterine septum ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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(1) submucous myoma, (2, 3) endometrial polyp, (4) uterine septum,(5) intrauterine adhesions, (6) placental remnants. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR 5. Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) RPL caused by anatomic abnormalities of the cervix or uterine cavity. These may be either congenital or acquired. Congenital: mullerian duct fusion abnormalities, the commonest of which are incomplete uterine septum and abnormalities caused by in utero DES exposure. Acquired: IU adhesions, myoma, and endometritis. These may not be picked up on US or HSG many times. 1 st T losses are mainly due to abnormal placentation. The endometrium overlying these lesions is poorly developed: poor vascularization of placenta. Hysteroscopic correction: improve pregnancy outcome ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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6. Cannulation of the Fallopian Tubes For treating interstitial obstruction due to mucus plug or debris or spasm. This procedure is combined with laparoscopy. A Teflon cannula with a metal obturator is introduced through operating channel of the hysteroscopic sheath and gently advanced through the tubal ostia till resistance is encountered or till cornua is reached. The obturator is then withdrawn& dye is injected through the catheter. Mucus plug or debris or thin adhesions get dislodged by pressure, and the flow of dye through the fimbrial end can be seen simultaneously through the laparoscope. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR Proximal tubal block Ureteric catheter of 3.5–5 Fr can be used for cannulation Hysteroscopic cannulation of ostium ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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Proximal Tubal Blockage (PTB) • Accounts for approximately 15% of cases of tubal factor infertility 40%:Salpingitis isthmica nodosa (SIN) 10%: Endometriosis Cornual Polyp 20%: Cornual Spasm 30%: Stromal Oedema Tubal debris Intraluminal adhesions Viscid Secretion • Suresh YN, Narvekar NN. TOG 2014;16:37–45. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR 7. Hysteroscopic Tubal Sterilization using a micro insert consisting of soft stainless steel inner coil and a dynamic nickel-titanium alloy outer coil known as Essure. The device is introduced into the uterus with a 5 mm operating channel hysteroscope and guided into the proximal section of the fallopian tube at the uterotubal junction. Fibrous tissue grows into it with time occluding the tubes permanently. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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Essure device (Source: Radiographic Findings and patient evaluation in irreversible fallopian tube occlusion contraceptive device Essure; EPOS™; ECR 2014/C-0576; reproduced with permission from Javier Azpeitia Armán) ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR Essure device before placement (left) and after placement with five coils trailing in cavity (right) ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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8. Treatment of Missed Abortion/Retained Products of Conception When an early 1 st T pregnancy termination fails and histological examination of the products of conception does not demonstrate chorionic villi, an ectopic pregnancy should be suspected, particularly if the pregnancy test is persistently positive. In such a case, when laparoscopy fails to demonstrate tubal/ovarian/peritoneal pathology consistent with an ectopic pregnancy, hysteroscopy may be of value. The reason may be early gestation in an anomalous uterus, such as a septate uterus with an early pregnancy at a site that was not curetted. Hysteroscopy can guide selective suction aspiration for termination of the missed pregnancy. This approach has been greatly facilitated with the use of concomitant sonography. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR Retained products of conception. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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9. Removal of Impacted or Lost IUCD Sometimes the thread of an IUCD is not visible in the vagina. Such a lost IUCD or an impacted foreign body can be removed using a specially designed hook or a toothed curette under hysteroscopic guidance ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR Absolute Contraindications where this procedure should not be performed at all. If it is performed, there is a very high risk to the patient. 1. Presence of IU pregnancy which has a very high possibility of getting the fetus misplaced and getting aborted. 2. In cases of an active genital infection and cancer, the disease can get disseminated. Since the flow of fluid distension medium is from the uterine cavity through the fallopian tubes into peritoneal cavity, it can carry the infectious microorganism/cancerous cells along with leading to dissemination. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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Relative Contraindications where the procedure may cause harm or may be inconclusive. 1. In cases of heavy uterine bleeding, it may not be possible to see anything at all except blood, and the procedure becomes inconclusive. 2. An inexperienced surgeon may not be able to maneuver the equipment properly and may cause a perforation 3. In case of cardiovascular disease, fluid overload, more so high viscosity fluid during operative procedure, can become life threatening. One has to keep a careful record of fluid input, output, and fluid balance. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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CONCLUSION Hysteroscopy is indicated in any situation in which an intrauterine pathology is suspected. It provides direct visualization of the uterine cavity and remains the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment of these lesions Since it can be performed in office, it may be offered as a first- line diagnostic tool for evaluation of uterine cavity in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding and infertility. As an office procedure, the combination of TVS, hysteroscopy, and contrast sonography is the most powerful screening tool for detecting intracavitary abnormalities. ABOUBAKR ELNASHAR
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