1. CHAPTER 5
MUSIC
PREPARED BY:
ROGER B. TRAJANO
INSTRUCTOR

2. DEFINITION
Music is the art of combining sounds
of varying pitch to produce a coherent
composition that is melodious,
harmonious, intelligible, and
expressive of ideas and emotions.

3. ELEMENTS
Pitch – pitch is the
relative highness or
lowness of a tone.

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5. Volume or Intensity –
volume is the loudness or
softness of a sound. It
ranges from very soft
(pianissimo) and soft
(piano) to very loud
(fortissimo) and loud
(forte).

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7. Tempo or Rate – tempo is the
speed of a composition or any
of its sections. Terms such as
allegro (fast), vivace (lively),
moderato (moderate speed),
andante (moderately slow),
adagio (slower than andante),
lento (slow), and largo (very
slow) are related to tempo.

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9. Duration – duration is the
length of time during which
a sound is produced.
Timbre or Tone Color –
timbre is the quality of
sounds that makes it
distinct from other sounds.

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11. Rhythm – rhythm is the consistent
pattern or succession of identical or
similar sounds. Similar sounds in a song,
as follows: introduction, stanza one,
chorus, refrain, stanza two, chorus,
refrain, coda, and conclusion.
Melody – melody is the series of
consecutive tones that vary in pitch and
duration but form a line of individual
significance and expressive value. It is
an orderly succession of tones or
musical sounds.
Harmony – harmony is the simultaneous
sounding of two or more tones.

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13. Texture – texture is the
number of tones expected to
be apprehended
simultaneously. It is either
monophonic (sounding of a
single melodic line), polyphonic
(simultaneous sounding of two
or more melodic lines), or
homophonic (sounding of one
main melody supported by a
subordinate one).

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15. Form – form is the overall
organization of the
composition. It is
associated with shape,
structure, and coherence.

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17. KINDS
Vocal Music – vocal
music is music produced
by the voices of singers.
Vocal music is rendered
a cappella.

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19. Instrumental Music –
instrumental music is
music produced by
musical instruments.

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21. Mixed Music or Mixed
Ensemble - mixed
music is a combination
of vocal music and
instrumental music.
Mixed ensemble usually
perform in Mass,
Requiem Mass, opera,

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23. Ensembles -
ensemble music is
music rendered by a
group of performers –
singers and/or players of
musical instruments.

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25. Orchestra – an orchestra
is the most spectacular of
the ensembles because of
its large size. Usually
performing under direction
of a conductor, the
musicians playing several
instruments.

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27. Symphony Orchestra – a
symphony orchestra is a
large ensemble composed
of about 100 players. It
includes all the principal
instrumental types divided
into four sections or four
basic ranges: soprano,
alto, tenor, and bass.

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29. Concerto – the
concerto is a form
written for an orchestra
in which one solo
instruments, for
example, a piano or a
violin, is given
prominence.

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31. Band – a band is an
instrumental ensemble having
the size of an orchestra but
consisting mainly or exclusively
of wind and percussion
instruments. Nowadays, a band
is used to mean a small group
of performers, consisting of a
soloist, drummer, guitarist/s, and
keyboardist, or a small group of
singers.

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33. Rondalla – A rondalla is
a band usually
composed of stringed
instruments. It is the
best-known instrumental
group in the Philippines
today.

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35. Chamber Orchestra – a
chamber orchestra is an
ensemble larger than a
chamber ensemble and
smaller than a full
orchestra.

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37. Chamber Ensemble – a chamber
ensemble is a small group of
instrumental players. The number of
musical instruments ranges from one
to nine.

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39. Special Ensemble – a special
ensemble is a grouping other
than the ones earlier
mentioned. The Pangkat
Kawayan or Bandang
Kawayan whose members
play instruments made of
bamboo is also considered a
special ensemble.

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41. MEDIUMS
Vocal Media – vocal media, as the
term suggests, pertain to male and
female voices.
• Male voices – male voices have
three registers: bass (lowest),
baritone (middle), and tenor
(highest). The lowest of the male
local registers is the basso
profundo.

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43. Female voices – female
voices also have three
registers: alto (lowest),
mezzo soprano (middle),
and soprano (highest).
The highest of the female
vocal registers is the
coloratura soprano.

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45. Instrumental Media – instrumental
media pertain to the different
instruments played by musicians. Based
on how their sounds are produced, they
are classified into string or stringed,
wind, percussion, and keyboard
instruments.
• String/Stringed Instruments – string or
stringed instruments, as their name
suggests, have strings which are either
plucked or bowed. The plucked strings are
guitar, ukuleles, etc. the bowed strings are
violins, violas, etc.

46. Guitar

47. Ukeleles

48. Violas

49. Violina

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51. •Percussion Instruments –
percussion instruments are
beaten or struck. They come
in a variety of forms. The
drums, glockenspiels,
xylophones, marimbas,
gongs, cymbals, triangles,
and chimes.

52. Chimes

53. Cymbals

54. Drums

55. Glockenspiel

56. Marimba

57. Triangle

58. Xylophone

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60. Keyboard Instruments –
keyboard instruments, as
their name suggests, have
keys which are pressed to
produced sounds. They
include the piano, the
organ, etc.

61. The Organ

62. Piano

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64. Wind Instruments

65. Contrabassoo

66. Saxophone

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68. HISTORY
Prehistoric Period- prehistoric music
dates back to 4,000 years ago when
the “oldest known song” form Ur was
written in cuneiform. It was
demonstrated to be composed in
harmonies of thirds and was written
using a Pythagorean tuning of the
diatonic scale.

69. Old Song

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71. Greek Period – music during
this period is exemplified by
the Epitaph of Seikelos (first
century A.D.) engraved on a
tombstone in Tralles, Asia
Minor and the “Hymn to
Apollo” (second century A.D.)
by Mesomedes of Crete.

72. Epitaph

73. Hymn to Apollo

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75. Roman Period – vocal and
instrumental music formed
part of the daily lives of the
early Romans. Songs and
operas based on the literary
works or renowned writers
were among their
entertainment fares.

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77. Medieval Period – the
only repertory of
medieval music which
has survived from before
800 to the present is the
plainsong liturgical music
of the Roman Catholic
Church.

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79. Renaissance Period – the
renaissance music did not
take its roots in Italy, but in
northern Europe with the
establishment of the first
generation of the Flanco-
Flemish school that produced
famous Burgundian
composers.

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81. Baroque Period – during this period,
instrumental music became dominant
and most major music forms were
defined.

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83. Classic Period – the music of the
classical period is characterized by
homophonic texture (an obvious
melody with accompaniment). The
popular instrumental music was
dominated by several well-defined
forms: the sonata, the symphony, and
the concerto.

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85. Modern Period – music today
is no longer limited to concerts
and clubs inasmuch as the
almost obsolete cassette tape,
the CD, the VCD, the DVD,
the MP3, the MP4, and the
computer are media
generating music.

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87. CHAPTER EXERCISES 5
A. Definition. Define the following musical terms.
1. String instruments
2. Wind instruments
3. Percussion instruments
4. Keyboard instruments
5. Musica instrumentalis
6. Musica mundana
7. Musica humanis
8. Ensemble
9. Chorale
10. Quartet
11. Orchestra
12. Overture
13. Aria
14. Monophony
15. Polyphony

88. __0. musicians
a. John Lesaca
b. Luciano Pavarotti
c. Cecile Licad
d. Tadao Hayashi
e. Cj da Silva
__1.
a. Rey Valera
b. Basil Valdez
c. Freddie Aguilar
d. Ogie Alcasid
e. Jose Mari Chan
__2.
a. Jose Palma
b. Ryan Cayabyab
c. Julian Felipe
d. George Canseco
e. Willy Cruz
__3.
a. Tina Turner
b. Janet Jackson
c. Whitney Houston
d. Gloria Gaynor
e. Donna Summer
B. Classification. Identify which of the items given per number does
not belong to the group and write its corresponding letter on the
blank before the number. On the space after the number, write the
class to which the remaining items belong. Refers to the example
below.

89. __4.
a. Westlife
b. A-1
c. N’Sync
d. Take Five
e. Culture Club
__5.
a. classical
b. jazz
c. folk song
d. art work
e. opera
__6.
a. violin
b. ukulele
c. cello
d. bassoon
e. bass
__7.
a. glockenspiel
b. xylophone
c. gong
d. lyre
e. harp
__8.
a. piccolo
b. flute
c. French horn
d. English horn
e. oboe
__9.
a. clarinet
b. trumpet
c. trombone
d. tuba
e. cornet

90. __10.
a. “You are Messiah to Me”
b. “You are my Song”
c. “Shout for Joy”
d. Lift up your Hands”
e. You Raise me Up”
__11.
a. “Besame Mucho”
b. “Dandansoy”
c. “Pamulinawen”
d. “Sarung Banggi”
e. “Matud Nila”
__12.
a. “Love me Tender”
b. “Love’s Labour Lost”
c. “Love Hurts”
d. “Love Story”
e. “Love of my Life”
__13.
a. NU Rock Awards
b. MTV Awards
c. Grammy Awards
d. Tony Awards
e. Aliw Awards
__14.
a. “Love Boat”
b. “Hold On”
c. “Maybe It’s You”
d. “So It’s You”
e. “In the name of Love”
__15.
a. “Borderline”
b. “Karma Chameleon”
c. “She Bangs”
d. “Ready or Not”
e. “Without Me”

91. ________1. King of Rock and Roll
________2. King of Pop
________3. Concert King of the Philippines
________4. Concert Queen of the Philippines
________5. RNB Prince of the Philippines
________6. RNB Princess of the Philippines
________7. Asia’s Songbird
________8. Asian Queen of Songs
________9. Male RP Pop Icon
________10. Female RP Pop Icon
________11. Master Rapper of the Philippines
________12. Elvis Presley of the Philippines
________13. Michael Jackson of the Philippines
________14. Ballad King of the Philippines
________15. RP’s Soul Diva
C. Identification. Identify the items referred to in the following
phrases.

92. ________1. Because of tempo, we can distinguish the voice of Faith Cuneta from
another singer’s voice.
________2. The lyricist of the Philippine National Anthem is Jose Palmera.
________3. Yoyoy Villame and Fred Panopio are known for their rap songs.
________4. The music of Pangkat Kawayan is categorized as mixed music.
________5. Most member of a band who plays in funeral and fluvial processions
use percussion instruments.
________6. An ensemble consisting of six instruments is called a septet.
________7. The music which emanates from animals and plants is known as
musica humana
________8. Music is a performing art because the composer is a performer.
________9. Music is an audio-visual art because it is either seen or heard.
________10. When we talk of slow-beat and fast-paced, we refer to dynamics.
________11. When we speak of piano and forte, we refer to percussion
instruments.
________12. Danceable songs are always past-paced.
________13. The first song were done by ancient men and women primarily to
entertain the spectators.
________14. A piano quartet has four musicians playing stringed instruments and
a pianist.
________15. The title of the Philippine TV singing talent search show patterned
D. Enumeration. Enumerate the following items.