Gender and sexuality

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SEX
• Sex: Biological sex is our anatomy
as female, male, or intersex.
• It includes our internal and external
sex organs, chromosomes, and
hormones

Biochemistry
• Hormones
– Males have higher testosterone levels
– Females have higher estrogen levels
4
Soledad Natalia M. Dalisay, Ph.D.

Genetics
Female Male
5

TERMINOLOGIES
• Male: XY (♂)
-organism is the physiological sex that
produces sperm.

TERMINOLOGIES
• Female: XX (♀)
• is the sex of an organism, or a part of an
organism, that produces non-mobile ova
(egg cells).

Intersex categories
• Turner’s Syndrome – X0
1:2,500 or 1:5,000 live births
Not capable of producing ova or sex hormones
Short with webbed skin from neck to shoulders in
some cases.
Can be treated with hormone therapy to trigger
menstruation as well as breast and genital
maturation.

• Klinefelter’s Syndrome – XXY
1:500 or 1:1,000 live births
Masculinization is not complete and possess
some female characteristics like partial breasts.
With underdeveloped penises and testes and low
testosterone production.
9
Intersex categories

• Pseudohermaphrodism
1:1,000 live births
Male pseudohermaphrodites have XY genes and
testes
but external genitals are female or ambiguous
Female pseudohermaphrodites have XX and
ovaries with male or ambiguous external
genitalia
10
Intersex categories

GENDER
• A concept that refers to the differences between
men’s and women’s roles and responsibilities that
are socially constructed, changeable over time
and have wide variations within and among
cultures.
• Refers to learned behavior and expectations to
fulfill ones image of masculinity and femininity.
• Socially constructed
• Self perception

Gender
• Anatomy – “Anatomy is destiny”
• Manner of dressing
• Body movements and mannerism
• DO THIS: Look at your fingernails, look at the sole of your feet
• Personality traits
• Men are loud and aggressive, women are shy and mahinhin.
• Occupations/Jobs
• Fishing, Overseas work
• Attraction and choice of sexual partners
• “Heterosexual”, “Homosexual”
12

Gender categories
• Lalake
• Babae
• Bakla
• Tomboy
• Chickboy
• Metrosexual
• Baklita
• Etc…..
13

Gender and socialization
• We learn to perform gender through the
family, school, peers, neighbors, society.
14

Gender Relations
• Gender is relational in the sense that male
roles are defined vis a vis female roles.
• Gender relations interact with other social
divisions like class, ethnicity, religion, age.
15

Gender and culture
• Culture uses gender attributes not only for
language but for other domains as well, such
as food, spaces, clothing.
• Sweets are for females, hard liquor are for men.
• Malls are gendered spaces.
16

Gender Ideology
• The dominant gender ideology defines what
should be and should not be for each of the
genders.
• Reinforced through language, religion, politics
• Ex. Patriarchy, Heterosexism
17

ESSENTIALISM
• See gender differences as a
reflection of naturally evolved
dispositions.

Sigmund Frued
offered an early
influential
essentialist
explanation of
male and female
differences.

TERMINOLOGIES
• Masculinity- It is relating to or
suited to men and boys.
- Having qualities appropriate to or
associated with man.
- Latin word ‘Masculinus’ (from
‘masculus’ which means male).

TERMINOLOGIES
• Femininity- It is relating to or suited
to women and girls.
- Having qualities appropriate to or
associated with woman.

SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTIONISM
• It views gender as ‘constructed’ by social
structure and culture.
• the distinction between male and female
is a social distinction made by the society,
that is, it is a social construction.

SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTIONISM
• Refers to the socially constructed roles,
behaviours, activities, and attributes that
a given society considers appropriate for
men and women.

SEXUALITY
• Encompasses sex, gender identities and roles,
sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure,
intimacy and reproduction.
• Experienced and expressed in thoughts,
fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values,
behaviors, practices, roles and relationships.

Gendered Sexualities
• Dixon-Mueller’s 4 dimensions of sexuality:
1. Sexual partnerships
2. Sexual acts
3. Sexual meanings
4. Sexual drives and enjoyment
26

Sexual Partnerships
• Number and kinds of partners
• Monogamy or polygamy?
• Extramarital relationships
• Sugar daddy/cougar
• Partnership timing
• Christmas, Valentine’s?
• Sexual debut
• Premarital sex
27

Sexual Partnerships
• Conditions and rate for change
• Trophy wives/partners
• Conditions for choice/coercion
• Arranged marriages
• It is the duty of the wife to give in to her husband’s
desires.
• Sexual activity may be driven by a deep economic need.
28

Sexual Acts
• Nature of the sexual acts
• Woman on top or missionary position?
• Why are condoms flavored?
• Non-penetrative forms
• Pleasure enhancing devices
Conditions of choice/coercion
• Rape
• Domestic violence in the context of love – Carino brutal
29

Sexual meanings
• Masculine/feminine sexuality
• Virginity of women is valued.
• Virility and potency of the men.
30

• Perceptions of partnerships
• Men should lead, women should follow.
• Elderly couples are asexual.
• Meanings of sex acts
• Is oral sex already “sex” or is it foreplay?
• Non-reproductive, non-coital
31
Sexual meanings

Sexual drives and enjoyment
• Socially conditioned sex drives
• Men are naturally more promiscuous than women
• In some societies, women are thought to have powerful
sex drives that require strict societal controls – ex.
Burqa of the Taliban
32

Four Dimension of Sex/Sexuality
(Judith and Jack Balswick)
Natal sex
• the biological and physical
features that determine whether
one is male or female.
Sexual identity
• the essential sexual self-concept
of an individual.

Gender roles
the expectations of a particular
culture for males and females. It
includes such things as manner of
talk, style of dress, expressions, and
behavioral expectations

Sexual orientation
• the “direction of one’s erotic
attractions, which can be to the
opposite sex (heterosexual), the
same sex (homosexual) or both
sexes (bisexual)

REFERENCE
Sex and Gender: Beyond the binaries – Joy
L. Johnson and Robin Repta
Language and Gender - Eckert, Penelope
and McConnell-Ginet, Sally.
Glossary of Terms Relating to Sexuality
and Gender - Henry A. Holmes

What is Sex?
- Latin sexus
(state of being male or female)
(BIOLOGY) reproductive
characteristics: the set of
characteristics that determine whether
the reproductive role of an animal or
plant is male or female
Gender and Sexuality

What is Sex?
• the sum of the structural,
functional, and behavioral
characteristics of organisms that
are involved in reproduction
marked by the union of gametes
and that distinguish males and
females

Sex vs Sexual intercourse vs Sexual Activity
Sexual intercourse,
or coitus or copulation, is principally the
insertion and thrusting of each other
genitalia of each. Also known as
penetrative sex. (vaginal sex, oral sex, and
sex)
(The Anatomical Travelogue, 2014)

Sexual activity pertains to
overall manifestation of human
desire to have activity due to
sexual desire towards their
sexual orientation.
(The Anatomical Travelogue, 2014)
Sex vs Sexual intercourse vs Sexual Activity

What is Sex?
• As Lisa Fullam (as cited by Holinger,
2009) notes, “Sex can be everything from
a monetary transaction without
emotional meaning, to a profound
experience of loving union. . . . Sex can
be celebratory or can be solace in
sadness. . . . Sex can be tender or
violently abusive; it can heal and can
deeply wound.”
Dennis P. Hollinger,
The Meaning of Sex: Christian Ethics and the Moral Life,
Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2009. Used by
permission.

TYPES OF SEX

According to sexual pleasure
(Holly Ashworth)

VAGINAL SEX

ORAL SEX
(blowjob, cunnilingus)

Masturbation

Mutual Masturbation

Classification of SEX
according to
addiction
(Dr. Patrick Arnes)

FANTASY SEX

SEDUCTIVE ROLE SEX

VOYEURISTIC SEX

EXHIBITIONISTIC SEX

PAYING FOR SEX

INTRUSIVE SEX

ANONYMOUS SEX

PAIN EXCHANGE SEX

EXPLOITIVE SEX

Porn Sex vs Real Sex

What happens
during sex?

•Female orgasm
•Male orgasm

Sexual Arousal
and Response

What Turns Us On?
Senses, Attraction and Sex
•Touch
•Smell
•Visual
•Hearing

Touch
It is the dominant "sexual sense”
– Primary erogenous zones: areas of the
body that contain dense concentrations of
nerve endings.
• Includes genitals, buttocks, anus, nipples,
breasts, inner thighs, armpits, navel, neck, ear
lobes, mouth.

Touch
– Secondary erogenous zones: areas
of the body that have become
erotically sensitive through learning
and experience.
• Virtually any other region of the
body--depends on personal erotic
experiences.

Vision
usually next important sense in arousal.
– Early research supported the idea that males are
more aroused by visual stimuli than females
– When asked via self-reporting, women less likely
to report being aroused by visual erotica
– When arousal is measured using physiological
recording devices, women and men are equally
aroused by viewing pornography

Smell
highly influenced by a person’s sexual
history and social conditioning.
– Genital secretions - used as a ‘perfume’ by some
women in Europe.
– U.S.: near obsession w/masking any natural body odor
– Even so, many report being aroused by the smell of
their partner, or by people to whom they are attracted.
– Pheromones: odors produced by the body that relate
to reproductive functions (e.g. fertility).

Hearing:
highly variable.
– Some people find words, erotic conversation,
moans, etc. to be very arousing
– Others prefer more silent sex.
• Different people receive different cultural
messages about whether it is “okay” to talk or
make noise during sex.

Hormones
Steroid hormones
Testosterone Estrogen
(Libido) (Erection, Lubrication)Gender and Sexuality

Sexual Response Cycle
(Masters & Johnson four-phase model)
•Excitement
•Plateau
•Orgasm
•Resolution

Fertilization
We are all winners

References
• Arnes, Patrick (1998)
http://www.iitap.com/documents/ARTICLE_SexualAddi
ctionAndCompulsion_PCarnes.pdf
• Dennis P. Hollinger, The Meaning of Sex: Christian
Ethics and the Moral Life, Baker Academic, a division of
Baker Publishing Group, © 2009. Used by permission
• Ashworth, Holly. (2013)
http://teenadvice.about.com/bio/Holly-Ashworth-
61530.htm
• 2014 The Anatomical Travelogue, LLC,
http://www.thevisualmd.com/searchimg.php?idu=117
05&idc=965

GAPANG: THE PRACTICE OF "SLEEP-
CRAWLING"
IN A TAGALOG COMMUNITY
CAROLYN CRISPINO ISRAEL

Gapang
it literally means “to crawl”
refers to refers to a man's act of
surreptitiously stealing into the
bedside of a woman at night
with the intention of “forcing"
her into sexual relations

Gapang
In the case of this Laguna barrio
studied, which this paper will
refer to fictitiously as Barrio
Tabing-tubig, there are various
motives and justifications given
for this sex activity.

Some reasons of this sexual activity
When the man fails to win the favor
of the women being courted.
An attempt of a man to force his
sweetheart into immediate marriage.
Use as an alibi to cover up for certain
illegitimate heterosexual.

Gapang
Once gapang is used as an alibi it
stopped to be a form of rape.
Infact, the sexual adventure may
be planned out by the parties
involved.

Mang C. who was beaten up by his neighbor, Mang B., the previous
night. From what I've gathered in the conversation, what happened
was that Mang B. arrived home from his fishing work at about four
o'clock in the morning. While trying to tidy up his fishing gadgets,
he heard whisperings in the house. He called to his wife who
suddenly started shouting for help. Mang B. immediately run
upstairs with a banca paddle and saw a figure trying to escape
through the window. He gave chase and succeeded in hitting the
escapee before the latter could jump to the ground and! lose
himself in the dark. Mang B. turned to his wife who was still crying.
He was told that the man broke into the house and threatened to
kill her should she refuse the man's "advances."
At this instance, one of the bystanders who
was also listening to the conversation gave a
malicious laughter and commented: "naka-isa
na naman ang nobyo ni M.'' (M. is Mang B.'s
wife.)

Gapang
The "sleep-crawler" who fails and gets
brutally beaten up by the woman's
kinsmen is usually ridiculed by the males.
He is branded as mahina.
Therefore, it appears to be a behavioral
mechanism by which a man who was
publicly shamed by a woman's refusal to
accept his love can prove and assert his
masculinity.

SOME SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
Manifestly function
mechanism for effecting immediate marriage
with the desired party
Latently function
to maintain the image of the offender in the
community which was threatened by his being
a rejected suitor
It likewise reinforces the man's acceptance
into his peer group or barkada

For married couple, the use of
gapang as an alibi apparently
prevents the "shameful" discovery of
the illicit relationship and in a way.
Not only are the adulterers saved
from public shame through the alibi
of gapang, but their respective
families as well.

BY Nicole Blades retrived from:WomensHealthMag.com

• HIS HEART
– Men who have sex three
or more times a week can
cut their risk of hearth
attack and stroke
• WEIGHT LOSS
– One 30 minute in the bed
burns about 200 Calories

• IMMUNITY
– Researchers found out that
having sex once or twice a
week boosts the immune
system
• RELAXATION
– Kills irritability. For in the
reason that tactile (pleasing
to the sense of touch)
stimulation soothes nerves

• SOUND SLEEP
– A little sensual massage
followed by some tango
dancing in the sheets
releases sleep-inducing
endorphins
• PEE CONTROL
– Sex tones the pelvic muscles
that supports your uterus,
bladder, and bowel,
meaning better urinating
control and flow

• LETTING GO
– Express some of your risk
emotions and behaviors–
aggression, domination– in
the comfort of your own bed
• STRESS RELIEF
– Tension releaser. Instead of
fighting and disputes, save
your voice and have sex.

• GET MORE SEX LATER
– USE IT OR LOSE IT. The more
you have sex, the more likely
you’ll be to continue to
produce testosterone, one
of the primary hormones
responsible for sexual desire
• HEALTHY TEETH
– Step up to the “Mic”. Semen
contains zinc, calcium, and
other minerals prove to fight
tooth decay.

• PAIN RELIEF
– No Pain No Gain. After your big
“O”, you’ll be practically
swimming in oxytocin. The
overload releases endorphins,
which help alleviate pain from
arthritis.
• SLOW AGING
– Skip the botox. An active sex life
slows the aging process

• REGULAR PERIODS
– Women who have sex at least
once a week have more-
regular menstrual cycles than
those who do it once in a blue
moon
• CONFIDENCE
– Feel the power. When things
go well in bed and you’re
pleasing your partner, you feel
more confident and powerful
in other parts of your life.

• CANCER PREVENTION
– Give your guy a helping
hand. The more he
ejaculates, the less likely
he is to develop prostate
cancer
• HAPPINESS
– Sex makes you happier
than having money.

• INDUCING LABOR
–Sex can trigger the
onset of labor when
you’re at term. When
they’re against the
cervix, prostaglandins
help it dilate and
induce natural labor.

Reference
• Blades, Nicole:17 benefits of sex. Retrived
from:www.womenshealthmag.com/files/pdfs/17-reasons-
sex.pdf

Understanding Sexual Harassment,
Act of Lasciviousness,
and Rape

“Any unwelcome sexual advances, requests or
sexual favors, and other verbal or physical
conduct of a sexual nature (U.N.org).”
Sexual Harassment

Types of Sexual Harassment
Quid Pro Quo
(“this for that”)
It occurs when an
academic or
employment
decision to a person
depends on
subjection to any
sexual advances.
Occurs when
unwelcome conduct
of a sexual nature
creates an
intimidating,
threatening or
abusive environment
to a person.
Hostile environment
(Office of Institutional Equity, University of Michigan)

Act of Lasciviousness
Act of lasciviousness is any unwelcome sexual or
lustful act against a person.
Art. 336. Acts of lasciviousness. — Any person
who shall commit any act of lasciviousness upon
other persons of either sex, under any of the
circumstances mentioned in the preceding
article, shall be punished by prison correctional.

Rape
“Rape is forced, manipulated, or coerced sexual
contact. A person is forced into sexual contact
through verbal coercion, threats, physical
restraint, and/or physical violence
(Clark University, 2015).”
Art. 335 of Revised Penal Code Rape is
committed by having carnal knowledge of a
woman.

Elements of Rape
• Penetration of ANY orifice by ANY object
• Force or threat of force
• Sexual contact against the will of the victim

Sexually Transmitted
Infection

Types of STI’s
According to cause of infection
1. Virus
2.Bacteria
3.Parasite

Types:
1. Human Papilloma Virus
2. Herpes Simplex Virus
3. HIV
4. AIDS
Virus

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Genital Warts
Human papillomaviruses
are small, double-
stranded DNA viruses that
infect the epithelium.
There are 100 identified
types of HPV

Common: HPV types infect the
cutaneous epithelium and cause
common skin warts.
Classification of HPV according to level of risk
High-risk or Oncogenic: HPV
types act as carcinogens in the
development of cervical cancer.
Type 16 is most frequent.
Low Risk or Nononcogenic: There
are 40 types of HPV, such as
types 6 and 11, can cause benign
cell abnormalities.

Symptoms
After the person infected of HPV, the warts can
appear in weeks or months. Three months is the
average.
Warts can grow in;
• Inside and outside the penis
and vagina.
• Thights
• Anal

Viewing Discretion is Advised!

Transmission of HPV
Sexual Intercourse:
Vaginal Sex
Oral Sex
Anal Sex
Non-sexual related:
Skin to skin contact

Antiviral drugs
Treatment
Laser treatmentOintment

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Sores
Herpes virus is a
member of the Human
Herpes viruses
(Herpetoviridae).

Symptoms
Blisters
The blister may appear
after 2-21 days after sexual
contact with infected
person.

Classification of HSV
HSV- 1 Mouth Sores HSV- 1 Genital Sores

Treatment
• Salt baths or ice packs may reduce discomfort.
• Iodine-containing antiseptics such as Betadine.
This will dry out the blisters and may help prevent
secondary infection.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV)
HIV attacks the
immune system of a
person.

Life-cycle of HIV
1. Binding and Fusion
2. Reverse Transcription
3. Integration
4. Transcription
5. Assembly
6. Budding

Symptoms
A person may suffered of
flu-like symptoms such as:
• Fever
• Cold
• Headache
• Diarrhea
This symptoms may come
and go a month or two
after infection.

Transmission
Sexual intercourse:
• Vaginal sex
• Oral sex
• Anal Sex
• Pre-seminal fluids
Non sexual intercourse
related:
• Needle sharing
• Mother to child
• Breast feeding
• Contact with blood

Testing and Treatment
Unfortunately, at this point there is NO CURE for HIV
infection.
However, there are medicines that can prevent HIV
from multiplying. This is this Antiretroviral Therapy or
ART.

Reported HIV cases (2014) in the
Philippines Source: DOH

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
AIDS is the terminal stage of HIV
infection.
200
During this stage the
T-cells drops
to 200 or much lower.

References
• Washington state department of health: Sexually transmitted
disease.
• John F. Toney, Laura H. Bechmann: Common sexually
transmitted diseases: std 101 clinicians. Center for diseases
control and prevention.
• U.S department of justice: Sexually transmitted
diseases and child sexual abuse. 2002
• U.S department of health and human services: Sexually
transmitted infections overview. 2009
• DOH: HIV cases in the Philippines. 2014

Bacterial
Types:
1. Chlamydia
2. Gonorrhea
3. Syphilis

Chlamydia
• Chlamydia is an
infection caused by
pathogenic bacteria
Chlamydia
trachomatis
• It has been
dubbed 'The Silent
Infection' .

Symptoms in Men
• A discharge from their
penis;
• A burning sensation when
urinating;
• Pain and swelling in one or
both testicles (although
this is less common).
• Rectal pain;
• Discharge;
• Bleeding

Symptoms in Women
• An abnormal vaginal
discharge;
• A burning sensation
when urinating. Painful
periods
• Abdominal pain with
fever
• Pain when having sex

Transmisssion
Chlamydia is transmitted
through contact with
genital secretions usually
during vaginal; anal; or
oral sex.

Treatment
Since bacteria cause chlamydia, the disease can often
be treated with antibiotics.

Gonorrhea
• Gonorrhea is a
contagious
disease caused by a
kind of bacteria called
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae that is
passed during sexual
contact. Neisseria
gonorrhoeae

Symptoms in Men
• In men, symptoms usually
appear two to 14 days after
infection.
• Greenish yellow or whitish
discharge from the penis
• Burning when urinating
• Burning in the throat (due to
oral sex)
• Swollen glands in the throat
(due to oral sex)
• Painful or swollen testicles

Symptoms in Women
• Greenish yellow or whitish
discharge from the vagina
• Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
• Burning when urinating
• Conjunctivitis (red, itchy eyes )
• Bleeding between periods
• Spotting after intercourse
• Swelling of the vulva
• Burning in the throat
• Swollen glands in the throat.

Tranmission
• Gonorrhea is spread by
vaginal; anal; and oral sex
• It is not passed through
casual contact(kissing and
skin to skin contact).

Treatment
• Gonnorrhea is easily
treated through
antibiotics.
• Small amounts
of penicilllin and later
on tetracycline was the
standard treatment for
gonorrhea.

Syphilis
According to
Medilexicon's medical
dictionary "Syphilis is an
acute and chronic
infectious disease caused
by the bacterium
Treponema pallidum.

Symptoms
• Will develop one or more sores in the
genitaliaor penis.
• Also experience moist warts in the groin.
• white patches on the inside of the mouth.
• Swollen lymph glands
• Fever
• Weight loss
• Hair loss

Transmission
• Syphilis is passed from one person to another
during direct sexual contact with a syphilis
lesion that involves vaginal, oral, or anal sex
• Syphilis is transmitted through close skin-to-
skin contact and is highly contagious when the
syphilis sore (chancre) or rash is present.

Treatment
• Treated with a single dose of penicillin, which
is given as an injection into the buttocks.

Parasites
Types:
1. Pubic Lice
2. Scabies
3. Trichomoniasis

Pubic lice
• Often called "crabs"
•
• Pubic lice known as
Pthirus pubis are tiny
insects that attach
themselves to the
skin and hair in the
pubic area. Pthirus pubis

Transmission
• Pubic lice are very easily transmit during
sex.
• Close physical contact.
• Very rarely, they are transmit from contact
with infected bedding, clothing,
upholstered furniture, and toilet seats.
• Animals cannot spread lice to humans.

Treatment
• Thoroughly work the shampoo into
dry pubic hair and surrounding area for
at least 5 minutes.
• Comb the pubic hair with a fine-toothed
comb to remove eggs (nits). Applying
vinegar to pubic hair before combing
may help loosen nits.
• Shave or trim the pubic hair.

Scabies
• Scabies is a
contagious skin
condition caused by
a small mite.
• Caused by Sarcoptes
scabiei.

Symptoms
• The skin may show signs of small insect-
type bites, or the lesions may look like
pimples or blisters, especially around the
wrist, elbow, knee, underarm area, groin,
or finger webs.
• Intense itching, especially at night and
Skin lesions.

Transmission
• Skin transmission during sexual intercourse
may cause skin lesions on the penis, vaginal
area, or groin.
• A person can get scabies from touching
something that the mite is on, but that is not a
major mode of transmission.

Treatment
May be treated with an oral antibiotic or
an antibiotic ointment applied to the area.

Trichomoniasis
• Caused by the
protozoa
Trichomonas
vaginalis that infects
the urogenital tract
of both women and
men worldwide.

Symptoms
• Yellow-green (sometimes frothy) vaginal
discharge with a foul odor
• Discomfort during sex and when passing
urine
• Irritation and itching in the genital area
• Lower abdominal pain in rare cases

Transmission
• During sex, the parasite is usually transmitted
from a penis to a vagina, or from a vagina to a
penis, but it can also be passed from a vagina
to another vagina.

Treatment
Trichomoniasis usually can be cured with
these antibiotics:
• Metronidazole
• Tinidazole

How to prevent STI’s
Academicedge.com

Responsible
• Involving important duties,
decisions, etc., that you are trusted
to do.
• Having an obligation to do
something, or having control over or
care for someone, as part of one's
job or role.

Parenthood
•The state of being a
mother or a father.

Responsible Parenthood
As defined by DOH, it is the
will and ability of parents to
respond to the needs and
aspirations of the family and
children.

Responsibilities & Duties of Parents
1. Legal Responsibilities
2. Safe Environment
3. Physical Needs
4. Education
by Candace Webb, Demand Media

10 Qualities of Successful Parents
by Wes Fessler
1. Identify good qualities in your children.
2. Make time daily to spend with your kids.
3. Communicate positively with your children.
4. Involve children in household activities and
family trips.
5. Listen attentively to your children.

6. Be willing to change.
7. Protect your children’s safety.
8 . Do not allow your children to disrespect you
or your spouse.
9. Don’t argue with your spouse in front of the
children.
10. Tell your children you love them.
10 Qualities of Successful Parents
by Wes Fessler

Responsible parenthood
Steps in raising a child
responsibly
Rice experiment

Effects of Bad Parenting on Children
1. Higher Risk for Psychological Disorders
2. Poor Performance in School
3. Depression and Low Self-Esteem
4. Violence and Behavior Problems
Kate Miller- Wilson

Effects of Bad Parenting on Children
6. Failure to Thrive
7. Problems with the Law
8. Poor Social Adjustment
Kate Miller- Wilson

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Office on Women’sHealth

What is birth control?
Involves one or more actions, devices,
sexual practices or medications
followed to intentionally prevent or
reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or
childbirth.
Nordqvist (2009)

Early History:
 Centuries ago, Chinese women drank
lead and mercury to control fertility,
which often resulted in sterility or death.
 It was also believed that a woman could
avoid pregnancy by walking three times
around the spot where a pregnant wolf
had urinated.
Skuy (1995)

 In England women drank a potion of
dried beaver testicles brewed in a strong
alcohol solution.
 As recently as the 1990s, teens in
Australia have used candy bar wrappers
as condoms.
Skuy (1995)

Choosing Birth Control
When considering which birth control
method is best for you, think about:
• Where do I need to go to get the
method?
• How convenient is the method to use?
• Is my partner involved with this method?
• What is the cost of this method?

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Office on
Women’sHealth

Classification of Birth Control
• Natural Method
• Hormonal Method
• Barrier Method
• Implantable Method
• Permanent Method
• Abstinence
• Lactation Amenorrhea Method

Hormonal Methods
of Birth Control

Pill
• What is it? It's an oral contraceptive
containing estrogen and progestin. Estrogen
stops egg production; progestin keeps
sperm from reaching an egg.
• Effectiveness: 91-99 percent effective
(Planned Parenthood, 2013)
• Pros: No hassle before sex. The hormones
can cause lighter periods and provide
protection against acne, certain cancers,
pelvic inflammatory disease, and ovarian
cysts.
• Cons: Side effects might include nausea,
vomiting, and spotting. Combining estrogen
and progestin slightly increases the chance
of some rare but serious problems such as
blood clots, heart attack, or stroke.

Patch What is it? It's a thin patch that sticks to
the skin and releases the hormones
estrogen and progestin into the body.
Estrogen stops egg production; the
progestin thickens a women's cervical
mucus and keeps sperm from reaching an
egg.
Effectiveness: 91-99 percent effective
Pros: You put a new patch on the skin only
once a month. For potential positive side
effects of estrogen and progestin, see
the section on hormonal IUDs.
Cons: For potential negative side effects
of estrogen and progestin, see

Shot What is it? A single shot in the arm releases
the hormone progestin, which thickens cervical
mucus and thins the endometrium. It may also
prevent ovulation, keeping sperm from joining
with an egg.
Effectiveness: 94-99 percent effective (Planned
Parenthood, 2013)
Pros: Administered by a doctor once every
three months. Progestin can reduce menstrual
bleeding and cramping and doesn't have many
of the negative side effects of estrogen.
Cons: Possible progestin side effects include
irregular periods, sore breasts, headache,
nausea, and more. Most side effects go away
within three months. Rarer side effects include
weight gain and changes in sex drive, among
others.

Ring What is it? It's a small plastic ring inserted
into the vagina once a month and left
there for three weeks. It's taken out for
the fourth week of the month. The ring
releases estrogen and progestin into the
body. Estrogen stops egg production; the
progestin thickens a women's cervical
mucus and keeps sperm from reaching an
egg.
Pros: Only two things to remember: Put
the ring in on first day of month: take it
out three weeks later. For positive side
effects of estrogen and progestin, see the
section on hormonal IUDs.
Cons: For potential negative side effects
of estrogen and progestin, see

Male
condom
What is it?It's a thin latex sheath worn on the
penis during intercourse, in order to collect
semen and prevent sperm from entering the
vagina. Condoms come in lots of shapes and
sizes.
Pros: Condoms are inexpensive and
accessible and can be used in conjunction
with other forms of birth control. Condoms
also significantly reduce your risk for sexually
transmitted infections.
Cons: About 3 million people in the U.S. are
allergic to latex(American Latex Allergy
Association, 2013) and need to use non-latex
condoms. Condoms can reduce sensitization;
some couples feel that they can have a
negative effect on the quality of their sex life.

Female
Condom
What is it? It's a plastic pouch with flexible
plastic rings at each end. Before sex, it's
inserted into the vagina; the ring at the
closed end holds the pouch in the vagina,
and the ring at the open end stays outside
the vaginal opening during sex.
Pros: Female condoms cause no hormonal
changes and decrease risk for sexually
transmitted infections.
Cons: Some couples feel that using a female
condom has a negative effect on the quality
of their sex life; it can be noisy and reduce
feeling during intercourse. It can cause
irritation.

Sponge
What is it? Made of soft foam, the sponge
is round and usually two inches in diameter.
Prior to intercourse, it is inserted into the
vagina. It covers the cervix and blocks
sperm.
Effectiveness: 88-91 percent for those who
have not given birth, 76-80 percent for
those who have (Planned Parenthood,
2012)
Pros: It does not require a prescription and
lasts up to 30 hours, during which you can
have sex as much as you like without
removing the sponge. It has no effect on
your hormones and is unobtrusive during
sex.
Cons: Some may find it tricky to insert or
remove. Some couples find it makes
intercourse too wet or too dry.

Diaphragm
What is it? It's a dome-shaped cup with a
flexible ring made of latex that is inserted into
the vagina to cover the cervix. It blocks the
opening to the uterus and prevents sperm
from joining with an egg.
Pros: It's immediately effective and has no
effect on your hormones. It can also be
inserted hours ahead of time, so you don't
have to worry about dealing with it just before
sex. Most people say they don't feel it during
sex.
Cons: It requires a prescription and can't be
used during your period. In some rare cases, it
can cause urinary tract infections or allergy-
related vaginal irritation.

Intrauterine
Device
What is it? The IUD is a small, T-shaped device
made of flexible plastic that releases a small
amount of progestin on a regular schedule.
Inserted by a doctor, the IUD works by
preventing sperm from joining with an egg. The
progestin thickens a women's cervical mucus
and keeps sperm from reaching an egg.
Effectiveness: More than 99 percent effective
Pros: It lasts five years, and is effective and
completely undetectable during sex with no
hassle before or after. Progestin may reduce
cramps and make your period lighter.
Cons: After insertion, you may have a few days
of mild cramping or a backache and, for the first
three to six months, spotting between periods
and/or irregular periods.

Implant
• What is it? It's a small piece of flexible
plastic implanted under the skin of
the upper arm. The implant releases
progestin into the body, which keeps
sperm from joining with an egg.
Insertion takes a few minutes, and the
implant lasts for up to three years.
• Effectiveness: More than 99 percent
effective (Planned Parenthood, 2003)
• Pros: It's long-lasting and effective. It's
low profile and causes no hassle
before, during, or after sex.
• Cons: You have to go through minor
surgery. Irregular bleeding during the
first six to 12 months is common.

Tubal Ligation
Both of the fallopian
tubes are closed,
either cut, tied or
clipped.
Vasectomy
Tubes that carry the
sperm (vas deferens)
are closed, either cut,
tied or clipped.

Abstinence
• Decision to not have oral, anal or vaginal
sex.
• Need to decide on your sexual limits and
talk about them with your partner.
• 100% effective
• No need to see doctor or health care.

Lactation Amenorrhea Method
• Is used by woman who has just given birth
and is exclusively breastfeeding.
• After giving birth, woman’ ovulation is
suppressed when she is exclusively feeds her
baby by breastfeeding.
• 98% effective and allows spontaneous sex

Development of
Homosexuality
Julie Harren, Ph. D

What is Homosexuality
- Sexual attraction towards
same sex.
Julie Harren, Ph. D

Factors in the development of
Homosexuality
Environmental
Social Learning theory
- Posits that learning occurs through modeling.
Agents of Socialization
• Family
• Church
• School
Julie Harren, Ph. D

Factors in the development of
Homosexuality
Epigenetic process – It is the Feminization or
Masculinization of fetus cause by too much
exposure to hormones.
Testosterone
Vs.
Estrogen
Biological
(Rice and Friberg, 2012)

What is Hate Crimes
Hate crime is the victimization of
an individual based on that
individual's race, religion,
national origin, ethnic
identification, gender, or sexual
orientation
(Gaiman, 2009)

• Discrimination
• Physical abuse
• Verbal abuse
• Threat

Reason why
Hate Crimes are committed
Bureau of Justice Statistics in USA (2008)
1. Thrill-seeking
motivated by the desire of excitement
2. Defensive
committed to protect their neighbourhood
from perceived outsiders

Reason why
Hate Crimes are committed
Bureau of Justice Statistics in USA (2008)
3. Retaliatory
acting in response to a hate crime – either
real or perceived.
4. Mission
strongly committed to bigotry that they make
a career

Norlan Cielo Mercado
Last September 23, the body of 27-year-old call
center agent Norlan Cielo Mercado was
discovered in an apartment in Caloocan City.
The autopsy report showed Mercado was killed
3 days earlier from 18 stabs wound in the chest,
back, and head,the deaths are a clear example
of hate crimes targeted against the transgender
community.

Statistics on LGBT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Forced sexual
intercourse
LGBT youth live
in hostile
environment
problems in
bullying and
family
acceptance
received
negative
comments
Statistics in LGBT
Column1
Column2
(Hatzenbuehler and Keyes, 2012)

Statistics on LGBT
(The National School Climate Survey conducted by GLSEN in 2011 reported
these statistics on bullying)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
bullying felt unsafe at
school
because of
sexual
orientation
felt unsafe at
school
because of
gender
identification
did not want
to go to
school
Hate crimes at school
Series 2
Series 3

Statistics on LGBT
of the Philippines
(The Rainbow Project, 2014)
Posted by Eliphaz Pamorada

Lesbian Victims
In 2011, there were 6 out of 16
lesbians killed in Mindanao. All in all,
there were 7 hate crimes recorded
against lesbian victims in 2011. Study
shows that 25 percent of the hate
crimes against lesbians are done
through stab wounds while 15 percent
are done by gunshots. In terms of age
range, 60 percent of the victims are 25
to 44 years old (The Philippine LGBT
Hate Crime Watch, 2011).

Gay Victims
Reported crimes against gays are mostly
done in the Greater Manila Area, making
it the Most Dangerous Zone for the gays.
Also the LGBT Hate Crime Watch
reported that 31 out of 61 of those
murder were done through stab
wounds. In 2010, there were 26 gay men
who died due to hate crimes while in
2011, there were 17 gay men who died.
The age of those who died ranges from
25 to 44 years old (The Philippine LGBT
Hate Crime Watch, 2011).

Bisexual Victims
In 2011, there were 2 out of 4
bisexuals who died because of
multiples stab wounds. Both crimes
are done in Greater Manila Area. Their
ages range from 25 to 44 years old also
old (The Philippine LGBT Hate Crime
Watch, 2011).

Transexual Victims
• There were 12 out of 26 Transgendered who
were killed in Manila Area. 6 out of the 12
killed were due to multiple stab wounds. The
age of the victims range from 25 to 44 years
old. In 2010 and 2011, there were the same
numbers of transgendered killed. There were
7 of them old (The Philippine LGBT Hate Crime
Watch, 2011).

The Rainbow flag has been raised in
Quezon City!
• Gender-Fair City Ordinance
-the measure protects LGBT rights in the
workplace, schools, in accommodation and in
accessing basic services.

• Lena Marie “Mayen” Juico first district
councilor of Quezon City.
• Quezon city Ordinance NO.1309 of 2003
• Mayor Herbert Bautista-Quezon City Pride
Council.

• “This is not 1st in the Philipinnes, but the
most comprehensive, the deepest in
protecting Lgbt Rights”- Bishop Emerson
Beriones,Orthodox church,QCPC member.

• Promote equality and that everyone has
long hoped and everyone should stand
equal!

What is Marginalized?
Powerless or unimportant position
within a society or group
(Merriam-Webster, 2015).

Who are the marginalized women?
•Rural
•Indigenous women
•Urban poor sector
•Women in conflicted areas
FIAN (2013)

How women are being marginalized?
1. Subordination – authority structure is male
dominated or patriarchal.
• In home
• Community
• Politics
Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development 1995-2025

2. Economic marginalization – the task of
women are always attributed to housework,
childrearing, and family care.
• Unequal pay
• Work related sexual harassment
• Women productive sphere is under valued

3. Gender stereotyping – societal perception
about women:
• Weak
• emotional
• Dependent
• Submissive
• Indecisive

3. Gender stereotyping – picture of women in
society:
• expected to be virgin
• Vamp (uses charm to seduce men)
• treated as sexual object

4. Multiple burdens - single-handedly have to
carry the burden of housework and child care,
while participating in productive activities.
• Doubles the hour for work
• Widens the breath of responsibility

5. Domestic violence – women are potential
and actual victims of:
• Verbal abuse (threat, insult, and blackmail)
• Physical abuse
• Psychological abuse
• Economic Violence

Hunger among women is a gross
violation of their rights
(FIAN, 2013)
Women contribute most of their income and
time on ensuring the survival of their families,
yet they are most vulnerable to hunger.
In times of food scarcity or lack of money,
children and husband eat first and women eat
what is left or do not eat.

Women’s Right PTV special forum
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3

Responding to Marginalized Women

Bulacan State University
College of Education
City of Malolos, Bulacan
Educ 323c – Issues and Trends in Social Studies
Prepared:
BSEd-3F (2014-2015)
Group 3 – Gender and Sexuality Group
Adrian Carlo P. De Guzman
Elias Joy P. Geronimo
Vanessa Joy Baluyut
Cory Guevarra
Caroline Sandique
Ryzel Suba
Glenn Molina
Marjorie Ducut
Rowena San Juan
Ludilyn Royo

Gender and sexuality

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