2. Contact info:
Cell #: 09328798303
Email: ejvcreyes@gmail.com
Please introduce yourself first before you
contact me.

3.  Attendance is a must.
 You may talk to anyone as long as you do
not disturb the discussion or anyone willing
to listen.
 Recit = merits
 Questions asked to me that are considered
to be helpful in discussion may be given
merits.
 10 demerits for insolence & non-submission
 Kupal rule: always be ready for quizzes
every meeting

4.  Quizzes
 HW & SW
 Final exam
 Class participation
30%
25%
35%
10%
100%

5. Bio
›Life
Logy
›Gr.
›“Logos”
= study of

7. Characteristics of Life
Themes in the study of
Biology
Levels of Organization
Emergent properties
Ecology
Ecological Succession
Ecological Niche
Types of biomes
Flow of energy
Human Impact
Population Dynamics
Characteristics
Factors that limit a
population
Human populations
Evolution
Early Theories of Evolution
Early and Moderns
Evidences of Evolution
Mutation

9.  Made up of cells

10.  The ability to perpetuate

11. DNA(
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
RNA:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

13.  DNA – carrier
 RNA – messenger
 DNA is self-replicating which is efficient
for survival

14.  5C simple sugar
 N-bases
 Phosphate -> PO4
 DNA and RNA

17.  Grow – increase size and/or number of
cells
 Develop –changes from early stages to
the mature stages

18. 5. Metabolism – sum total of all chemical
reactions
6. Exhibit to Irritability – respond to
environment
7. Undergo homeostasis – can maintain
internal balance
8. Adapt and evolve – suited to live in its
particular environment

20.  Every organism’s basic units of structure
and function
 Two main types:
› Prokaryotic ( bacteria, archea)
› Eukaryotic ( Protists, plants, fungi, animals)

21.  The continuity of life depends on the
inheritance of biological information in
the form of DNA molecules
 Genetic information is encoded in the
nucleotide sequences of DNA

22.  The world has a hierarchical organization
 Emergent properties – the result of
interactions among components at the
lower level.

23.  Feed back mechanisms regulate
biological systems.
 Organisms are open systems that
exchange materials and energy with
their surroundings.

24.  Biologists divided life into 3 domains:
› Bactertia , Archea , Eukarya
 Unity  universal genetic code
› The more related, the more characteristics
they share
 Energy flows from sunlight to producers

25.  Darwinian theory of natural selection
› Adaptation of populations are through
differential reproductive success of varying
individuals
 Form and function are correlated at all
levels of biological organization

26.  The process of science includes
observation-based discovery and the
testing of explanations through
hypothesis based inquiry.
 Technology is goal-oriented to the
applications of science.

28. 1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ system
6. Organism
7. Population
8. Community
9. Ecosystems
10. Biome
11. Biosphere

31.  Biotic – biotic
 Abiotic – abiotic
 Abiotic - biotic

32.  Portions of the planet in which life exists
› Atmosphere
› Hydrosphere
› Lithosphere
 Self-contained
 Patchy

33.  Group of ecosystems that have te same
climate and similar dominant
communities
 Not self-contained
 Abiotic  biotic

34.  Habitat – area where organisms live
 Niche – role in the area

35.  Each organism has a specific role that
contributes to the ecosystem

36.  the observed process of change in the
species structure of an ecological
community over time.
 The most efficient and most adapted
organisms become the most adundant
species
 Occurs when there are drastic and
sudden changes in the environment

38.  Pioneer community- the organisms
present that are most suited for this
environment
› Pioneer species
 Climax community – organisms that are
most suited for the present environment
after the change
› Dominant species

39.  Fundamental rule in ecology stating that
no two organisms can occupy the exact
niche for an indefinite time
 Perinial – long life
 Annual – yearly
 Biannual – every two years

40.  This the factor that controls what kind of
organisms live in an ecosystem
 Determines the max number of
organisms in an ecosystem
 Take note of the ff terms:
Producer, Primary consumer, secondary
consumer, tertiary consumer,
decomposer

42.  Producers – produces energy storing
molecules
 Consumers – consumes plants and
obtains their energy
 Decomposers – returns organic
molecules to the ground
 Scavengers – consumes carcasses

43.  Photosynthetic organisms:
plants, algae, bacteria
 Primary productivity – rate at which
organic material is produced.
 Primary productivity determines the
amount of energy available in the
ecosystem

44.  Feeding positions in a food chain
 These are represented in: food chains,
food webs, and ecological pyramids.

45.  Food chains – sequence o food and
energy transfer.
› Producer consumer  decomposer
 Food webs – food chains that intersect
and link to each other

46.  Number pyramid
 Biomass pyramid
 Energy pyramid

50.  Refered to as how a number of individuals
change over time
 Important for the conservation of
endangered species and management of
life
 Exponential growth is unrealistic
Everything has a limit
Carrying capacity- population size that the
environment can sustain for a long period of
time.

51. 1. Geographic distribution / range
2. Population density
3. Population dispersion
4. Uniformity
5. Random clustering

52. 1. Natality
2. Mortality
3. Number of individuals entering or
leaving an ecosystem

54.  Density-dependent
› Competition
› Predation
› Parasitism
› Disease
 Density-
independent
› Unusual weather
› Natural disasters
› Season cycles
› Human activities

55.  Water chemistry
 Temperature
 Depth of water
› Light penetration
› Turbidity
› O2 content
 Wind action, water current, microbial action
› Water pressure
 Salinity of aquatic biomes
 Biological Oxygen Demand
 Eutrophication
 Turn over / upwelling

58.  Carolus Linnaeus – Nested Hierarchies,
Order of Nature. Classified humans among
primates
 Plato – idealism / essentialism. Its attributes
are essentially determined and made.
 Aristotle – Scala Naturae: Organisms
arrange in increasing complexity
 Judeo Christian culture – Creationism
“ad majorem dei gloriam”natural theology

59.  Systema Naturae
› KPCOFGS
› Binomial system of Nomenclature
 Genus species
 Thomas Malthus – ecology of human
popuations
 Jean Baptiste Lamarck – Naturalist:
Philosophie Zoologique
› Desire to change, use and disuse, passing of
acquired traits

60.  Georges Cuvier – catastrophism,
extinctions
 Charles Lyell – uniformitarianism
 James hutton – Graudualism
› Profound change is the cumulative product
of slow but continuous process
 George Mendell – father of modern
genetics
› discrete genes are inherited
 Charles Darwin – naturalist
› Theory of natural selection
 Alfred Russel Wallace

61.  Francis Crick & James Watson – DNA
› Understood mutations arrive to evolution
 Rosalind Frank – x-ray crytallography
› Structure is correlated with function

63.  “use it or lose it” idea
› reshape their bodies in response to a desire
to change
 Traits were passed onto an offspring
 Contributing idea: populations change
over time in response to their
surroundings

64.  James Hutton proposed mountains and
other surfaces were gradually changing
 proposed that the earth itself had
internal movements
 Opportunities for change.
 Contribution: Past events must be
explained in terms of today's events.
The earth's history provides ample
geologic time for slow change.

65.  Farmers believed that they could choose
the plant or animal that had developed
the most number of seeds to become
the most abundant
 May allow rapid changes to species

66.  Thomas Malthus believed that the human
population would eventually grow larger than the
ability of the environment to sustain it.

67.  Natural – longer and random
 Artificial – faster and has goals

68.  Lamarck
› Desire to change
› Use and disuse
› Inheritance of acquired traits
 Darwinian
› Overproduction
› Variation
› Competition
› Survival to reproduce

69.  Nature selects the characteristics.
 Mutation is random

70.  Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids
 Lipids (fats, oils, steroids, waxes)

71. 1. List 10 branches of biology. Cite your
sources
2. Cite 5 human impacts on the
environment.
3. Choose a biome you want to live in and
briefly explain why.
4. Give a joke about the previously
discussed topics