After the PSR-15 was finally published in the spring of 2018, the micro framework Zend/Expressive has archieved the next stage with its 3.0 release. Zend/Expressive suits all kinds of applications perfectly: from classic full-stack web applications via REST services through to special applications like PHP-based Alexa Skills. The third version of the micro framework based on Middleware can be your means of choice. This session introduces all the innovations in Zend/Expressive 3, presents different application possibilities, and demonstrates how to migrate from older Zend/Expressive versions.

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ZendExpressive 3
The Next Generation

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Ralf Eggert
CEO Travello GmbH
PHP Developer
Alexa Champion

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Some definitions

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PSR
PHP Standards
Recommendations
By the PHP Framework
Interop Group
https://www.php-fig.org/

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PSR-7
HTTP Message Interface
HTTP Request & Response,
Streams, Uris, Uploads
https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-7/

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PSR-11
Container interface
Dependency Injection
Container
https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-11/

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PSR-15
HTTP Server Request
Handlers
Request Handlers &
Middleware
https://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-15/

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Some questions

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Question 1:
Who is using the Zend
Framework in general?

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Question 2:
Who is using
ZendExpressive in
particular?
Which version? (1/2/3)

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Question 3:
What kind of applications
have you built with
ZendExpressive so far?

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From ZE1 to ZE3

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28/01/2016
ZE1
Released
Focus PSR-7

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28/01/2016 07/03/2017
ZE1
Released
Focus PSR-7
ZE2
Released
Focus PSR-11

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28/01/2016 07/03/2017 16/03/2018
ZE1
Released
Focus PSR-7
ZE2
Released
Focus PSR-11
ZE3
Released
Focus PSR-15

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28/01/2016 ??/??/201907/03/2017 16/03/2018
ZE1
Released
Focus PSR-7
ZE2
Released
Focus PSR-11
ZE3
Released
Focus PSR-15
ZE4
Released
Focus ???

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28/01/2016 07/03/2017 16/03/2018
ZE1
Released
Focus PSR-7
ZE2
Released
Focus PSR-11
ZE3
Released
Focus PSR-15
Just kidding!

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ZendExpressive 1
PSR-7 compatible
Middleware based
Microframework
Support for various router,
DI container and template
solutions

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ZendExpressive 2
Added PSR-11 support,
programmatic pipelines,
improved error handling,
modular applications and
development tooling to the
mix.

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ZendExpressive 3
Extended with PSR-15
support, requires PHP 7.1,
massive internal
refactoring and adds new
components for session,
CSRF, flash messages, etc.

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ZendExpressive
Evolution
ZE1 ZE2 ZE3
Development
Focus
PSR-7 PSR-11 PSR-15
Minimal
PHP Version
5.6 or 7.0 5.6 or 7.0
7.1
(7.2 Support)
Highlight First release
Programmatic
pipelines
New components

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From Actions to Handlers

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namespace PizzaAction;
use PsrHttpMessageResponseInterface;
use PsrHttpMessageServerRequestInterface;
use PizzaModelRepositoryPizzaRepositoryInterface;
class ShowIntroAction
{
public function __invoke(
ServerRequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response,
callable $next = null
) {
$pizzas = $this->pizzaRepository->getPizzas();
return new HtmlResponse(
$this->renderer->render(
'pizza::intro', ['pizzas' => $pizzas]
)
);
}
}
ZE1

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namespace PizzaAction;
use InteropHttpServerMiddlewareDelegateInterface;
use InteropHttpServerMiddlewareMiddlewareInterface as ServerMiddlewareInterface;
use PsrHttpMessageServerRequestInterface;
use PizzaModelRepositoryPizzaRepositoryInterface;
class ShowIntroAction implements ServerMiddlewareInterface
{
public function process(
ServerRequestInterface $request, DelegateInterface $delegate
) {
$pizzas = $this->pizzaRepository->getPizzas();
return new HtmlResponse(
$this->renderer->render(
'pizza::intro', ['pizzas' => $pizzas]
)
);
}
}
ZE2

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namespace PizzaAction;
use PsrHttpMessageResponseInterface;
use PsrHttpMessageServerRequestInterface;
use PsrHttpServerRequestHandlerInterface;
use PizzaModelRepositoryPizzaRepositoryInterface;
class ShowIntroHandler implements RequestHandlerInterface
{
public function handle(
ServerRequestInterface $request
) : ResponseInterface {
$pizzas = $this->pizzaRepository->getPizzas();
return new HtmlResponse(
$this->renderer->render(
'pizza::intro', ['pizzas' => $pizzas]
)
);
}
}
ZE3

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ZE3
Request Handlers
Evolved from ZE1 action
classes to ZE3 request
handlers
Implement PSR-15
interfaces now
Easy migration path

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From configurable to
programmatic middleware
pipelines

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// /config/autoload/middleware-pipeline.php
return [
'middleware_pipeline' => [
'always' => [
'middleware' => [
ServerUrlMiddleware::class,
],
'priority' => 10000,
],
'routing' => [
'middleware' => [
ApplicationFactory::ROUTING_MIDDLEWARE,
UrlHelperMiddleware::class,
ApplicationFactory::DISPATCH_MIDDLEWARE,
],
'priority' => 1,
],
'error' => [
'middleware' => [],
'error' => true,
'priority' => -10000,
],
],
];
ZE1

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// /config/pipeline.php
$app->pipe(ErrorHandler::class);
$app->pipe(ServerUrlMiddleware::class);
$app->pipeRoutingMiddleware();
$app->pipe(ImplicitHeadMiddleware::class);
$app->pipe(ImplicitOptionsMiddleware::class);
$app->pipe(UrlHelperMiddleware::class);
$app->pipeDispatchMiddleware();
$app->pipe(NotFoundHandler::class);
ZE2

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// /config/pipeline.php
return function (
Application $app, MiddlewareFactory $factory, ContainerInterface $container
) : void {
$app->pipe(ErrorHandler::class);
$app->pipe(ServerUrlMiddleware::class);
$app->pipe(RouteMiddleware::class);
$app->pipe(ImplicitHeadMiddleware::class);
$app->pipe(ImplicitOptionsMiddleware::class);
$app->pipe(MethodNotAllowedMiddleware::class);
$app->pipe(UrlHelperMiddleware::class);
$app->pipe(DispatchMiddleware::class);
$app->pipe(NotFoundHandler::class);
};
ZE3

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// /module/Application/src/Config/PipelineDelegatorFactory.php
namespace ApplicationConfig;
class PipelineDelegatorFactory implements DelegatorFactoryInterface
{
public function __invoke(
ContainerInterface $container, $name, callable $callback, array $options = null
) {
$application = $callback();
$application->pipe(ErrorHandler::class);
$application->pipe(ServerUrlMiddleware::class);
$application->pipe(RouteMiddleware::class);
$application->pipe(ImplicitHeadMiddleware::class);
$application->pipe(ImplicitOptionsMiddleware::class);
$application->pipe(MethodNotAllowedMiddleware::class);
$application->pipe(UrlHelperMiddleware::class);
$application->pipe(DispatchMiddleware::class);
$application->pipe(NotFoundHandler::class);
return $application;
}
};
ZE3

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ZE3 Middleware
Pipeline
Evolved from configuration
arrays to delegator factory
classes
Medium migration path

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Evolving of the
pipeline middleware

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namespace ZendExpressiveHelper;
use PsrHttpMessageResponseInterface;
use PsrHttpMessageServerRequestInterface;
use ZendExpressiveRouterRouteResult;
class UrlHelperMiddleware
{
public function __invoke(
ServerRequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, callable $next
) {
$result = $request->getAttribute(RouteResult::class, false);
if ($result instanceof RouteResult) {
$this->helper->setRouteResult($result);
}
return $next($request, $response);
}
}
ZE1

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namespace ZendExpressiveHelper;
use InteropHttpServerMiddlewareDelegateInterface;
use InteropHttpServerMiddlewareMiddlewareInterface as ServerMiddlewareInterface;
use PsrHttpMessageServerRequestInterface;
use ZendExpressiveRouterRouteResult;
class UrlHelperMiddleware implements ServerMiddlewareInterface
{
public function process(
ServerRequestInterface $request, DelegateInterface $delegate
) {
$result = $request->getAttribute(RouteResult::class, false);
if ($result instanceof RouteResult) {
$this->helper->setRouteResult($result);
}
return $delegate->process($request);
}
}
ZE2

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namespace ZendExpressiveHelper;
use PsrHttpMessageResponseInterface;
use PsrHttpMessageServerRequestInterface;
use PsrHttpServerMiddlewareInterface;
use PsrHttpServerRequestHandlerInterface;
use ZendExpressiveRouterRouteResult;
class UrlHelperMiddleware implements MiddlewareInterface
{
public function process(
ServerRequestInterface $request, RequestHandlerInterface $handler
) : ResponseInterface {
$result = $request->getAttribute(RouteResult::class, false);
if ($result instanceof RouteResult) {
$this->helper->setRouteResult($result);
}
return $handler->handle($request);
}
}
ZE3

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ZE3 Pipeline
Middleware
Evolved to full PSR-15
interface implementation
Easy migration path

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Evolving of the
front controller

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if (php_sapi_name() === 'cli-server'
&& is_file(__DIR__ . parse_url($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], PHP_URL_PATH))
) {
return false;
}
chdir(dirname(__DIR__));
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
/** @var InteropContainerContainerInterface $container */
$container = require 'config/container.php';
/** @var ZendExpressiveApplication $app */
$app = $container->get(ZendExpressiveApplication::class);
$app->run();
ZE1

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if (PHP_SAPI === 'cli-server' && $_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'] !== __FILE__) {
return false;
}
chdir(dirname(__DIR__));
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
call_user_func(function () {
/** @var PsrContainerContainerInterface $container */
$container = require 'config/container.php';
/** @var ZendExpressiveApplication $app */
$app = $container->get(ZendExpressiveApplication::class);
require 'config/pipeline.php';
require 'config/routes.php';
$app->run();
});
ZE2

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if (PHP_SAPI === 'cli-server' && $_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'] !== __FILE__) {
return false;
}
chdir(dirname(__DIR__));
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
(function () {
/** @var PsrContainerContainerInterface $container */
$container = require 'config/container.php';
/** @var ZendExpressiveApplication $app */
$app = $container->get(ZendExpressiveApplication::class);
$factory = $container->get(ZendExpressiveMiddlewareFactory::class);
(require 'config/pipeline.php')($app, $factory, $container);
(require 'config/routes.php')($app, $factory, $container);
$app->run();
})();
ZE3

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ZE3 Front
Controller
From polluting the global
namespace to self-called
anonymous function with
its own scope
Easy migration path

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New ZE3 components

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Authentication
Middleware for
Authentication with Basic
Auth, OAuth2, Session and
ZendAuthentication

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Authorization
Middleware for
Authorization with
adapters for both RBAC
and ACL authorization

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Session
Middleware with PSR-7
support, lazy sessions and
ext-session extension

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CSRF
Middleware and guards for
Cross-Site Request Forgery
(CSRF) protection

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Flash Messages
Middleware and support
for Flash Messages

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HttpHandlerRunner
Utilities emitting PSR-7
responses and running
PSR-15 server request
handlers

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Swoole
Expressive support for
Swoole, the PHP
asynchronous
programming framework

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HAL JSON
Expressive support for
Hypertext Application
Language
(used by Apigility)

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Problem details
Expressive support for
problem details format
(used by Apigility)

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Components
More than 30 components
and helper repositories for
the ZendExpressive
cosmos so far
And don't forget the other
Zend Framework
components

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Applications

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Applications
Which kind of applications
can be build with
ZendExpressive?

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Applications
Classical websites

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Applications
Backends

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Applications
RESTful APIs

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Applications
Alexa Skills

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phlexa
PHP Framework to build
voice applications for
Amazon Alexa
(built with ZE3)
https://www.phoice.tech/phlexa

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Applications
So many opportunities!
What are you planning to
build next?

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Migration to ZE3

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Migration to ZE3
Migrate your actions to
handlers
(PSR-15 interfaces)

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Migration to ZE3
Migrate to programmatic
middleware pipeline and
maybe even introduce a
delegator factory

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Migration to ZE3
Migrate your pipeline
middleware classes
(PSR-15 interfaces)

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Migration to ZE3
Check your current front
controller

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Migration to ZE3
Start using the new
Expressive components

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Conclusion

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ZendExpressive 3
The Next Generation is
ready to start!

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Thanks!
ralf@travello.de
https://www.travello.de