1. Vere Technical High School
Grade 10
SOCIAL STUDIES
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. SOURCE MATERIALS:
Social Studies Modules
Essentials in Social Studies
Social Studies Core Units
Presented by:
Mr. D. Gooden
&
Ms. Brown
GROUPS AND
ORGANIZATIONS
McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Introduction – 10 Engin. 1
• Why don’t you leave me alone? Can’t you see that I am a
loner? I do not like to mingle with people. George was fuming
when his friend, Jentu, suggested that he needed to make
friends and leave the dark, dusty room. Jentu was surprised at
his friend’s response. He remembered the days when both of
them would play marbles in the backyard or run down to the
dried out pond to play dirt cricket. He also remembered the
occasions when he and his family would visit Salt River. On
these occasions, Jentu would invite George. And to top it all
off, he remembered how both of them got into some serious
trouble while in Cadet at school. This friendship, Jentu
thought, was unbreakable. But was it changing now?
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4. Introduction – 10 Engin. 2
GROUP DEFINITIONS
• Group • Group of people held together by a common
culture.
• These groups do not have set rules controlling
• Primary members.
• These groups are organized with rules and
• Informal regulations, possibly having uniforms and a
code of conduct.
• Made up of two or more persons engaged in
• Secondary any type of activity.
• The relationship is based on face-to-face
communication and frequent interaction.
• Society • Institutions like the Lions Club or the Red
Cross or the Army make up this group.
• Formal
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5. Lesson Objectives
Students will be able to:
• Distinguish between groups and institutions;
• Identify at least six types of groups/institutions
and briefly explain the characteristics of each;
• State how groups and their members are
shaped by group size, leadership style, and
pressures to conform?
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6. Understanding Groups
How would you define a group?
•Group
A group is composed of at least two people who
share one or more goals in common and share
similar ways of behaving.
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7. Understanding Groups
• Group members are usually in contact with one another
• They tend to behave and think in similar ways.
• They have interests or goals in common and common symbols
• Groups range from the small and informal to the large and
formal.
• Some groups have boundaries and are hard to become a part
of or to remain a part of.
• Membership may be voluntary or involuntary.
• They have clearly defined status and values.
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8. Why do we join groups?
• "No man is an island no man stands alone."
• The need for friendship and a sense of
belonging
• To accomplish much desired goals
• To fulfil acquired social roles and assumed
status
• Identity and security
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9. Characteristics of groups
• 1. Voluntary or involuntary membership
• 2. Common needs and interest
• 3. Common goals and objectives
• 4. Marks of identity, such as a uniform, badge,
language, social class and so on
• 5. Established rules, laws, norms to which
members should conform
• 6. Cooperation, in order to achieve objects
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10. Group cohesion and interaction
Group cohesion and interaction are very crucial
to the endurance of groups in society.
Individuals are in various groups and groups
have different demands on individuals. The role
and behaviour of individuals in groups differ
with the type of group. Groups, therefore, need
to have stability and to ensure that certain
fundamental conditions are put forward to
enable continuity.
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11. Group
Group cohesion
interaction
Cooperation (Working or acting together) Leadership
Conflict Authority
Social exchange Control
Coercion Cooperation (Working or acting together)
Commitment/loyalty (Firm in one's
Conformity allegiance, obligation pledge and or
involvement)
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12. Understanding Groups
Types of Groups
•Primary Group
--This term refers to a small group characterized
by intimate, face-to-face association and
cooperation e.g. family, childhood friends, class
of students etc.
•Secondary Group
--This term refers to formal, impersonal groups
in which there is little social intimacy or mutual
understanding e.g. schools, churches, trade
unions and political parties.
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13. Understanding Groups
Table 6.1: Composition of Primary and Secondary Groups
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14. Understanding Groups
Group to which a person belongs and
In group
feels a sense of identity e.g. family
Group to which a person doesn’t belong
Out group
and feels a sense of hostility towards.
Reference Groups - Reference Groups are any groups that
individuals use as a standard for evaluating
themselves and their own behavior eg.
Teachers in a school, community leaders etc.
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15. Understanding Groups
A voluntary group is a collection of individuals who work
together to undertake certain activities for the benefit of the
Voluntary community. Voluntary groups generally exist because people
perceive a need and work together to bring about change or
group
provide a service for the benefit of the community.
An involuntary group is a collection of individuals who work
together because they have no choice. They may be forced or
Involuntary threatened with penalty if they refuse to become a part of
group this group. An example of an involuntary group is enlistment
of all citizens in the army, upon reaching a certain age.
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16. An in-group is a group or category to which
In-group people feel they belong.
An out-group is a group or category to which
people feel they do not belong. Antagonism is
out-group always expressed towards this group.
Group made up of peers which associate with
each other to meet specific needs e.g. Cricket
Peer group
team, boys on street corner etc.
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17. Understanding Groups
A Social Network is a group of people
Social
interact with for various purposes but with no
Network
emotional attachment.
Any group used to evaluate oneself. It does
not necessarily have to be a group you belong
Reference
to. It is a group people draw on for the social
group
norms which give order and meaning to their
lives.
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18. Understanding Groups
Groups have constitution or rules and
regulations; procedures for becoming
members; clear line s of authority with
appointed or elected leaders; members are
Formal group expected to behave a certain way; sanctions
for violating rules e.g. schools, churches,
workplaces, civic organizations, towns, cities
No written rules controlling behaviour of
Formal Groups – members. Roles and goals arise spontaneously
Informal group with the changing activities of the group e.g.
neighborhoods, friendships, hobby groups,
computer-user groups
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19. Informal Organization Formal Organization
Members typically engage in many of the
Members typically engage in highly
same activities.
specialized activities.
Hierarchy mostly non existent Clearly defined hierarchies, corresponding
to offices.
No charter by-laws or regular meeting Clearly defined rules and regulations.
hours.
Membership criteria vary, and are often Technical competence to carry out
based on personal affection or kinship. assigned/required task.
Relationship varies and is typically primary. Typically secondary with selective primary
ties.
Communication is typically casual and face- Communication is very formal and in
to-face. writing.
Person oriented Task oriented.
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20. What are the things that affect group
togetherness?
• 1. Lack of consensus The word consensus refers to
everyone or a majority of persons
• 2. Poor leadership agreeing to do something.
• 3. Competition among members for positions
and recognition
• 4. Lack of unity
• 5. Fear
• 6. Selfishness and ignorance
• 7. Prejudice and discrimination
• 8. Lack of financing
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21. Leadership
For groups to be effective, there must be persons
who are will to take up the responsibility to lead.
Some leaders are automatically determined by
the functions that they perform eg. a father
and/or mother is the leader of his/her family. In
other groups leaders are chosen eg. Headboy or
headgirl, while in others, persons simply assume
the role of leaders.
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22. What makes a person a good leader?
• use rewards, such as education and independence, to motivate
members.
• not act domineering and superior with people. They believe
the only way to get things done is through penalties, such as
loss of job, days off without pay and reprimanding members
in front of others.
• be concerned about the human needs of their members.
• build teamwork, help members with their problems and
provide psychological support.
• Get results by consistently keeping people busy and urging
them to produce.
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23. Group Leadership Functions
• The autocratic/authoritarian style
• The persons who use this style are strict leaders who, as the
sole decision-makers, have full control in the decision-making
process. Thus, those who will be affected by a decision are not
involved in the decision-making and their opinions are not
taken into consideration.
• Such a leader sees himself as an expert, an authority on all
matters, and expects persons to carry out the required tasks.
• Subordinates usually do as these leaders say because of fear
that they will be punished in some way. Examples of
punishment vary from demotion to suspension or dismissal.
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24. Group Leadership Styles
• The laissez-faire/free reign style
• Laissez-faire is French for 'let them do it'. Workers are made
aware of what they have to do, but the leader stands back and
allows them to plan their work and take their own decisions,
as far as possible. Managers give little or no direction to
workers.
• Thus, there is minimum supervision and workers are expected
to use their own initiative in achieving certain objectives.
• This style is normally practised in creative productions and
services, such as the graphic departments of advertising
agencies.
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25. Group Leadership Styles
• The democratic/participative style
• Workers prefer this style as it strikes the
middle ground. The leader does not dominate
and those most likely to be affected by a
decision are consulted before the decision is
made. Note that the leader reserves the right
not to accept a majority vote. This leader
ensures that everybody receives fair treatment.
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26. Group Leadership Styles
• The charismatic style
• This leader is one who is able to lead simply
by reason of his/her outstanding skills,
personality or character. Such a leader is said
to lead from the front by inspiring others
through skill, personality or character.
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27. Group Leadership Styles
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