The document summarizes a presentation given by Gabriella Chiellino and Federico Balzan of eAmbiente Srl on carbon footprint and its application to cities. The presentation discusses the carbon footprint and life cycle assessment, the Covenant of Mayors initiative which involves cities committing to reduce CO2 emissions by at least 20% by 2020, and the steps involved in developing a Sustainable Energy Action Plan under the Covenant.

1. Gabriella Chiellino Technical-Scientific manager of eAmbiente Srl Federico Balzan Technical-Scientific employee of eAmbiente Srl, natural scientist Venice International University Friday, June 17 Carbon footprint and its application to cities

3. Gabriella Chiellino is the first woman graduated in Environmental Science in Italy and she founded eAmbiente in the year 2002. The Company is now a consultancy firm for environment and engineering that works in Italy and in Europe.

5. MILAN Via Tiziano Branch office CONEGLIANO Registered Office VENICE - VEGA Head Office CASTELLAVAZZO (BL) Branch office BRUXELLES - Belgium Branch office NEW

6. Environmental assessments and analysis UNDERSTANDING DESIGN Environmental restoration and remediation Environmental management and control MANAGE

7. CARBON FOOTPRINT FIRST PART

8. Global climate change Increased concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere since the revolution industry. The temperature rise It represents one of the most important indicators that we are living beyond the capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances. Decreased emissions An effort by the productive sectors to reduce emissions and the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere is vital to combat climate change in progress. CO 2 and Global warming

9. The differences CARBON FOOTPRINT Assessment throughout the life cycle of a product / process related to the impact category "global warming " (in terms of CO2 eq.) LCA (Life cycle assessment) Assessment throughout the life cycle of a product / process relating to many categories of impact: acidification, eutrophication, land use etc.. The Carbon Footprint is ​​a part of an LCA LCA Carbon footprint

10. Applicable law Screening study Complete study under the rules UNI EN ISO 14040:2006 UNI EN ISO 14044:2006 EPD Environmental Product Declaration Time + internal resources for data retrieval Testing a possible third body on internal methodology Certification of a possible third body in accordance with standard Comunication Comunication / Ecodesign Comunication

12. What happended with CO 2 ? The whole life on earth is based on photosynthesis of chlorophyll: Reactions during which green plants produce organic substances -mainly carbohydrates - from carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of light. This series of chemical reactions within the anabolic processes (synthesis) of carbohydrates and is totally opposed to the reverse process of catabolisi (oxidation). Reaction of the molecules 6 CO 2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H 2 O (Water) + light -> C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 6 O 2 (Oxygen)

13. And then? The “food chain” or “net chain” (better) provides to feed animals and the uman:

14. Dynamic balance The CO 2 cycle on earth (but also water cycle, nitrogen cycle etc.) are in dynamic balance during the years. Only with other sources not renewable (fossils) this dynamic balance is altered with many pollution problems.

15. Carbon footprint It measure the impact that human activities have on the environment in terms of amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide (CO 2 equivalent). Production Activities kWh energy m3 water Materials / resources Administrative kWh energy m3 methane Transportation Km covered Waste Kg produced Processing tonnes of CO2 equivalent SimaPro 7.3.0. Analyst

17. The results are expressed as: Equivalent units CO 2 eq. kg SO 2 eq. kg CFC-11 eq. "Eco-points" Normalized equivalent units around them, with a percentage of the total European currency. Explanation of categories Decay of natural resources Ecosystem quality Human health

18. The calculation of carbon footprint provides tons of CO2 equivalent produced in a year The Company may decide to reduce emissions with a reduction plans (technological improvements, logistics etc.). So they may decide to compensate (offset) for remaining emissions (in part or entirely) . Total CO 2 CO 2 reduced CO 2 offset A number of tonnes of CO 2

20. Our experience Calculation of CO2 equivalent Projections of the reduction with improvement initiatives Communication on the company website and 1.000.000 of paper carnet Withdrawal of claims and posting to register eCO2care Calculation of CO2 equivalent to 20 emitters

21. APPLICATION TO CITIES: CONVENANT OF MAYORS SECOND PART

22. Rural and urban populations worldwide , 1950-2050 Year Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, 2009 2009 Sustainability in urban contest ENERGY ISSUES Urban population Rural population

23. Cities have a fundamental role. They are residential place but also administrative, trading and productive places. ENERGY, NATURAL RESOURCES, GOODS… ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS, WASTEWATERS, WASTE, HEAT…. … URBAN SYSTEM ENERGY ISSUES Sustainability in urban contest

24. Air pollution Human diseases Loss of natural and cultural heritage Urban waste Water pollution © Jan Lai Ming Chuen © Roberto Salomone / AFP - Getty Images © Reuters Human diseases Environmental degradation Resource waste B(a)P O 3 NO 2 PM 10 aquatic life toxicity Impossibility to use the resource for recreational goals LOW LIFE QUALITY COSTS ENERGY ISSUES Sustainability in urban contest

26. “ The urban world consumes about 75% of global energy and emits about 80% of total greenhouse gas " (Hayden, 2007) Energy 61,4% GHG SOURCES CO 2 : 77% CH 4 : 14% N 2 O: 8% HFC, PFC, SF 6 : 1% Source: UN-HABITAT, State of the World’s Cities, 2009 ENERGY ISSUES

27. ENERGY DEMAND Energy demand is growing Fossil fuels still predominate about 79% of the energy needs of the average European are met by coal, gas and oil around 13% comes from nuclear power the remaining 8% comes from rapidly increasing renewable energy sources (especially wind and solar energy). ENERGY ISSUES Present contest

28. TOWARDS LOW CARBON ECONOMY The 20-20-20 targets What are they? How?

31. 29 January 2008 in the second edition of the European Sustainable Energy Week (EUSEW 2008), the European Commission launched The Covenant of Mayors initiative to actively involve European cities in the path towards sustainability and environmental efficiency. What is it? THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

32. PECULIARITIES DIRECT INVOLVEMENT of local and regional authorities. For the first time the DG ENER ( Directorate-General for Energy ) gets in touch directly with the local level It is a VOLUNTARY COMMITMENT by signatories to meet and exceed the EU 20% CO 2 reduction objective. It goes beyond what is requested by law in matter of urban planning It is based on the adoption of a flexible instrument called SEAP which can be adapted to the progress towards goals THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

33. Mayors commit to… Go beyond the objectives set by the EU for 2020, reducing the CO2 emissions in their respective territories by at least 20%, through the implementation of Sustainable Energy Action Plans SIGNATORIES Cities with different size that have signed the Covenant of Mayors on a voluntary manner during the Covenant of Mayors Annual Ceremony THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

34. 9 February 2009 Hemicycle of the European Parliament, Brussels 370 cities committed to reduce CO 2 emissions on their territories by at least 20% by 2020 THE COVENANT OF MAYORS 1680 cities committed to reduce CO 2 emissions on their territories by at least 20% by 2020 4 May 2010 Hemicycle of the European Parliament, Brussels

35. The unprecedent growth of the Covenant of Mayors Who ? Today 2586 signatories THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

36. 1. Energy is one of the few municipal fields where significant financial savings can be achieved... 3 main reasons why cities get involved Why to get involved? THE COVENANT OF MAYORS 2 . Lower energy bills for citizens, comfortable living conditions, pleasant environment, more jobs… 3 . The battle against climate change has to be fought at local level…

37. Steps Baseline Emission Inventory & SEAP development with stakeholders and citizens Monitoring and reporting Implementation of your SEAP STEP 1: Signature of the Covenant of Mayors STEP 2: Submission of your SEAP STEP 3: Regular submission of implementation reports (every 2 years) Creation of adequate administrative structures 1 st year 3 rd year & beyond 3 steps leading to the Covenant objective THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

38. All the elements to develop a Sustainable Energy Action Plan STRUCTURE: Part 1 The SEAP process, step-by-step towards the -20%target by 2020 Part II Baseline emissions inventory Part III Technical measures for energy efficiency and renewable energy Official Guidelines By Joint Research Centre (JRC) THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

40. Step 4 Baseline emission inventory (BEI) elaboration Assessment of the current framework about energy consumption and CO2 emissions at the local level Building the BEI - Features and contents Geographical boundaries the administrative bounderies of the local authorities. Define Baseline years Is the year against which the achievements of the emission reductions in 2020 shall be collected. Collecting data Quantification of following emissions that occur due to energy consumption in the territory of the local authority: DIRECT EMISSIONS: fuel combustion INDIRECT EMISSIONS: production of electricity, heat or cold consumed in the territory OTHER DIRECT EMISSIONS: depending on the choice of BEI THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

42. Step 4 Baseline emission inventory elaboration Assessment of the current framework about energy consumption and CO2 emissions at the local level Step 5 Establishment of a long term vision with clear objectives. To point out the direction in which the local authority wants to head. Step 6 SEAP elaboration Translation of the vision into practical actions assigning deadlines and a budget for each of them. THE COVENANT OF MAYORS AT LAST!!

44. MOSAIC OF ACTIONS & SOLUTIONS … contributing to the achievement of the Covenant objectives THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

45. Communication with local stakeholders and citizens Organisation of Local Energy Days  www.sustenergy.org THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

46. Step 7 Approval of the Plan and its associated budget Formal approval of the SEAP by the municipal council is a mandatory requirement. In addition the local authority should allocate the necessary resources in the annual budget . Step 8 Monitoring and progress description Continuous monitoring is needed to follow SEAP implementation and eventually to maje corrections in a continuous improvement cycle. THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

47. 1.Covenant of Mayors Office (COMO) 2. Covenant Supporting Structures 3. Benchmarks of Excellence 4. Financial support 5. European institutions What support for the Signatories? Who supports? THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

50. Last september during the International Conference on Climate Change on Palmaria Island near La Spezia, 25 Italian Provinces had signed The Province of Venice had signed as Supporting Structures The Province of Venice 44 Municipalities Technical partners THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

51. The Province of Venice Start-up Organization of a plenary event open to all the Municipalities in San Servolo in 18 th of March Meeting with the Municipality interested in the project Application to European Financial Instruments called Intelligent Energy for Europe with an international project involving more or less 35 Municipalities www.202020-provinciavenezia.it THE COVENANT OF MAYORS

53. Thanks for your attention www.eambiente.it Facebook.com/eAmbiente