Integrated Science M3 Pollination

Module 3  Unit 7  Lesson 5
Integrated Science

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
What is Pollination?What is Pollination?What is Pollination?What is Pollination?
Structures thatStructures that
ensure Pollinationensure Pollination
Agents ofAgents of
PollinationPollination
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The Formation ofThe Formation of
Gametes in FlowersGametes in Flowers
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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 Just as in animals, in plants, the male
gamete is produced in a separate organ
than where the female gamete is
produced. Animals can move about and get
to each other. Plants can’t. Plants are
stationary!
 So, since they must carry on sexual
reproduction in order to continue their
species, plants have evolved various
mechanisms for pollinators to assist their
gametes to meet. That process is called
pollination.
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Having completed this lesson, you should be
able to:
define pollination and distinguish between
cross and self pollination.
outline the usefulness of the each type of
pollination.
describe agents of pollination and identify
characteristics of flowers that facilitate the
various pollinators.
describe the steps involved in pollination
that end in fertilization.
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 Watch these videos from:
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=0mchJw5Dz7g&NR
(Hummingbird)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS1KCDVxcZg&feature=related
(Bee inside flower)
 If you stand in the garden or wherever there
are plants with flowers on them, those are
scenes that you surely will see over and over
again.
 What’s happening? If you said that the insects
are gathering food, nectar for the humming
bird and nectar and pollen for the bee, then
you are quite right.
 But is that all that’s happening? Definitely
not!
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Pollination is also taking place as the various
animals go from flower to flower.
Watch this next video carefully, starting at
0.10s:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=7CdoBCEEpz4&feature=en
Did you notice that the bee has collected large
balls of pollen on its hind legs? Go back to look
at the bee on the cover slide. Did you observe
that it’s covered with pollen!
As a bee goes from one flower to the next,
crawling over stigmas and anthers laden with
pollen, what is the likely result? Of course!
Pollen will be transferred from one flower to
another!
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1. Click open the link
http://sciencewithme.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/pollination_1.jpg
2. Look carefully at the illustration. Follow the bee along the
arrow from flower to flower.
3. Based on what you understand and also saw in videos on the
previous slides, type your definition of pollination in the box
below. You must be in Slide Show view to type and edit text in
the box. Click the CHECK button for feedback.
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FEEDBACK
Click link below, listen and watch. At 2.30 – 2.37, listen carefully
to the definition of pollination that is clearly stated!
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX7451415e7d475104585f02&t=Pollination
Replay it if necessary. Was your definition accurate?

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Cross pollination Self pollination
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Click open ‘Pollination and Fertilisation’ - a short
power point set by Hina Hashmi at >
http://www.worldofteaching.com/reproductionpowerpoints.html
Click to diagrams like these. Read and compare.

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 Self pollination is useful when not many of
the same species are in a location. With
self pollination, fertilization is ensured.
 Cross pollination is useful to increase
genetic variation and so increase the
likelihood of survival if environmental
conditions change. Conversely, if there are
no similar species of plants within range
with which cross pollination can occur,
there is the risk of that species dying out
within a specific area if the plant is not
able to also reproduce by asexual
methods.
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 The pollen contains the male gamete so it
must be brought to meet the female
gamete. This occurs by the process of
pollination. During pollination, pollen
from the anther is transferred to the
stigma of a flower of the same species.
 How is the pollen transferred? There are
various pollinators or agents of pollination
that enable the transfer.
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 No doubt you know the terms ‘horticulture’ and
‘horticulturist’.
 But, have you ever heard of floriculture? Can you
figure out what it is? The word practically tells its
meaning!
 Read this: “Floriculture, or flower farming, is a
discipline of horticulture concerned with the
cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for
gardens and for floristry, comprising the
floral industry. The development, via
plant breeding, of new varieties is a major
occupation of floriculturists.”
 If you like flowers, understand processes such as
pollination, you might like to embrace floriculture
as a career!
 Interested? Read more at the website:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture
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 Agents of pollination do not
consciously transfer pollen;
they assist almost
incidentally or even
accidentally in the
transfer, e.g., it is during
the hunt for nectar that
pollen sticks to the body of
a bee and gets rubbed off
onto the stigma of the
same or another flower.
 However, some flowers
seem specifically designed
to attract specific agents of
pollination, and pollination
cannot occur without the
visit of these animal
pollinators.
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These are pollen grains from
insect pollinated flowers seen
under an electron microscope.
Note that they are rough so will
stick very easily to hairy insects.

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Watch these videos.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQiszdkOwuU&feature=endscreen&N
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge3EM8AERV0
Question 1: List the agents of pollination seen.
Question 2: What attracts these animals to the
flowers?
Type your responses in the box provided on the slides
that follow. You must be in Slide Show view to type
and edit text in the box. Click the CHECK button for
feedback.
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Question 2: List the agents of pollination seen.
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FEEDBACK
The biotic agents of pollination seen in the video are:
humming birds, flies, butterflies, bees, bats.

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Question 3: What attracts these animals to the flowers?
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Feedback
 The purpose of the flower is to enable pollination so that male and
female sex cells can meet in fertilization and ultimately produce fruit
with seeds. Biotic or animal pollinators are attracted to flowers to get
something that they want. That something is usually food! Food is in the
form of pollen grains and nectar.
 But, it could also be the attraction of what appears to be a mate.
 So, different flowers have various characteristics and structures that will
attract birds, insects such as bees, butterflies, moths, beetles and even
flies, and also other animals that are active at nights such as bats.
 Even humans are not immune! Later, you will see how and why humans
act as agents of pollination for the vanilla flower.
In the slides of the next subtopic, learn about the special characteristics
that some flowers have to attract various pollinators and so ensure
pollination.

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Various insects and birds
are attracted to specific
colours, to lines and
markings and also to
various odours.
Flowers have a wide
variety of large, brightly-
coloured petals and bracts,
also lines, markings,
shapes and even various
smells. Why? For the sole
purpose of attracting
various biotic pollinators!
Look at this variety!
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Bees on Palm
flowers
What do you think
these bees are
doing here on these
Palm tree flowers?

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 When flowers are small, several are usually
clustered to form a ‘showy’ inflorescence.
 You no doubt know what mango fruits look
like. But have you ever looked at the
flowers from which they are formed? Each
flower is quite small and not brightly
coloured at all, so to facilitate the visit by
pollinators, flowers are produced in large
bunches so that when the tree blossoms
there is a spectacular show of
inflorescences on the tips of branches all
over the tree.
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 Look at this video from >
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJtjOjkY-1Qe
 So…. next time your mango tree blossoms,
just pause, admire and give thanks for the
showy inflorescences! They give you the
mangoes that you love so much!
 Look around to observe other plants with
large clusters of small flowers e .g. ackee,
guinep.
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Some flowers use mimicry!
A Bee Orchid mimics a
female bee in colour,
shape and scent to attract
male bees as pollinators ,
who move from flower to
flower in search of the
mate. In the process, they
act as pollinators.
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1. Do you like vanilla ice cream? Well, the vanilla
flavouring comes from vanilla beans - the fruits of the
Vanilla orchid. Its natural pollinator is a bee found only
in Mexico. But here’s a problem - if left alone, it would
never be pollinated because of the structure of the
flowers. So, growers of vanilla plants become the
pollinators , carrying out pollination by hand.
2. Look at the picture of the unusual vanilla flower. In it, a
membrane separates the stigma from the anther to
prevent self pollination. Click:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VanillaFlowerLongitudinalSection-en.png
3. Then watch these short videos at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DV7TS3XB94&feature=endscreen&NR=1
and
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgOl6HPJY3U
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1. Click and look at the flies laying eggs in a carrion flower
at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShvLCTVVzjs
2. Look at another carrion flower found at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titan-arum1web.jpg
3. These carrion flowers pictured at the websites have an
odour like rotting meat! So naturally they attract flies
who love to lay their eggs in decomposing material on
which the larvae will later feed. As the flies crawl over
the flowers, what do you suppose happens? Yes! They
act as pollinators, transferring pollen from anthers to
stigmas and also from one flower to another.
4. Scroll through this website to see additional pictures of
other carrion flowers found at
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0602.htm#carrion
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1. Click on link to open, scroll down to the heading ‘Pollination’,
read and examine the photos of flowers to see how they
facilitate specific agents of pollination, at >
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio303/coevolution.htm
2. As you go around your home/school environment, try to become
more alert to see which animals are visiting which flowers.
Note, for example, the colour and any special structures to see
if you can find any pattern of visit by various groups of
pollinators.
3. Why not plan and set up an investigation to determine if bees/
butterflies are more attracted to one colour than any two
others? Or to sugar solution plus colour. Talk with your teacher
about whether it can be used for SBA.
4. Get two classmates to work with you by setting up the same
investigation at their home. Observe over 2 – 3 weeks.
Compare results. Did you find any patterns?
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Questions 3 and 4. An investigation to determine if bees/
butterflies are more attracted to one colour than any two
others choosing among red, yellow and blue.
1.Did you use the primary colours red, yellow and blue and make a
prediction about which will have most insects and humming bird
visitors ? You need to be very specific in your prediction about
which animals, flower colour duration etc. And record
observations systematically over the investigation period.
2.Did you think about placing a sugar solution in a transparent
container on top of different coloued papers, and checking the
visiting pollinators? If so, what happened?
3.Make sure you write detailed reports which you could
accompany with photographs using your cell phone or else with
diagrams.
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As you’d imagine, the physical features of a flower
would be dependent on the agent/s of pollination.
Wind pollinated flowers for example, produce a lot of
small, light weighted pollen grains, and their stamens
and feathery stigmas hang loosely outside the flower.
Click and look at the stamens dangling loosely out of
the florets at http://tinyurl.com/d2vz6mz
Click and read slides 4 – 6 in the Power point slides
at
http://www.worldofteaching.com/reproductionpowerpoints.html
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1. Grass inflorescences are not brightly coloured. Why?
2. In Normal View, enlarge this slide to 200% - 400%. (Click
View  Zoom  200%). What other feature/s do you
observe in these grass inflorescences that is/are related
to the answer you’ve given? Click the next button to type
your response to each question and read feedback.
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FEEDBACK
 Grass is generally wind pollinated so there is no need for the flowers to
be showy as they do not need to attract pollinators. The flowers can
therefore be pale, green, yellowish or straw-coloured.
 The stamens dangle loosely out of the florets so the can be blown about
in the wind and thus stand a better chances of coming into contact with
loose pollen that is also being blown about. The stigmas are feathery (not
shown clearly in these diagrams!!) which makes them better able to trap
the loose pollen being blown around.
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 Flowers are the means by which plants
‘have sex’ in order to reproduce their
species!
 They develop beautiful parts to attract
the pollinators that will help their sex
cells to meet. So, where are their sex
cells produced? You already learned it …
in the anthers and the ovary. It is in
these floral parts that meiosis occurs,
resulting in the formation of pollen grains
in which two sperm nuclei will develop
and in the ovule, a set of nuclei forms,
one of which is the ovum or egg.
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Now, click open this website:
http://leavingbio.net/the%20structure%20and
%20functions%20of%20flowers.htm
Scroll down to start reading at the section on
‘Formation of Sex Cells’. Look at the diagrams that
show where the pollen grains and the ovules are
produced in flowers as a result of meiosis then
mitosis.
Note their structure and the presence of male and
female sex cells inside a pollen grain and inside an
ovule, respectively.
Read the section on ‘Pollination’.
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 In the diagrams at the website mentioned on the previous slide,
you saw that an ovule has three sets of nuclei, but only one of
which is the female gamete or egg.
 Now that the pollen has landed on the stigma, let’s see what
happens. Remember that the pollen grain is NOT the male
gamete. Two male gametes are formed inside each grain from
the generative nucleus.
 The pollen grain germinates on the stigma. One pollen tube
grows from each germinating pollen grain. The pollen tube
nucleus guides the growth of the tube down through the style to
the ovary.
 When the pollen tube reaches the micropyle of an ovule, the
pollen tube nucleus disintegrates. It has completed its function
of bringing the male gametes close to the female gamete so it is
no longer needed. This leaves the two male gametes free to
enter the ovule in which is the female gamete and other nuclei.
 So … what happens in a flower after pollination?
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 Are you ready to test yourself?
 There are three multiple choice (M.C.)
items that you are required to do. For
each item, click on the letter of the
correct response and then click the button
‘NEXT QUESTION’ to continue.
 There are also some REVIEW QUESTIONS
for you to answer.
 Click the ‘BEGIN QUIZ!’ to start answering
the questions.
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BEGIN QUIZ!BEGIN QUIZ!

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Which of the following is not an agent of
pollination?
31
A. windA. wind
D. butterflyD. butterfly
C. beesC. bees
B. fireB. fire
FEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACK

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Which of the following is not an agent of
pollination?
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NEXT QUESTIONNEXT QUESTIONNEXT QUESTIONNEXT QUESTION
All of the options, except fire, assist with the transfer
of pollen from anther to stigma of flowers.

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Which of the following would you find in insect
pollinated flowers?
i.conspicuous petals
ii.feathery stigmas
iii.small light pollen
iv.nectaries
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C. ii and iiiC. ii and iii
D. i and iiiD. i and iii
B. i and iiB. i and ii
A. i and ivA. i and iv

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Which of the following would you find in insect
pollinated flowers?
i.conspicuous petals
ii.feathery stigmas
iii.small light pollen
iv.nectaries
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Because insects need to be attracted, insect
pollinated flowers have conspicuous petals and
nectaries.

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Look at the diagram below.
Which option best
describes the sequence of
flower parts involved after
pollen lands on the stigma?
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A. 1 4 5 6→ → →A. 1 4 5 6→ → →
D. 3 4 5 6→ → →D. 3 4 5 6→ → →
C. 2 3 4 5→ → →C. 2 3 4 5→ → →
B. 3 4 5 8→ → →B. 3 4 5 8→ → →

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Look at the diagram below.
Which option best
describes the sequence of
flower parts involved after
pollen lands on the stigma?
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33
44
5588
After pollen lands on (3) the stigma, a
pollen tube grows down (4) the style to (5)
the ovary then into (8) the ovule which
houses the female gamete.

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Pollination is the transfer of __________ from the
anther to the stigma of a flower of the same
___________.
Agents of pollination are those that move the _________
from the __________ to the ___________ of flowers.
The _________ is the female part of the flower that
might be modified to enable pollination by wind or
biotic means.
CHECKCHECKCHECKCHECK
Read each statement and then write down words that will
correctly complete each statement. Point and click on the
CHECK button for feedback.

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1. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the
anther to the stigma of a flower of the same
species.
3. Agents of pollination are those that move the
pollen from the anther to the stigma of
flowers.
2. The stigma is the female part of the flower
that might be modified to enable pollination
by wind or biotic means.

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What special features of the Poinciana
flower tell you that it is insect pollinated?
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Feedback:
The Poinciana flower has large, bright red-orange sepals and also petals
including a large, differently coloured standard petal with guide lines, all of
which would attract insects e.g. butterflies, and birds to it.
The pollen is rough and sticky so will adhere to the pollinators’ body.
Neither the stamens nor pistil dangle out but curve slightly so they can touch
against the animal’s body as it searches the flower for food.

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Click and look at the photo at this website >
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-
online/library/webb/BOT410/GrassFlower/SorghumFlrsLab.
jpg
If you were asked to tell its method of pollination, what
would you say and why?
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Click and look at the photo at this website >
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-
online/library/webb/BOT410/GrassFlower/SorghumFlrsLab.
jpg
If you were asked to tell its method of pollination, what
would you say and why?
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Flowers
Petals
Stamens
Pollen
Stigma
Do not have to be conspicuous for wind pollination,
so. they are really small, modified flowers called
florets arranged in spikelets.
No insects need to land on them so, they are
absent and represented only by small scales that
are greenish, ldrab and inconspicuous.
Hang loosely outside the flower to shed pollen into
the wind to be blown about among flowers.
Large amount of small, loose, dry and powdery
grains .
Feathery and hangs out of the floret to be able to
catch pollen blowing in the wind.

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 You have reached the end of the Power
point presentation, Review and Quiz.
 If you wish to review this lesson, go to the
first slide and click on the relevant
Subtopic.
 If you have finished viewing the lesson,
click the Close (X) button.
42

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Slide 1 Images:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bees_Coll
ecting_Pollen_cropped.jpg
Microsoft ClipArt
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Before you begin, see diagram below. Look for the Security
Warning below the ribbon and click the Options button. In
the Security Alert box, select “Enable this Content” and then
OK.

Integrated Science M3 Pollination

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