from the lecture Lexicography in English Linguistics

1. WHAT IS A DICTIONARY?
DICTIONARY?

2. Outline
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
A Survey of Types of Dictionaries
and Other Language References

3. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Dictionary
is a book that lists
words in alphabetic
order and describes
their meanings.
Dictionaries are about
words.
Encyclopedia
is a collection of
articles about every
branch of knowledge.
Encyclopedias are
about things.

4. A Survey of Types of Dictionaries
and Other Language References
Dictionaries
Range
Perspective
Presentation

5. Dictionaries differ in …
The number of languages
The manner of financing
The age of users
The size of dictionaries
The scope of coverage by
subject
Limitations in the aspect
of language covered
The lexical unit
The primary language of
the market
The period of time
covered
The linguistic approach
chosen
The means of access

6. The Number of Languages
Monolingual Dictionary
Bilingual Dictionary
Unidirectional (Mono-directional)
(Monoi.e. from English to Turkish
Bidirectional
i.e. from English to Turkish/Turkish to English

7. Bilingual Dictionary-1
Dictionary…includes the following:
It provides a translation for each word in
the source language.
Its coverage of the source language
lexicon is complete.
Grammatical, syntactic and semantic
information is provided.
Usage guidance is given.

8. Bilingual Dictionary-2
DictionaryIt includes special vocabulary items, such
as scientific terms.
Spelling aids and alternative spellings are
indicated.
Pronunciation is included.
It is compact in size.

9. The Manner of Financing
Scholarly Dictionaries
Dictionaries
are financed by government or foundation
grants.
grants.
Commercial Dictionaries
are supported by private investors.
investors.

10. The Age of Users
Child’s (School) Dictionaries
School)
Elementary School (grades three-eight)
three-eight)
Middle School (grades six-ten)
sixSecondary School (grades nine-twelve)
nine-twelve)
Adult’s Dictionaries

11. The Size of Dictionaries
Unabridged Dictionaries (400.000 to
600.000words)
College Dictionaries (130.000 to 160.000 words)
words)
SemiSemi-unabridged Dictionaries (approximately
260.000 words)
words)
Desk Dictionaries (60.000 to 100.000 words)
words)
Pocket (Paperback) Dictionaries (40.000 to
Paperback)
60.000 words)
words)

12. The Scope of Coverage by Subject
SpecialSpecial-field Dictionaries:
Dictionaries:
medical and legal dictionaries
dictionaries of military and nautical science,
science,
etc.
etc.
SubjectSubject-field Dictionaries:
Dictionaries:
Dictionaries of law, medicine, biology,
law, medicine, biology,
electronics, architecture, etc.
electronics, architecture, etc.

13. Limitations
in the
Aspect of Language Covered
SpecialSpecial-purpose Dictionaries (by Barnhart)
Barnhart)
Etymological Dictionaries
Pronunciation Dictionaries
Synonym Dictionaries
Slang Dictionaries
Dictionaries
Dialect Dictionaries (Linguistic Atlases)
Atlases)
Neologisims (collections of new words)
words)

14. Etymological Dictionaries:
Etymological Dictionaries:
they are alphabetic lists of words showing
how the current form derived from older
ones in the same or another language.
language.
Pronunciation Dictionaries:
Dictionaries:
they provide transcriptions of the sounds
of speech corresponding to an alphabetic
list of words so that the reader may
understand how each word is usually
pronounced.
pronounced.

15. Synonym Dictionaries:
Dictionaries:
They have existed in English since the late
eighteenth century. They contain the
century.
synonyms of the lexicons in one language.
language.
Slang Dictionaries:
Dictionaries:
Slang is defined as words or expressions
that originated in cant (nontechnical
vocabulary restricted to a particular
occupation, age, group, etc.)
occupation, age, group, etc.)

16. Dialect Dictionaries (Linguistic Atlases):
Atlases):
They are some kind of a map the
geographic distribution of uses of
particular vocabulary items or features of
pronunciation.
pronunciation.
Neologisms (Collections of new words):
words):
Neologisms vary from newspaper
glossaries to extensive dictionaries with
illustrative quotations documenting each
new term.
term.

17. The Lexical Unit
Index:
Index: An index is a reordering of the important
words in a text in alphabetic order so as to
access to particular parts of the text where each
word is used.
used.
Concordance:
Concordance: If the repeated words constitute
an exhaustive list of all the words in the text, the
text,
index is called a concordance.
concordance.
An Exegesis(Exegetic Dictionary): It explains a
Exegesis(
Dictionary):
text,
text, such as the Bible, by means of an index to
Bible,
particular words used in key passages.
passages.

18. ABBREVIATIONS
Initialisms (Alphabetisms): reflect the separate
Alphabetisms):
pronunciation of the initial letters of the constituent
words.
words.
TV (television), EU (European Union), ID (identity document), RSVP (reply
(television),
(European Union),
(identity document),
(reply
please),
please), PTO (please turn over), FAQ (frequently asked questions)
(please
over),
(frequently
questions)
Acronyms:
Acronyms: are pronounced as single words.
words.
NATO, laser
Clippings (clipped forms): reductions of longer forms,
forms):
forms,
usually removing the end of the word.
word.
Ad (advertisement), plane (airplane), flu (influenza)
(advertisement),
airplane),
influenza)
Blends:
Blends: combine part of words.
words.
Sitcom (situational comedy), bedsit (one room which is a bedroom and a sitting
comedy),
room), sci- (science fiction)
room), sci-fi (science fiction)
A Ghost Word: It is a word that has never existed in
actual usage but that appears in dictionaries through the
lexicographer’s error.
error.

19. The Primary Language of the Market
Monolingual dictionaries;
dictionaries;
designed for those learning English as a
second language (ESL)
designed for the native speakers

20. The Period of Time Covered
Diachronic (Historical) Dictionaries:
Historical) Dictionaries:
...deal with an extended period of time,
...deal
with the purpose of tracing the
developments of form and meanings of
each headword over the period covered.
covered.
Synchronic Dictionaries:
Dictionaries:
...deal with a narrow band of time and
...deal
attempt to represent the lexicon as it exists
or existed at a particular point in time.

21. The Linguistic Approach
Chosen
Descriptive
Prescriptive

22. The Means of Access
Four basic systems of classification are
by alphabet
by the form of the entry words (morphemic)
morphemic)
by meaning (semantic)
semantic)
by no system at all (haphazard)
haphazard)