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1. Nasal polypi Dr T Balasubramanian

2. Definition The term polyp derived from Latin word “Polypous” Many footed Defined as simple oedematous hypertrophic nasal mucosa Can be unilateral / bilateral drtbalu's otolaryngology online 2

3. History “Nasal polypi are sacs of phlegm that cause nasal obstruction” Hippocrates drtbalu's otolaryngology online 3

4. First described 4000 years ago Egyptians were pioneers in the treatment of nasal polyposis. They used intranasal route to complete mummification process Celsus during the 1st century AD documented that nasal polypi increased during moist weather Boerhaave during 17th century considered polpi to be elongation of nasal mucosa Lets not forget our past drtbalu's otolaryngology online 4

5. Etiopathogenesis drtbalu's otolaryngology online 5

6. Virchow – Nasal polypi were primary tumors like myxomas Eggston & Wolff – Nasal polypi were caused by passive oedema of nasal mucosa Billroth – Microscopically nasal polypi resembled nasal mucosa. Suggested that hypertrophied nasal mucosa could be the cause Kern & Shenck – allergy was common among patients with nasal polypi Burn’s theory – Acid mucopolysaccharide theory Lurie – Association between nasal polyposis and cystic fibrosis Samter’s triad – Aspirin sensitivity, nasal polypi and bronchial asthma drtbalu's otolaryngology online 6

7. History of nasal instruments drtbalu's otolaryngology online 7

9. It was Hildanous whose designed the nasal speculum which is still used with minor modifications

10. MorrelMekenzie used mirror to reflect sunlight into the nasal cavity so that its contents can be seen clearly

11. Kierstein designed the modern headlight drtbalu's otolaryngology online 8

12. Management Hippocrates used various packs and tampoons dipped in pepper to manage these patients Celsus used caustic agents like oil of turpentine to treat nasal polypi Daniel Bowet was the first to use antihistamines to treat nasal polypi drtbalu's otolaryngology online 9

13. Classification drtbalu's otolaryngology online 10

14. Simple nasal polypi Also known as inflammatory polyp Ethmoidal polyp Antrochoanal polyp drtbalu's otolaryngology online 11

15. AC polyp / Ethmoidal polypi drtbalu's otolaryngology online 12

16. Fungal polyp 5 Different types Acute fulminant Chronic invasive Granulomatous invasive Fungal ball AFRS drtbalu's otolaryngology online 13

17. drtbalu's otolaryngology online 14

18. Acute fulminant invasive sinusitis Common in: Diabetics HIV + On immunosuppression Malignancy causing immunosuppression Mucor mycosis is the common pathogen Angio invasion common drtbalu's otolaryngology online 15

19. Chronic invasive fungal sinusitis Non granulomatous chronic invasive fungal sinusitis Common in diabetics Low grade inflammation & tissue necrosis are its features Vascular invasion not common Orbital extension common drtbalu's otolaryngology online 16

20. Granulomatous invasive fungal sinusitis Also known as indolent fungal sinusitis Pts have intact CMI Immune system limits invasion to just mucosa Granulomatous reaction can be seen around fungal elements Debridement alone would do drtbalu's otolaryngology online 17

21. Fungal ball Features Immunocompetent Fungal ball is tightly packed hyphae of aspergillus (common) Antifungal trt is not necessary drtbalu's otolaryngology online 18

22. AFRS Bent’s criteria Type I hypersensitivity (demonstrable) Nasal polyposis Heterodense mass lesion seen in CT scans Presence of eosinophilic mucin mixed with non invasive fungus + Fungal stain / culture drtbalu's otolaryngology online 19

23. Malignant polypi Also known as sentinel polyp Caused due to mucosal oedema resulting from the malignant tumor All nasal polypoidal mass removed from elderly patients should be subjected to HPE drtbalu's otolaryngology online 20

24. Theories drtbalu's otolaryngology online 21

25. Theories of nasal polyposis Adenoma fibroma theory of Billroth Necrotizing ethmoiditis theory of Woakes Glandular cyst theory Mucosal exudate theory of Hayek Blockade theory of Jenkins Periphlebitis / perilymphangitis theory of Eggston & Wolff Glandular hyperplasia theory of Krajina Epithelial rupture theory drtbalu's otolaryngology online 22

26. Adenoma fibroma theory of Billroth Large number of tubular glands seen in polypoidal tissue Increase in the number of these glands causing adenomatous change could be the cause for nasal polyposis drtbalu's otolaryngology online 23

27. Necrotizing ethmoiditis – Woakes theory Ethmoiditis cause osteitis of ethmoid bone Necrotic bone initiates mucosal reaction causing oedema Bone necrosis has not been demonstrated in the polypoidal tissue studied drtbalu's otolaryngology online 24

28. Glandular cyst theory Presence of cystic glands in the nasal polypoidal tissue studied forms the basis Submucosaloedema causes obstruction of tubular glands Taylor in his study has proved that glandular oedema is caused after the formation of nasal polypi drtbalu's otolaryngology online 25

29. Mucosal exudate theory of Hayek Nasal polyp is formed due to accumulation of exudate localized deep in the mucosa This accumulation leads to mucosal bulge leading to polyp formation These glands are found in the distal part of the polyp drtbalu's otolaryngology online 26

30. Blockage theory of Jenkins Nasal mucosal inflammation Accumulation of intracellular fluid This causes polyp to develop drtbalu's otolaryngology online 27

31. Periphlebitis / Perilymphangitis theory of Eggston & Wolff Recurrent inflammation of nasal mucosa blocks intracellular fluid transport mechanism Oedema of lamina propria These changes are diffuse and cannot account for localized nasal polyp drtbalu's otolaryngology online 28

32. Glandular hyperplasia theory of Krajina Ch inflammation of nasal mucosa causes hyperplasia of nasal mucosal glands This causes bulging of overlying mucosa Associated vascular congestion aggravates the condition drtbalu's otolaryngology online 29

33. Epithelial rupture theory Current Epithelial rupture due to tissue oedema Prolapse of lamina propria through the defect If the prolapse is large it continues to grow forming nasal polyp drtbalu's otolaryngology online 30

34. AC polyp theories drtbalu's otolaryngology online 31

35. A/C polyp theories of etiopathogenesis Proetz theory Bernoulli’s phenomenon Mucopolysaccharide changes Infections Mill’s theory Ewing’s theory Vasomotor imbalance drtbalu's otolaryngology online 32

36. Proetz theory Faulty development of maxillary sinus ostium This is usually large in these pts Hypertrophied mucosa from antral cavity sprouts through this enlarged ostium The growth of polyp is due to impediment to the venous return from the polyp drtbalu's otolaryngology online 33

37. Bernoulli’s phenomenon Pressure drop occurs next to the constriction. This causes a suction effect pulling the sinus mucosa into the nasal cavity. drtbalu's otolaryngology online 34

38. Mucopolysaccharide theory Proposed by Jakson Changes in the mucopolysaccharide present in the ground substance causes nasal polyposis These changes causes excessive water retention causing swelling of nasal mucosa which appears polypoidal drtbalu's otolaryngology online 35

39. Mill’s theory Antrochoanal polyp could be maxillary mucoceles. This could be caused due to obstruction to mucinous glands. drtbalu's otolaryngology online 36

40. Ewing’s theory This occurs due to mucosal fold being left close to the maxillary sinus ostium during development This fold can be aspirated into the sinus cavity due to the effects of inspired air drtbalu's otolaryngology online 37

41. Vasomotor imbalance theory This theory suggests that vasomotor imbalance can cause antrochoanal polyp. drtbalu's otolaryngology online 38

42. Infection / inflammation Acinous mucous glands inside the antrum gets blocked This forms a cystic lesion within the sinus cavity This cyst gradually enlarges to completely fill the antrum It exits via the accessory ostium to reach the nasal cavity drtbalu's otolaryngology online 39

43. Reasons for posterior migration of AC polyp The accessory ostium is present posteriorly Inspiratory air current is more powerful than expiratory current there by pushing the polyp posteriorly The natural slope of nasal cavity is directed posteriorly Cilia beats towards the choana drtbalu's otolaryngology online 40

44. Clinical Features drtbalu's otolaryngology online 41

45. Clinical features Nasal obstruction – Unilateral / bilateral Anosmia Loss of taste Rhinorrhoea – watery / mucoid / mucopurulent Head ache Broadening of nose (Frog face) drtbalu's otolaryngology online 42

46. Examination Smooth glossy multiple mass seen in anterior rhinoscopy Insensitive on probing. Probe can be passed around the polyp Soft and mobile drtbalu's otolaryngology online 43

47. Posterior rhinoscopy Polyp can be seen at the level of choana Antrochoanal polyp can be seen exiting out of accessory ostium drtbalu's otolaryngology online 44

48. Differential diagnosis Meningocele Angiofibroma Sq cell carcinoma Enlarged turbinates Inverted papilloma drtbalu's otolaryngology online 45

49. Radiology drtbalu's otolaryngology online 46

50. Medical Management Antihistamines ? Nasal decongestant Steroids Antibiotics ? drtbalu's otolaryngology online 47

51. Surgery Polypectomy Endoscopic polypectomy Caldwel Luc procedure External ethmoidectomy drtbalu's otolaryngology online 48

52. Thank you drtbalu's otolaryngology online 49