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dna dna replication types of rna microbiology protein targeting termination transcription mechanism of transcription dna polymerase introduction of functional gro formation of new carbon bond condensation isomerization hydrolysis reduction oxidation biotransformation smearing factor affecting resolution factor affecting mobility of d nucleic acid stain gel loading buffer agarose in age estimate the size of molecules agarose gel electrophoresis disadvantages antibody purification amino ligands spacer arms matrix specificity benefits and limitations salient features ground state atomic absorption spectrometer xenon lamp fate of excited state energy change of excited molec application temperature effect of solvent instrumentation quantification what cause fluorescence spectrofluorometry biological applications procedure intrumentation of sds-page instrumentation of ief principle 2d electrophoresis principles of spectrophotometr spectrophotometry molecular spectra interaction of e.m.r. with mat the electromagnetic spectrum emr electromagnetic radiation chemical inhibitors rho dependent repressor transcriptional repressor in p pre-initiation complex (p.i.c. transcription activators in eu transcription activators in pr transcriptional repressor transcriptional activator chromatin mediators activators transcription factors rna splicing prokaryotic & eukaryotic trans chromatin modifying proteins elongation initiation eukaryotic rna polymerases a structural gene introduction transcription in eukaryotes significance of transcription significance initiation complex transcription facto factors involves in different types of transcription cytoplasm micrornas messenger rnas nucleolus ribosomal subunits transportation through nuclear classes of rna rna transport capping of pre-mrna splicing of pre-rrna trimming and cleavage modification of pre-rrna transcription of pre-rrna rna processing other systems with rna editing direct editing in trypanosomes guide rna rna editing in kinetoplast of real functional genes trypanosome mitochondria discovery of rna dna fingerprinting rna editing dna recombination homologous recombination mitiotic recombination meiotic recombination prokaryotic and eukaryotic cel recombination mechanism holliday junction cleavage gene conversion holliday model definition of recombination types of recombination produce new dna molecules breaking and rejoining of two component required for protein transport of protein-protein mitochondria protein transport from er to g post-translational targeting post-translational co-translational insulin catalase receptors translational inhibitors trna synthetase elongation and elongation fact elongation and elongation fac initiation factors and their r formation of initiation ribosome protein synthesis and processi essential building blocks of n nucleotides synthesis of other pyrimidine de novo pathway salvage pathway biosynthesis of pyrimidines classification of amino acids overview of amino acid biosynt glutamine biosynthesis of glutamate proline biosynthesis rna polymerase gene expression rna mapping 2-factor testcr mapping by the 3-factor testcr physical basis 3-factor testcross 2-factor testcross linkage mapping authors individual articles pecific journal publications h index research metrics cytokinesis etinoblastoma cyclins and cyclin-dependent k control mechanisms different phases and molecular eukayotic_cell_cycle- classifications of replication types of replication mutation replication zology biology dna repair