1. Memory

2. Paul Broca : From Phrenology to Localization
Paul Broca 1861

3. Association Cortices
Three association areas—the prefrontal, parietal temporal occipital, and
limbic—are involved in cognitive behavior planning, thinking, feeling,
perception, speech, learning, memory, emotion, and skilled movements.

4. Penfield on one occasion electrical stimulation of the temporal lobes
produced what he called an experiential response —a coherent
recollection of an earlier experience
But all of the patients Penfield studied had epileptic seizure foci in the
temporal lobe, and the sites most effective in eliciting experiential
responses were near those foci.

5. The medial temporal lobe and memory storage
More convincing evidence that the temporal lobes are important in memory
emerged in the mid 1950s from the study of patients who had undergone
bilateral removal of the hippocampus and neighboring regions in the
temporal lobe as treatment for epilepsy (Brenda Milner)

6. The Distinction Between Explicit and Implicit Memory

7. Priming

8. Multi-store (Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model 1968)

9. Sensory Memory

10. Short Term Memory
The Percentage of Information Maintained in the
Short-Term Store Over 18 Seconds (Fernald, 1997, p. 237).

11. The working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch 1974)

12. Working Memory Is a Short-Term Memory Required for Both
the Encoding and Recall of Explicit Knowledge

13. Consolidation of Memory

14. Rehearsal Enhances the Transference of Short-Term Memory
into Long-Term Memory

15. New Memories Are Codified During Consolidation
Similar types of information are pulled from the memory
storage bins and used to help process the new information.
The new and old are compared for similarities and
differences, and part of the storage process is to store the
information about these similarities and differences, rather
than to store the new information unprocessed.
Thus, during consolidation, the new memories are not
stored randomly in the brain but are stored in direct
association with other memories of the same type.
This is necessary if one is to be able to “search” the
memory store at a later date to find the required information.

16. How Much Information Can We Remember?

17. Structural Changes Occur in Synapses During the Development of
Long-Term Memory
1. Increase in vesicle release sites
for secretion of transmitter
substance.
2. Increase in number of transmitter
vesicles released.
3. Increase in number of
presynaptic terminals.
4. Changes in structures of the
dendritic spines that permit
transmission of stronger signals.

18. Long Term Memory

19. Characteristics of Long-Term Memory

22. Hippocampus is the seat of Consolidation

23. The anatomical organization of the hippocampal formation.

24. The role of the hippocampus in memory

25. The Long-Term Storage of Information

26. Explicit Memory Is Stored in Association Cortices

27. Semantic (Factual) Knowledge Is Stored in a Distributed Fashion in the
Neocortex

28. Selective lesions in the posterior parietal cortex produce selective defects in
semantic knowledge

29. Face recognition is from posterior temporal cortex

30. Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge

31. Episodic (Autobiographical) Knowledge About Time and Place Seems to
Involve the Prefrontal Cortex
Source amnesia. : the ability to associate a piece of information with the
time and place it was acquired is at the core of how accurately we
remember the individual episodes of our lives, a deficit in source
information interferes dramatically with the accuracy of recall of episodic
knowledge

32. Explicit Knowledge Involves at Least Four Distinct Processes
1. Encoding
2. Consolidation
3. Storage
4. Retrieval

33. The Importance of Association in Information Storage

35. Implicit Memory Is Stored in Perceptual, Motor, and Emotional Circuits

36. Certain Forms of Implicit Memory Involve the Cerebellum

37. Emotional Memory stored in Amygdale

38. Savant Syndrome
usually diagnosed as severely retarded individuals
special talent may be in calculation, history, art, language, or
music—are

39. Memory Aging and Brain Size

40. Forgetting

41. Alzheimer's Disease

42. Tip of the Tongue (TOT)

43. Thank you