11. SEX :-
Male preponderance- hodgkins lymphoma,
nasopharyngeal carcinoma, thyroid mass in
pediatric age group.
Female preponderance – Thyroid swelling in
adult age group.
12. DURATION:-
Acute
Chronic
Mode of onset?
Progressive/non progressive?
Site?
Painful/painless?
Associated systemic symptoms
Personal habits
Previous irradiation or surgery
13. SITE OF THE SWELLING:-
-tells about the organ of origin
-certain swellings are site specific
-dermoid cyst
-thyroid swelling
22. Inexpensive
easily available
Non invasive
Not associated with radiation
Solid versus cystic masses
Congenital cyst from solid nodes/ Tm.
calcification
Extent & vascularity.
Guided FNAC
23. Distinguish cystic from solid
Extent of lesion
Anatomical relations
Vascularity with contrast
Pathological node( lucent, > 1.5 cm, loss of
shape, rim
enhancement)
Detection of unknown primary
24. Similar information as CT
Better soft tissue contrast
Better for upper neck and skull base
26. Any solid assymetric mass MUST be considered
a metastatic neoplastic lesion until proved
otherwise.
Asymptomatic cervical mass ~ 12% cancer
80% are SCCS
27. Asymptomatic neck swelling
Associated symptoms – otalgia, dysphagia,
voice change, difficult breathing, weight loss,
loss of appetite, bone pain , chest pain.
Fever & night sweats.
Ipsilateral otalgia with normal otoscopy-
direct attention to tounge base, tonsil,
supraglottis & hypopharynx.
U/L serous otitis media- direct attention to
nasopharynx.
28. Directed biopsy- primary is known.
All suspicious mucosal lesions
Areas of concern on CT/MRI
FNAC
29. Metastatic neck LAP withou the development of
primary lesion with a subsequent 5 yr period.
Head & neck cancer with unknown primary 3-
7% patients.
Most common – level LN II & III.
Supraclavicular nodal involement – below
clavicle
SCC thyroid, lung, breast, GI tract
30. High risk nasopharynx, pyriform sinus &
base of tongue & tonsil.
Full ENT examination.
Level I – lip , anterior tongue, buccal mucosa.
31. Level II,III,V- tonsil or tounge base
nasopharyngeal examination,
tounge base biopsy from
concerned areas.
Level IV,V – hypopharynx & larynx
DL scopy, esophagoscopy, chest
abdomen CT, PET Scan.
32. PET- CT negative & no primary on
endoscopy.
-Tonsillectomy
- tongue base biopsy & biopsies of postnasal
space & pyriform fossa
-25% found at tonsil
- clinical examination, panendoscopy, CT and
MRI with biopsy reveal primary in 40% cases.
- definitive MND in all patients after FNAC
or biopsy.
33. Cystic remnant of the TGD between foramen
caecum of tounge base & thyroid bed in
infrahyoid neck.
35. A small, round, soft mass in
the midline of neck( 90%)
Infected cyst(5%) – enlarge
neck mass, fever, draining
sinus(15%) & dysphagia.
Moves with protrusion of
tounge.
Pre school age children or mid
adolescence.(5yr)
36. History & examination
Investigation -
FNAC
USG- location, cystic, normal thyroid.
CT & MRI – large cyst, suspected malignancy,
lingual thyroid
37. Surgical excision- T/t of
choice
Sistrunk’s operation –
Removal of cyst, the tract
, the central portion
of hyoid bone, as well
as core of tissue including
tissue tract or raphe
between mylohyoid
muscles, portion of
geinoglossus muscle and
up to foramen caecum
39. 5% of brachial cleft anamolies
M = F
Cyst ( adult> children),
fistula/sinus(children>
adult).
Line from tragus to hyoid
bone.
Left predominance.
2 types.
41. Discharging ear with intact TM.
Cyst or opening in preauricular area.
May present as abscess.
HISTOPATHOLOGY:-
Lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
Cyst may have lymphoid tissue with germinal
centers.
43. Most common.
95% of the anomalies.
M =F
3RD n 4th decade
15% < 10yrs
Left predominance
Cysts> sinus/fistula
44.
45. Cysts > sinus/fistula
Cyst- smooth , soft mass in the lateral neck &
located anterior and deep to SCM.
Fistula/sinus- congenital opening on the
lower neck , ant to SCM.
Recurrent neck infection
Can present as pain , dyspnoea & dysphagia.
46. INVESTIGATION :-
FNAC – epithelial elements & cholesterol
crystals.
Radiological usually not required.
Contrast sinogram to define track.
USG.
51. Cutaneous opening along anterior border of
SCM
Neck abscess, retropharyngeal abscess or
hypoglossal nerve palsy
52. INVESTIGATION:-
As for 2nd arch anomaly
Laryngoscopy-opening in pyriform sinus
TREATMENT:-
Surgical excision.
53. Lymphangiomas & hemangiomas
Usually 1st yr of life.
Hemangiomas often resolve spontaneously,
while lymphangiomas unchanged.
54. 75% head & neck region
Left predliction
Posterior triangle of neck
50- 65% at birth, 80- 90% by 2 yrs age.
Karyotypic abnormality in 25-70% children.
Macrocystic – cystic hygroma.
Microcystic.
55. Location:-
Microcystic- oral cavity as clusters of clear,
red or balck vesicles.
Cystic hygroma – soft, painless , compressible
mass.
Typically transilluminates.
Airway compromise.
56. INVESTIGATION:-
FNAC- little or no value.
Plain xray
USG – cystic nature, relationship to
surrounding structures & differentiate btw
micro and macrocystic.
CT & MRI.
57. Medical T/t :-
Sclerosant agent- bleomycin, pure
ethanol,doxycycline, sodium tetradecyl
sulfate & OK -432( inactive group a
streptococcus pyogene).
Surgical excision- mainstay of T/t.
Laser- microcystic lesion.
58. 20% in neck.
28% all midline cyst
M = F
TYPES:- Epidermoid cyst
true dermoid cyst
teratoid cysts
ETIOLOGY:- ectodermal differentiation of
mulitpotent cells trapped along the lines of
tissue fusion.
59. 2ND & 3RD decade.
Cystic or solid painless mass .
Submental region , above or below
mylohyoid muscle.
Inflammatory swelling.
75. THYROID MASS :-
Leading cause of anterior neck masses.
CHILDREN- most common neoplastic condition
Male predominance
Higher incidence of malignancy
ADULTS –
Female predominance
Mainly benign
76. Goitre
Thyroid nodule
Cancer benign
Thyroid nodule
MNG
Simple cyst
Follicular adenoma
Hashimotos
thyroiditis
Malignant
Papillary Ca
Follicular Ca
Hurthel ce ll Ca
Medullary Ca
Anaplastic CA
77. Thyroid mass
Associated symptoms of hyper/hypothyroidism
Associate compressive symptoms
Features suggestive of increase risk of malignancy:-
h/o irradiation
Family h/o MCT or men2
<20YRS > 70YRS
Male
Growing nodule
Firm & hard
Fixed
Cx adenopathy
Persistent hoarsness, dysphagia, dysphagia.
79. Most common in children & young adult.
Male predominance
Hodgkin’s lymphoma & non- hogkin’s
lymphoma.
80% children with hodgkin’s have neck mass.
80. Lateral neck mass only – discrete , rubbery &
non tender
Fever, night sweats & weight loss
Hepatosplenomegaly
Diffuse lymphadenopathy.
81. FNAC- first line diagnostic test.
If suggestive of lymphoma – open
biopsy.
Full work up- CT scan chest,
abdomen pelvis, head & neck &
bone marrow biopsy
PET scan
83. Arise from neural crest derivative
Include schwannoma, neurofibroma,&
malignant pheripheral cell Tm.
Increase incidence in NF syndrome
Schwannoma most common in head & neck
region.